Auricularia auricula preventive toxin 2. [poison]: refers to anything that is lethal and often harmful (such as Strychnine , arsenic carbon monoxide ）Or something considered to be such 3. [virus]: It refers to the things in speech or works that poison people's spirit or soul. [1]
Toxic ingredients contained in certain substances. It is also used as a metaphor for something harmful to ideology.
Lu Xun "Qiejeting Essays - Difficult and Unbelieving": "'Unbelieving' is the far harm of 'fools' Trench It is also the toxin that makes them become sanders. " For example: feudal toxin. [1] Bacterial toxin It can be divided into Exotoxin and endotoxin Two categories. In general, exotoxin is called toxin for short. 
Cholera toxin human body Internal poison Element, namely Hazardous substances 。 The "poisons" in the human body are mainly divided into external poisons and internal poisons. Under normal circumstances, the human body has the ability to dissolve and eliminate the above harmful substances to maintain health. Once the balance is broken, the toxins in the body can not be cleared in time and accumulate continuously, and the body will enter sub-health State, and then cause a variety of diseases. For a long time, people have conducted unique research on it, Russia Scientist Menichikov was awarded the title of "self poisoning" Nobel Prize in Medicine 。 For modern people, due to the increasingly serious environmental pollution living standard But there is no corresponding change in diet and living habits, chronic disease More and more serious. People proposed“ Natural medicine ”，“ Metabolic syndrome ”It is of unique significance to improve people's health. summary
Figure 1 Protein toxin snake venom
Animal neurotoxin Bee venom
---Including bees, bumblebees and wasp The venom secreted from the tail sting contains neurotoxin 、 Hemolytic toxin And enzymes. Apa min, a neurotoxin composed of 18 amino acids, can act on central nervous system 。 Bee hemolytic toxin can dissolve blood, similar to snake venom cytotoxin, and is a polypeptide composed of 26 amino acids. Scorpion venom
---It contains neurotoxins, enzymes, etc., and its composition is simpler than that of snake venom. The neurotoxin content accounts for 66.9% of the dry poison, which is higher than the relative content of snake venom, and is composed of 62 to 66 amino acids. Inhibiting excitation promotes membrane sodium channel Inactivation And potassium channel activation. Spider venom
It contains more than 16 kinds of proteins, necrotoxins and enzymes. American Black Widow Spider venom has presynaptic neurotoxicity 。 
toxin
toxin （ Bacterial toxin ）It belongs to the metabolites of bacteria and has many kinds: ① Diphtheria toxin , a protein with a molecular weight of 60000. Its toxicity is shown as inhibition mammal The synthesis of proteins in cells. The toxin is a Zymogen After protease hydrolysis, 21000 enzyme activity After fragment A of, the remaining fragment B will become toxic. Its action mode is similar to ricin. ② Cholera toxin , binding to receptors on small intestinal mucosa, irreversibly activating the membrane Adenylate cyclase Resulting in Secretory diarrhea (See Cyclase ）。③ Botulinum toxin , Yes Botulinum Generated neurotoxin , acting on neuromuscular junction, repressing Nerve impulse Delivery of. Botulinum toxin type A includes a toxic component and a hemagglutinating component. The molecular weight of the former is about 150000. This toxin is unstable to heat. It refers to harmful substances in human body. The "poisons" in the human body are mainly divided into external poisons and internal poisons.
External poison refers to harmful substances brought about by environmental pollution of external environment, such as air pollution（ automobile exhaust 、 Industrial waste gas , dust, etc.); Water pollution (industrial and domestic sewage Etc.); Food contamination (pesticide, fertilizer, food deep processing, etc.); chemical Toxic and side effects; Pathogenic Microbes (Bacteria Viruses Etc.). Harmful substances in the environment enter the human body through different ways and poison our body. Internal poisons refer to sugar, protein Fat metabolism Poison generated by the continuous accumulation of waste generated in the process. The hazardous products produced by metabolic wastes are as follows lactic acid 、 Keto acid , uric acid Free radical Etc; There are also excess fat, old necrotic cells cancer cell 。 Liver liver is a very important "heavyweight" for detoxification seed ”It can digest chemical toxins entering the body, including various liquor And chemicals, eliminate the exhaust gas, smoke and toxins in chemicals inhaled, and resist the invasion of germs. Kidney - Kidney is like a human body“ Precision filter ”It processes about 170 kg of blood every day. It can distinguish the filtered useful substances (such as sodium, potassium, phosphorus, etc.) and transfuse these useful substances back into the blood, while transforming excess water and waste into urine, which is discharged from the body through the bladder and urethra; Lung --- it is carried out by human body gas exchange It transports fresh oxygen to the blood, supplies the needs of various organs, tissues and cells, and carbon dioxide Exhaust gas from the body; Intestine - The intestinal tract is responsible for the absorption of nutrients and the discharge of wastes. When food is decomposed by gastric juice, it will enter the small intestine after digestion Small intestinal mucosa absorb Nutrients , and then enter the large intestine, and finally the large intestine will discharge food residues and wastes out of the body; Research shows that bacteria in feces account for 20% - 30% of the total feces, and there are more than 20 kinds of harmful substances, including hydrogen sulfide 、 ammonia , biogas, carbon dioxide, etc Harmful gas , benzene indole ， Botulinum 、 Cresol 、 butyrate And some heavy metal salts that are harmful to human body. If the feces cannot be discharged on time Toxic Substances Will be absorbed into the blood again, causing harm to the body; lymphatic system ----The lymphatic system has immunity Of protection system , which is lymphocyte 、 lymph gland 、 Lymph and Lymphoid organ Composed to protect human body from germs and external adverse factors, and has detoxification function; Skin --- skin is like a giant“ Natural barrier ”Covering the surface of the human body, it protects the human body from external invasion, and has the functions of secretion, regulation, excretion, etc. It is one of the most important detoxification organs of the human body. The latest research in the medical field shows that taking drugs or pesticide residue Entering the human body will lead to the residue and accumulation of drug toxins in the human body. Accumulated over time, it will cause significant harm to human health. In addition to the recurrence of old diseases, it may also lead to pathological changes in body tissues and shorten human life. 
Vegetables and fruits English name of "enzyme": enzyme Early refers to in yeast, which means that Living cell Produced Biocatalyst 。 Most are composed of protein (a few are RNA ）。 It can efficiently catalyze various organisms under very mild conditions in the body chemical reaction And promote the metabolism of organisms. Life activities Digestion, absorption, respiration, exercise and reproduction are all Enzymatic reaction Process. Enzymes are the basis of cell survival. Almost all chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism are catalyzed by enzymes. Without the participation of enzymes, metabolism can only be carried out at an extremely slow speed, and life activities cannot be maintained at all. For example, food must be degraded into small molecules by the action of enzymes before it can be absorbed and utilized by tissues through the intestinal wall. In the stomach Pepsin , in the intestines pancreas Secretory Trypsin 、 Chymotrypsin 、 lipase and amylase Etc. For another example, food oxidation is the source of animal energy, and its oxidation process is also catalyzed by a series of enzymes. Discovery of enzymes
In 1783, Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani (L. Spallanzani, 1729-1799) designed an ingenious experiment: put meat into a small metal cage and let the eagle swallow it. After a while, he will Xiaolong Take it out and find that the meat has disappeared. Therefore, he concluded that gastric juice must contain substances that digest meat. But what, he did not know. In 1836, German scientist Shiwang (T. Schwann, 1810-1882) Digestive protein substances were extracted from gastric juice. Solve the mystery of stomach digestion. In 1926, American scientist J.B. Sumner (1887-1955) sword bean Extracted from seeds urease It was confirmed by chemical experiments that urease is a protein. In the 1930s, scientists successively extracted protein crystals of various enzymes, and pointed out that enzymes are a kind of Biocatalysis Active protein. In the 1980s, American scientists T. R. Cech (1947 -) and S. Altman (1939 -) found that a few RNAs also had biocatalytic effects.
"Enzyme" Catalytic Mechanism
The catalytic mechanism of enzyme is basically the same as that of common chemical catalysts, which is also the same as that of reactant Synthsis complex compound , increase the speed of chemical reaction by reducing the reaction energy. At constant temperature, the energy contained in each reactant molecule in the chemical reaction system is quite different, but average value Low, this is the initial state of the reaction. The reason why the reaction of S (substrate) → P (product) can be carried out is that a considerable part of S molecules have been activated（ transition state ）Molecules, Activation molecule The more, reaction rate The faster. Chemical reaction at a specific temperature activation energy Yes Make 1 mole Energy required for all molecules of a substance to become active molecules (kcal). The function of enzyme (E) is to temporarily combine with S to form a new compound ES, and the activation state (transition state) of ES is much lower than the energy of the reactant activation molecule in the chemical reaction without catalyst. ES reacts again to produce P and release E. E can combine with other S molecules and repeat the cycle. Reduce the activation energy required for the whole reaction, so that more molecules can react in unit time, and the reaction speed can be accelerated. If there is no catalyst, hydrogen peroxide The activation energy required for the reaction of decomposition into water and oxygen (2H2O2 → 2H2O+O2) is 18 per mole Kilocalorie (1 kcal=4.187 joules), using catalase Catalyze this Reaction time Only 2 kcal/mole of activation energy is needed, and the reaction speed increases about 10-11 times. overview
Scientific research at home and abroad has proved that, hypertension 、 apoplexy 、 cirrhosis , cancer hepatitis 、 diabetes And many other diseases are related to various pollution and poisoning of internal organs and blood. Eating the following foods regularly can effectively remove toxic substances from human body. These fungi are rich in selenium. Regular use can reduce blood pressure, cholesterol and prevent Angiosclerosis Improve the immune function of the body immunoglobulin Content, stimulating bone marrow Hematopoietic function and Slippery intestine Clean blood, detoxify, increase intelligence, etc. Kelp Kelp Algin With treatment Arteriosclerosis To prevent the human body from absorbing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium and eliminate radioactivity No element effect. Alginate Water content It is high and can form gel like substances in the intestine, so it helps to eliminate toxic substances and prevent constipation and Intestinal cancer Occurrence of. Pig blood Plasma protein through gastric acid and Digestive juice After decomposition, it can produce a kind of effect of moistening intestines and Detoxification Substances. This substance can react with the dust and harmful metal particles attached to the gastrointestinal wall, so that these toxic and harmful substances can be discharged from the body. Fresh fruit juice and vegetable juice When fresh fruit juice and vegetable juice enter the human body, it can make the blood alkaline, thus dissolving the toxins accumulated in the cells, and then expelling them from the body.
Vegetarian food
This kind of food has Laver , Japanese melon muskmelon 、 Carrot , orange sweet potato , pumpkin Persimmon 、 Papaya 、 Kale 、 orange , liver, milk, egg yolk fish Etc. Thermal reactor along with reactor Operation of, Fission product Keep accumulating, and finally Spent fuel The fission products of stable isotope 。 Some element cores, such as Xe135 and Sm149, have relatively large thermal neutron Absorption cross section They will consume neutrons in the reactor. Usually, fission products with large neutron absorption cross section are called toxins. 
