The reaction speed mainly depends on the characteristics of human receptors (vision and hearing) and other analyzers, as well as the coordination between the central nervous system and neuromuscular system.The quality of reaction speed is greatly affected by genetic effects.For example, the reaction time of people not engaged in specialized training is usually between 0.2 and 0.3 seconds, while a well-trained athlete can only reach 0.1 to 0.2 seconds.Therefore, in the process of training, the increase of reaction speed is very small.[1]
Main training methods of reaction speed
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(1) Signal stimulation
Use the sudden signal to improve the athletes' ability to respond to the signal.This method requires athletes to respond quickly to various signals, such as the coach's command, whistle and gun, so as to improve the reaction ability of starting, entering water and starting stroke.
(2) Kinesthetic method
The method to improve the reaction ability is to improve the athletes' perception of time and space by improving their own perception of time and space.The specific steps of the exercise of using motor sensory response are as follows: after making a quick response to the signal, the coach will tell the reaction time;After quickly responding to the signal, the coach asked the athletes to report their estimated time, and then the coach told the exact time;Finally, the athletes are required to complete the action at a predetermined time.This kind of exercise can improve the athletes' ability to judge time.
(3) Move Target Exercise
An exercise method that responds to changes in a moving target, such as a ball, opponent, or coach.It is suitable for the reaction speed training of defensive action, fencing, table tennis, volleyball, badminton, ice hockey and other events in ball games.Specific steps: First, watch and listen to the signal of the moving target;The second step is to judge the direction and speed of the moving target;The third step is to determine the response scheme to the moving target signal;The fourth step is to respond.Among them, judging the moving direction, speed and accuracy of the target will directly affect the correctness of the selected response scheme.During the training, the difficulty can be gradually increased. For example, when doing the second step, the distance from the target can be shortened or the speed of target movement can be increased.
⑷ Selective signal response exercise
It is a training method for athletes to improve their reaction speed by making selective judgments on several composite signals and responding to only one of them.The main purpose of this method is to improve the athletes' ability to quickly judge and respond to the complex signals (such as the true actions of the opponent's true and false actions) that appear in the movement.In practice, with the change of signal complexity, it is an important exercise content for athletes to make opposite responses.For example, if the coach shouts squat while doing squat, the athlete will stand still;The coach shouts to turn left, and the athletes turn right;Or when the coach shouts a certain number of one, two, three, four, the athletes should make corresponding (pre specified) actions in time.[1]
Evaluation of reaction speed
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People usually assess athletes' reaction ability by measuring reaction time, that is, the time needed for athletes to respond to signal stimuli.The response speed of athletes to specific signals should be measured according to the characteristics of different events.For example, in speed events such as sprinting and swimming, athletes mainly accept auditory signals to start competition, while table tennis players mainly accept visual signals to make technical and tactical responses.
The evaluation of reaction time can be carried out through laboratory tests or simple methods.[1]
Problems in response speed training
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(1) The heritability of reaction speed ability is high, and the development space is small.The reaction speed is determined by the conduction speed of the nerve reflex pathway, and largely depends on genetic factors. Through training, athletes can show their potential reaction speed ability.
(2) The athletes are required to concentrate.During training, the athletes' concentration can make the nervous system in an appropriate excited state, and make the muscles in a tense and ready state. The appropriate time is about 5 seconds, but not more than 8 seconds at most.At this time, the reaction speed of muscles can be increased by about 60% compared with that in the relaxed state.
