Biocatalyst

Biological terminology

Biocatalysis Technology is the use of enzymes or microbial cells or plant cell As biocatalyst catalytic reaction Technology. As a biocatalyst, enzymes have many advantages over chemical catalysts: Enzyme catalyzed reaction It is generally carried out under normal temperature, pressure and near neutral conditions, so it has less investment, less energy consumption and high operation safety; Biocatalyst has extremely high catalytic efficiency and reaction rate , the catalytic efficiency can be 10% higher than that of chemical catalytic reaction seven ~10 thirteen Times.^[1]

Chinese name: Biocatalyst
Foreign name: Biological catalyst/bio-catalyst

Broad sense: Biomass produces substances for its own metabolism
Include: Enzymes, ribozymes, synthetic preparations, etc^[2]

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Broadly speaking, it refers to various activities generated by organisms for their own metabolism and maintenance of their biology.

enzyme

Industrial biocatalysts are free or Immobilization Enzyme or Living cell The general name of. It includes extracts from organisms, mainly microbial cells Free enzyme Or via Immobilization technology After processing, the above are collectively referred to as; It also includes free living cells and immobilized living cells which are mainly composed of whole microorganisms. Enzyme catalyst Used to catalyze a certain type of reaction or a certain type of reaction reactant (on Enzyme reaction Is often called substrate or matrix), and its process is called; The whole microorganism is used for series of Tandem reaction The process of is called. Dead cells or stem cell preparations also have catalytic effect, but their cells have no metabolic capacity, and often cannot carry out coenzyme or Cofactor The regeneration of (enzyme component) can only carry out simple enzyme reaction, which belongs to an impure enzyme catalyst.

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Catalysts can be divided into Biocatalyst And non biological catalysts.

Compared with non biological catalysts, biological catalysts have great advantages and can react at normal temperature and pressure, reaction rate Come on, Catalysis It has the advantages of specificity and low price, but its disadvantages are easy to be heated and subject to certain chemicals material and hybrid bacterium The destruction of Inactivation , poor stability, Reaction time The temperature and pH range of is high. be used as Immobilized enzyme or Immobilized cells In general, the service life should not be less than 30 batches or 3 months of continuous use, otherwise it is difficult to pass the economic test.

Enzymes are biocatalysts. Living organisms use them to accelerate chemical reaction 。 Without enzymes, many chemical reactions in the organism will be slow and difficult to maintain life. At about 37 ℃ (human body temperature) working condition Is the best. If the temperature is higher than 50 ℃ or 60 ℃, the enzyme will be destroyed and can no longer function. Therefore, enzymes are used to decompose stain The most effective biological detergent is used at low temperature.

give an example:^[3] For the reaction of H2O2 decomposing into water and oxygen, activation energy 74kJ/mol; If I catalysis is used, the activation energy is 59kJ/mol; If used Enzyme catalysis And the activation energy is 25kJ/mol. It can be seen that the effect of biocatalyst is obvious.

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