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natural product

This entry is made by Project of Compilation and Application of Scientific Terms in "Popular Science China" Encyclopedia to examine.

Natural products refer to animals plant extracts (short for Plant extraction ）Or components in insects, marine organisms and microorganisms or their metabolites, as well as many endogenous chemical components in humans and animals, are collectively referred to as natural products, which mainly include proteins polypeptide 、 amino acid , nucleic acid, various enzymes monosaccharide , oligosaccharide, polysaccharide glycoprotein , resin Colloid 、 Lignin , vitamins, fats, oils, waxes alkaloid , volatile oil, flavonoids Glycoside Class Terpenoids 、 Phenylpropanoids 、 Organic acid 、 Phenols , quinones lactone 、 Steroid 、 Tannic acid Class A, antibiotics and other naturally occurring chemical components.

Chinese name: natural product
Nature: plant extracts

Properties: natural
flavone Analogues: flavonoids

catalog

▪ Lignans
▪ Coumarins
▪ Saponins
▪ Cardiac glycosides
three Microorganism and effective components of its fermentation broth
▪ Polysaccharides
▪ Amino Acids

▪ Antibiotics
▪ Pigments
▪ enzymes
▪ Vitamins
▪ Other classes
four Active ingredients of marine natural products
▪ sterol

Plant derived active ingredients

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The active ingredients from the plant kingdom mainly include Flavonoids 、 alkaloid Class Polysaccharides 、 volatile oils , quinones Terpenoids 、 Lignan Class coumarin Class saponin Class Cardiac glycoside Phenolic acids, amino acids and enzymes. The main ingredients are as follows:

Flavonoids

Flavonoids, also known as Bioflavonoids (biolavonoids), widely distributed in the plant kingdom, is a large class of important natural compounds. Flavonoids Most of them have colors, and their different colors add more colors to the natural pigment family. Flavonoids are mostly combined with sugar to form glycosides in plants, and some of them exist in free form. stay higher plant In the body Free state Or glycosides, mostly in flowers, leaves, fruits and other tissues Glycosides , while Xylem The tissue is mostly free Aglycone 。 Flavonoids have Chromone Ring and benzene ring It is the general name of a class of compounds with basic structure polyphenolic compounds The largest subclass of the Chinese. Its basic skeleton has the characteristics of C6-C3-C6, that is, there are two Aromatic ring A and B, through the central three Carbon chain A series of compounds linked together. yellow Ketones Compounds can be divided into more than 10 categories, Flavonoids Flavonoids alcohols , dihydroflavonoids Dihydroflavone Alcohols, isoflavones, dihydroisoflavones Chalcone , dihydrochalcones, citrones and Anthocyanins Etc. By 2000, Flavonoids The total number has reached 8000, and flavonols are the most common, accounting for about one-third of the total, followed by flavonoids, accounting for more than a quarter of the total. The solubility of flavonoids varies greatly with their structures and existing states. Xanthone glycoside Generally soluble in hot water, methanol, ethanol pyridine 、 ethyl acetate And dilute lye, Insoluble In cold water and benzene Ether , chloroform. General free Aglycone It is insoluble or insoluble in water, and is more soluble in organic solvents (greater solubility in ethyl acetate) and dilute lye.

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alkaloid

alkaloid Alkaloids mostly exist in plants, so they are also called Phytoline , is a kind of organic basic compound containing nitrogen, with complex ring structure, nitrogen It is mostly contained in the ring, and most molecules contain nitrogen heterocycles, such as pyridine 、 indole 、 quinoline 、 purine Some are amine compounds. They are often associated with Organic acid combination Salifying However, there are still a few Glycoside , organic ester and amide Exists in the form of. Lipophilic in the form of non saline alkali (free alkaloid), hydrophilic in the form of alkaloid salt. It can be well dissolved in chloroform, benzene Ether In ethanol, its remarkable alkalinity determines that it can be mixed with various acids（ Inorganic acid Organic acid). According to the basic structure of alkaloids, they can be divided into about 60 categories. Main types: Organic amine Class（ ephedrine 、 Leonurine 、 Colchicine ）、 Pyrrolidine Class（ Coumarine , Senecio alkali Monocrotaline ）、 pyridine Class (nicotine Arecoline , lobeline) Isoquinoline Class（ berberine 、 morphine 、 Tetrandrine ）、 indole Class（ reserpine 、 vincristine Ergometrine) Scopolamine Alkanes（ atropine 、 Scopolamine ）、 imidazole Class（ Pilocarpine ）, Quinazolones（ Changshan alkali ）、 purine Class (caffeine theophylline ）、 Steroid Class（ Solanine 、 Fritillarine 、 Solanine ）, diterpenoids（ Aconitine 、 Consolida ajacis Alkali), others（ Galanthamine 、 Tripterygium wilfordii Alkali). contain alkaloid There are many Chinese herbs, such as Cephalotaxus fortunei, Ephedra sinica, Coptis chinensis monkshood , Yanhusuo, Fenfangzi belladonna 、 Flos Daturae 、 Rauwolfia 、 fritillaria thunbergii , areca catechu, stemonaceae, etc., distributed in more than 100 families Dicotyledon Most, followed by Monocotyledon The content of alkaloids is generally low, more than 1%. At present, about 6000 kinds of alkaloids have been found, and they are still increasing at the rate of about 100 kinds every year.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharide Polysaccharide (polysaccharides), by monosaccharide adopt Glycosidic bond Connected, yes Degree of polymerization More than 10 with complex polarity macromolecule , the basic structural unit is glucan Its molecular weight is usually tens of thousands or even millions. It is widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms, and it comes from the cell membranes and microorganisms of higher animals and plants cell wall Of Natural polymer compounds It is one of the four basic substances that constitute life activities. Currently discovered Active polysaccharide There are hundreds of them, which can be divided into fungal polysaccharide, high Plant polysaccharide Algae Lichen polysaccharide , animal polysaccharides and bacterial polysaccharides.

The structure and composition of plant polysaccharides are very complex. The molecular composition and molecular weight of different plant polysaccharides are different. The types and functions of polysaccharides are different in different parts of plants due to different functions, biological activity It is also different. The structure of polysaccharide is the same as that of protein Four level structure Plant polysaccharides are composed of many identical or different monosaccharide with α One or β one Glycosidic bond The molecular composition and molecular weight of different plant polysaccharides are different. Polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose are mostly amorphous compounds without sweet taste and Reducibility , insoluble in water; Starch, cellulose pectin Bioactive Polysaccharide , is general, soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol.

volatile oils

Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a kind of volatile oil Steam distillation A general term for oily liquids that are not miscible with water. Most of the volatile oils have a fragrant smell, and their solubility in water is very small, but they can make the water have the special smell of volatile oil and biological activity , volatile oil often exists in plant tissue In the glandular hair, oil chamber, oil cell or oil tube of epidermis, most of them are in the state of oil droplets. Sometimes volatile oil coexists with resin Resin channel Inside (such as pine stem), a few exist in the form of glycosides (such as Winter green Glycosides hydrolysis Post product Methyl salicylate by Winter green oil Principal component of).

The distribution of volatile oil in plants is varied. Some whole plants contain (Schizonepeta tenuifolia perilla frutescens crispa ）； Some are in the root (Angelica sinensis), rhizome (ginger), flower（ clove ）, fruit (citrus), seed (cardamom) and other organs. Volatile oil is a mixture of various types of components. One volatile oil often contains dozens to one or two hundred components, of which one or more components account for a large proportion. Its basic composition is Aliphatic group , aromatic and Terpenoid 。 Existing in volatile oil Terpenoids Mainly Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene They are usually high in content, but have no aroma, and are not the aromatic components of volatile oil. Volatile oil is easily soluble in ether, chloroform Petroleum ether 、 carbon disulfide It is completely soluble in organic solvents such as fatty oil Anhydrous ethanol 。

Quinones

Quinones (quinonoids) is a kind of colored substance with quinone structure in plants, which is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, higher plant There are more than 50 families and more than 100 genera of plants in the Polygonaceae 、 Rubiaceae , Leguminosae, Rhamnaceae, Liliaceae, Bignoniaceae and other plants. Natural medicine Such as rhubarb, tiger stick Polygonum multiflorum 、 Cassia seed 、 Salvia miltiorrhiza 、 Senna leaf , aloe Lithospermum The active components in are all quinones. Quinones are mostly found in roots, bark, leaves and heartwood of plants, as well as in stems, seeds and fruits.

Quinone compounds include quinones or compounds easily converted into quinones, and biosynthesis Compounds closely related to quinones, quinones basically have α、β- The structure of unsaturated ketone, when its molecule is connected with OH, OCH3, etc Chromophore When, it displays yellow, red, purple and other colors. Mainly divided into Benzoquinone 、 Naphthoquinone 、 Phenanthraquinone and anthraquinone Four types, anthraquinone and its derivative Especially important. The free quinones are mostly sublimating, and the small molecule benzoquinones and benzones are volatile, which can be distilled with steam, so they can be extracted and refined. Free quinones have small polarity and are generally soluble in methanol, ethanol acetone , ethyl acetate, chloroform Ether , benzene and other organic solvents, insoluble or insoluble in water; After glycosides are synthesized with sugar, their polarity increases significantly, and they are easily soluble in methanol and ethanol, soluble in hot water, but less soluble in cold water, and almost insoluble in organic solvents with less polarity such as ether, benzene, chloroform, etc.

Terpenoids

Terpenoid (terpenoid) means having（ C5H8 ）N general formula and its oxygen content and derivative , which can be regarded as isoprene or Isopentane A class of natural compounds linked in various ways. It widely exists in nature, including higher plants, fungi, microorganisms, insects and marine organisms Terpenoids The component exists. Most terpenoids have unsaturated bonds olefin Class is often called Terpene The molecular composition of open chain terpenes conforms to the general formula (C5H8) n. With the increase of the number of carbon rings in the molecule, the proportion of the number of hydrogen atoms decreases accordingly. Terpenes exist in the form of various oxygen-containing derivatives, such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones carboxylic acid , esters, glycosides and other forms exist in nature, and a few are oxygen and sulfur containing derivatives. Generally, it is classified according to the number of isoprene and carbon ring that constitute the molecular carbon frame, including semiterpene Monoterpene 、 Sesquiterpene , and then according to Terpenoid The presence and number of middle carbon rings are divided into open chain terpenes (or acyclic terpenes), monocyclic terpenes, bicyclic terpenes (and so on), etc. Terpenes are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and the most abundant seed plant Especially angiosperms. They are often associated with resins Gum Coexistence, as if with alkaloid Phase repulsion.

Lignans

Lignan (lignan), also called lignan, is polymerized from two phenylpropanoid derivatives (C6-C3), and the monomer is mainly cinnamic acid and Benzoic acid And its hydroxymethyl derivatives. It is a kind of plant with small molecular weight Secondary metabolites Most of them are free in the body, and some glycosides are also found in the resinous substances of plants. Lignans are common in Apocynaceae Acanthaceae 、 Aristolochiaceae In plants, it is widely distributed in the roots Rhizome , stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and Xylem And resin. It is called lignans because it is found earlier and distributed more widely in xylem and resin. Lignans can be divided into two categories: lignans and neolignans. Lignans refer to C6-C3 units passing through the side chain β The common compounds connected by carbon are Aryl group Naphthalene, II benzyl Butyrolactone 、 Tetrahydrofuran , Dibenzylbutane and biphenyl Cyclooctene Etc. C6-C3 unit does not pass the side chain β Polymers formed by carbon linkage are classified as new Lignan 。

Most lignans are colorless or white crystals (except new lignans), most of which are nonvolatile, and a few can be sublimated, such as nordihydroguaiac acid. Free lignans partial Lipophilicity , insoluble in water, soluble in benzene, chloroform Ether , ethanol, etc. The water solubility of glycosides synthesized with sugar is increased, and they are easy to be oxidized by enzymes or acids hydrolysis 。 Lignan molecular structure It usually contains alcohol hydroxyl , phenolic hydroxyl Methoxy , methylenedioxy, inner aliphatic ring, etc functional group , with the chemical property 。 Lignans with phenolic hydroxyl groups are also soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions.

Coumarins

coumarin Coumarins hydroxyl Cinnamic lactone , with aromatic smell, widely distributed in higher plant Among them, Rutaceae and Umbelliferae are the most, and a few are found in animals and microorganisms. In plants, they often Dissociative state Or in the form of glycosides combined with sugar. The mother nucleus of coumarin is benzo α- Pyranone 。 The parent core structure of such compounds is Simple coumarins Class Furocoumarins 、 Pyrocoumarins Three types are important active ingredients in crude drugs, mainly distributed in Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Daphne odoraceae, Orchidaceae and other plants.

Most of the free coumarins have good crystallization and flavor. Coumarins with small molecular weight are volatile and can be distilled with water vapor and sublimated. Most coumarin glycosides have no flavor and volatility, and cannot be sublimated. Free coumarin is soluble in boiling water, Insoluble In cold water, easily soluble in methanol, ethanol, Xuqinghe Ether ； coumarin Glycosides Soluble in water, methanol and ethanol, but insoluble in ethanol, etc Polarity Small Organic solvent 。

Saponins

saponin (saponins) are a kind of special Glycosides Its aqueous solution can produce long-lasting soap like foam after shaking, hence its name. Is created by Steroid Sapogenin or Triterpene Sapogenin and sugar or Uronic acid Condensation to form glycosides. It widely exists in the plant kingdom Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon Are distributed in the middle, especially Dioscoreaceae , Scrophulariaceae, Liliaceae Acanthopanaceae , Leguminosae Polygalaceae , Platycodon, Caryophyllaceae, etc Dioscorea zingiberensis , ginseng Bupleurum chinense , liquorice, anemarrhena asphodeloides, platycodon grandiflorum, etc. In addition, marine organisms such as sea cucumbers Starfish And animals. According to the structure of saponin ligand, it can be divided into two categories: steroidal saponins , mostly in Liliaceae and Dioscoreaceae; Triterpenoid saponins are mostly found in Araliaceae, Umbelliferae and other plants. according to hydrolysis After the formation of saponin, saponins can be divided into triterpene saponins and Steroid saponin Two categories.

Saponins are mostly white or milky white amorphous powder, with bitter and pungent taste Hygroscopicity It can stimulate mucous membrane and cause sneezing without obvious melting point. Soluble in water, soluble in hot water, hot methanol, hot ethanol, insoluble in Ether , benzene and other organic solvents with low polarity. Saponins are easily soluble in water saturated butanol or Amyl alcohol , so it often follows aqueous solution It is extracted with butanol or amyl alcohol to mix with sugar, protein, etc Hydrophilicity Component separation. Saponins by enzyme or acid hydrolysis The generated saponins are crystalline substances, soluble in acetone , ether Trichloromethane etc. Organic solvent 。

Cardiac glycosides

Cardiac glycoside Cardiac glycosides refer to those with significant physiological activity to the heart Steroid Glycosides , can be used for treatment Congestive heart failure and Dysrhythmia Such as heart disease Cardiac aglycone And sugar Aglycone It is a steroid derivative, and there are many types of sugar connected. The basic structure of cardiac glycosides is composed of sterol parent nucleus and unsaturated conjugation at C17 position lactone The ring forms the aglycone part, and then passes through the hydroxyl And sugar. According to the type of unsaturated lactone ring linked to C17 position of aglycone part, it can be divided into two types: type A and type B. Type A is the type of cardiac glycosides currently used clinically and most cardiac glycosides found in plants, such as Digitalis 、 Digitalis pubescens 、 Strophanthus kombe 、 Croissant 、 Yellow Oleander 、 Nerium oleander 、 Felwort 、 adonis amurensis , Beiwujiapi Lily of the valley , evergreen, etc Cardiac glycoside 。

Cardiac glycosides are mostly colorless crystals or amorphous powders with bitter taste and irritation to mucous membrane. Soluble in water acetone and alcohols etc. Polar solvent , slightly soluble in ethyl acetate and alcohol Trichloromethane (2:1 or 3:1), almost insoluble in ether, benzene Petroleum ether etc. Non-polar solvent 。 Their solubility in polar solvents increases with the number of sugars in the molecule. Aglycone Insoluble It is easily soluble in trichloromethane and ethyl acetate in polar solvent. Cardioglycosidic Glycosidic bond Can be coated with acid and enzyme hydrolysis , molecules with ester bond structure can also be Alkali hydrolysis 。

Microorganism and effective components of its fermentation broth

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Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and some small ones protozoan Such a large class of biological groups, which are small in size, are closely related to human life. Fungi and algae in eukaryotes and others can provide effective ingredients Microbial metabolism (fermentation) product. The effective ingredients from microorganisms and fermentation broth mainly include Polysaccharides Enzymes, antibiotics, pigments, amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, ketones, vitamins, nucleic acids, etc. The main ingredients are as follows:

Polysaccharides

Microbial polysaccharide It is a kind of secondary metabolite. Some of them are the same agar 、 pectin 、 Gum arabic It is a kind of water solubility colloid Substance, with the properties of high viscosity, high water solubility, high stability and safety, has many special use values in industry. Some polysaccharides from higher fungi have anti-tumor effects and great medical value. Polysaccharides can be divided into intracellular polysaccharides, cell wall polysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides according to their location. Polysaccharides produced by microorganisms are mainly Extracellular polysaccharide 。 There are many kinds of extracellular polysaccharides Glycosidic group It can be divided into homo polysaccharide and hetero polysaccharide. There is only one glycoside monomer in homopolysaccharide, such as Glucoside Constituent glucan 、 Fructose glycoside Constituent Fructan 、 mannose Radical polymerized Mannan 。 Starch and cellulose in plants are glucan type homopolysaccharides. Heteropolysaccharide Heteropolysaccharide , is a polymer composed of more than two (usually 2-4) different glycoside groups. The monosaccharides that constitute heteropolysaccharide include glucose, mannose Gluconic acid 、 Rhamnose 、 Glucuronic acid , mannuronic acid and Galactose Etc. Some heteropolysaccharides contain a small amount pyruvic acid 、 Succinic acid And other organic acid components, also known as acid polysaccharides. The commonly used microbial polysaccharides in daily life are:

Xanthomonas polysaccharide（ Xanthan gum ）: A typical water-soluble colloidal polysaccharide with the largest yield in industrial production Microbial polysaccharide 。 from mannose , glucose and gluconic acid (2:2:1) Heteropolysaccharide It has physical properties such as viscosity increasing, stability and mutual solubility. It is used as an additive in beverages, condiments, bread and canned products in the food industry.

Stemose polysaccharide: water-soluble gum substance, produced by submerged fermentation of Stemose pullulans. Malt composed of glucose Trisaccharide by Glycosidic group Unit is a homopolysaccharide. It has good water solubility Cohesiveness , film-forming and safety, mainly used in food, medicine, cosmetics and other manufacturing Thickening agent , molding agent and binder.

dextran : It is a microbial polysaccharide found earlier. The strains for fermentation production are Leuconostoc mesenteroides 。 Dextran is similar to starch and dextrin Of glucan Substance whose main purpose is to act as Plasma substitute Arteriosclerosis inhibitor As stabilizer and Humectant Etc.

Alginate : Originally in seaweed Extract from. Mainly by Mannuronic acid and Guloronic acid Monomer polymerization. Alginate can be used as emulsifier, stabilizer and Tackifier For food, medicine and paper industry 。 Its sodium salt is a kind of good permeability, non-toxic polycolloid material.

other Macrofungi Mainly Porous bacteria and Toadstool Category in, its Polysaccharides metabolite It has the anti-cancer effect of enhancing the immunity of the body and inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells Lentinan Poria cocos polysaccharide, Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide, Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharide and Tremella polysaccharide Etc.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are widely used as chemical raw materials in food, medicine, feed, chemical industry, agriculture and other sectors. It is a kind of compounds with special significance, a basic unit of protein closely related to life activities, and an essential substance for human body. Amino acids exist widely in animals, plants and microorganisms.

amino acid Existing alkalinity in the molecule- NH2 And acid COOH, and Strong acid and strong base Can act to form salt, so amino acid is Amphoteric compound 。 Amino acid is determined according to the amino acid and carboxyl The number of amino acids is divided into neutral amino acids Basic amino acid and Acid amino acid 。 Neutral amino acids refer to a class of amino acids with the same number of amino and carboxyl groups in the molecule. When the number of amino groups in the molecule is more than the carboxyl group, it is called basic amino acid; when the number of amino groups is less than the carboxyl group, it is called acidic amino acid.

Amino acids are colorless crystals with high melting points (usually between 230-300 ℃), which can be decomposed into carbon dioxide when melting. Amino acids can be dissolved in acidic or alkaline solutions, but Insoluble to Ether And other organic solvents. The solubility of various amino acids in pure water varies greatly. Adding ethanol can make many amino acids from aqueous solution Precipitation.

The fermentation production of amino acids is carried out by Microbial metabolism The function is to convert organic matters containing carbon and nitrogen into amino acids, and then concentrate and dry the fermentation broth or pass ion exchange resin Extract it. L-type amino acids with biochemical activity are obtained by fermentation. Almost all amino acids can be produced by microorganisms. This is better than synthetic or natural Protein degradation The manufacturing method of is easy to come by, and the benefit is greatly improved. glutamate MSG (monosodium glutamate) is the earliest amino acid produced by microorganism industrialization. The amino acids produced by fermentation include lysine alanine 、 Arginine 、 valine 、 leucine 、 isoleucine 、 Phenylalanine 、 Tryptophan 、 threonine 、 proline 、 Citrulline 、 Ornithine Etc. at present Industrial fermentation The amino acids produced are mainly as follows:

l-glutamic acid : Corynebacterium glutamicum Brevibacterium flavum as well as microbacterium Category in. Large aeration stirring is adopted for industrial fermentation Fermentation tank ， carbon source Starchy raw materials (corn Sweet potato , wheat, potato, etc.). Urea and ammonia are good nitrogen source 。 The optimal fermentation temperature is 30-35 ℃, and the optimal pH value is 7.5-8.

L-lysine : It is an insufficient amino acid in cereal protein, and it is an essential amino acid added in food and feed. Lysine starter culture It was obtained through mutagenesis glutamate Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium flavum Auxotrophic type Mutant , artificially release amino acids biosynthesis It can accumulate lysine in large quantity and the yield can reach more than 30g/L.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms in the process of metabolism, which can inhibit the growth and activity of other microorganisms at a low concentration, and even kill the performance of other microorganisms. Antibiotics can be divided into the following categories according to the mechanism of action:

Antibiotics acting on the DNA synthesis system: nucleotide biosynthesis Inhibitor inhibition of dATP 、 dGTP 、 dTTP , dCTP synthesis, 5FU, FdUMP, folic acid Antagonist Suppress the generation of dUMP to dTMP. Ara C and ara CTP inhibit the generation of DNA from dCTP. Antioncomycin inhibition DNA polymerase 。 mitomycin 、 Alkylating agent 、 Bleomycin , Neric acid, humicin, antigenworm agent, oncophil quinoline Class, early Streptomycin as well as Neooncogen C（ Fusilin 、 Faromycin A. Polychromycin, etc.) acts on Template DNA Or RNA. In addition, inhibitory nucleotides biosynthesis Compounds of folic acid and 5FU.

inhibition Transcription Antibiotics reacted: Rifamycin , Streptomyces aspergillus Streptomyces Plain α- Amanitin Actinomycetes Plain Daunorubicin , Fengjiamycin Cordycepin Etc.

Cordycepin Azomycin A. Alanine, etc.

inhibition protein synthesis Systematic indole Mycomycin streptomycin 、 gentamicin 、 Kanamycin 、 tetracycline Etc.

inhibition Bacterial cell wall Mucopeptide Biosynthetic systems include Fosfomycin 、 D-cycloserine 、 vancomycin 、 Bacitracin as well as β- Lactam antibiotics Etc.

act on Cell plasma membrane It includes persistent mycotoxin penicillin 、 Polymyxin B , large four ring antibiotics Valamycin , big four ring antibiotics and Ying'enmycin, etc.

act on energy metabolism System or as Antimetabolite The are: Antimycin A 、 Oligomycin 、 Bacitracin S Etc.

Antibiotics and related biological activity Substance is the most important product of microorganism. Up to now, there are more than 100 kinds that can be produced and dozens that can be used clinically. Actinomycetes The types of antibiotics produced are the most, accounting for about three quarters. At present, the new microbial bioactive substances developed focus on the following aspects: anti-tumor substances; resist methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus E. coli and tuberculosis substances, anti Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus Substances, antiviral substances, anti cardiovascular disease substances.

Pigments

Pigments can be divided into water-soluble pigments and Oil solubility Pigment. Water soluble pigments include Lemon yellow 、 Sunset yellow 、 Amaranth 、 indigo 、 Brilliant blue 、 Beet red 、 anthocyanin 、 roselle red 、 Cranberry Etc, Liposolubility Its pigments include carotene Capsanthin , turmeric Corn yellow 、 Monascus Enzyme pigments, etc. In addition to red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, purple, brown and black, microbial pigments also have various colors between them. These pigments are both intracellular and extracellular; There is self synthesis and transformation culture medium Formed from certain components in. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two categories: ① Lichen It is called non Water solubility Pigment. ④ The lichen itself is colored or not colored, but it makes the culture medium colored, which is called water-soluble pigment.

Some pigments of microorganisms, such as Cytochrome C It has very important physiological functions, but the functions of many pigments have not yet been recognized. In microorganisms, the most common and common pigments are yellow and orange-- Carotenoids 。 All Photosynthetic microorganism There are carrot like cords, such as Photosynthetic bacteria 。 Many non photosynthetic microorganisms also contain carotenoids, such as red yeast Streptomyces 、 Gamboge Sarcina, etc. many Pseudomonas Target some Actinomyces It can produce various colors Phenazine Pigment like, such as purple iodothione and blue-green Pseudomonas aeruginosa And golden yellow aureomycin. There are many kinds of pigments in fungi. One kind of fungus can often produce more than one pigment. The main components of pigment are Toluene quinone 、 Naphthoquinone And xanthone derivative 。

Pigment is a kind of Secondary metabolites , usually in Thallus It starts to synthesize at the late growth stage, and its synthesis process may be culture medium It is started when the growth process of the bacteria is limited due to the lack of certain nutrients in the. Generally, it refers to substances that are not needed in the process of cell growth and reproduction, and cells grow as usual after losing the ability to synthesize such substances.

enzymes

At present, there are hundreds of enzymes produced by microorganisms, most of which are hydrolase (Carbohydrate hydrolase protease 、 lipase Etc.) oxidase 、 Invertase 、 isomerase All have been produced and applied on a large scale. molecular biology Widely used on tool enzyme （ Restriction endonuclease 、 polymerase 、 Ligase Most of them come from microorganisms. At present, our country has been able to use fermentation to produce enzymes and some tool enzymes needed in industry on a large scale.

Due to the need of self metabolism, microorganisms can synthesize a wide range of enzymes. Enzymes can catalyze various biochemical reaction Function of. Enzymes are widely used in chemical industry, food, brewing, medicine, textile, leather and other industries. Microbial Industrial fermentation It can produce various enzyme products.

Enzymes are a class of enzymes produced by biological cells catalytic activity Its catalytic ability is tens of thousands or even hundreds of millions times higher than that of inorganic catalysts. The application of enzymes to catalyze various reactions in production has many advantages over the use of inorganic catalysts, such as fast action, short production cycle, strong transferability, less by-products, and easy purification of products; replace Strong acid and strong base Of Catalysis , not polluting the environment, etc. At present, enzyme preparation has been called a new product in industry, and has a wide range of applications in food, chemical industry, medicine, textile, paper making, agriculture and forestry, biological science research and other fields.

Oxidoreductases as dehydrogenase and Peroxidase ； Converting enzymes such as transaminases and transaminases phosphatase Etc; Hydrolases such as amylase 、 cellulase , lipase and protease, etc; Lyases such as decarboxylase deaminase And DNA Endonuclease Etc; isomerase Such as glucose isomerase and Triose phosphate isomerase Etc; Ligase as DNA ligase Etc.

Vitamins

Vitamins are essential trace amounts to maintain cell growth and normal metabolism Organic compound 。 stay Chemical structure They do not belong to the same class of compounds, Aliphatic group , aromatic, alicyclic Glycoside and Heterocycle And other compounds. Although their structures and physiological functions are different, they have the following common points: they exist in natural foods in the form of noumenon or usable precursors; Most cannot be synthesized in vivo, nor can they be stored in large quantities in tissues; It is not the raw material to form various tissues, nor does it provide energy; Often coenzyme or Cofactor The form of β - lactamase participates in enzyme function; Some vitamin structures and biological activity Similar, such as Pyridoxine 、 Pyridoxal 、 Pyridoxamine Etc.

According to solubility, vitamins can be divided into two categories: fat soluble and Water-soluble vitamin 。 Fat soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, K, which are insoluble in water but soluble in fat and organic solvents, and often coexist with lipids in food; Water soluble vitamins include B vitamins And vitamin C are generally non-toxic and easy to be metabolized in the body. Vitamins produced by microorganisms include riboflavin 、 β- Carotene , vitamin B2 Vitamin B6 、 Vitamin B12 , vitamin C, etc.

Other classes

Organic acid : At present, the organic acids produced by microorganism industrialization include citric acid acetic acid 、 Gluconic acid 、 Gluconic acid 、 Butene Diacid Kojic acid 、 Aconitic acid 、 malic acid 、 α- Ketoglutaric acid 、 Itaconic acid , lactic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, etc. Most of them are important chemical raw materials.

Organic acids have many effects beyond antibiotics, including reducing pH and enhancing pancreatic secretion. As a class of chemical substances, they all have the same structure R-COOH.

alcohol Ketones : ethanol butanol 、 acetone Chemical raw materials such as can be produced by microorganisms.

Active ingredients of marine natural products

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Oceans account for 71% of the earth's surface area, Biomass It accounts for about 87% of the total amount of life on the earth, and there are more than 200000 species of life. It is the largest treasure house of resources and energy on the earth. At present, people's understanding of marine life is still quite limited, and the utilization rate is only about 1%. up to now Marine natural products The active ingredients mainly include sterols Terpenoids 、 saponin , unsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides and Glycoside , Dahuan lactone Polyether compounds and polypeptides. The main ingredients are as follows:

sterol

sterol Fat can't be saponification Partially separated saturated or unsaturated Secondary alcohol , colorless crystal, almost insoluble in water, but easily soluble in organic solvents. Sterols on C3 - OH are β Type, in the natural world, as free alcohol or Higher fatty acids The ester form exists.

From 1970 Scallop in Shell 24 carbon loss 22 extracted from- deoxidation After the discovery of cholesterol and coral sterol, the research of marine sterol has made rapid progress. A large number of sterols with unique structures have been found, which are mainly distributed in diatoms, sponges, coelenterates, tunicates Annelida , molluscs, echinoderms and other marine organisms, especially sponges. Two new sterol sulfates Weinbersterol Disulfides and B were isolated from the sponge (Petrosia weinbergi), both of which have anti feline leukemic effects in vitro median effective concentration （ EC50 ）4.0g/mL and 5.2g/mL, respectively, the latter also showed anti HIV effect in vitro.

Terpenoids

Terpenoids (Terpenes) is a kind of natural Hydrocarbons Compounds whose molecules contain the basic unit of isoprene. General formula Is (C5H8) n. marine terpenoids Compounds mainly come from Marine algae , sponges and corals, including Monoterpene 、 Sesquiterpene 、 Diterpene 、 Bisquiterpene 、 furan Terpene, etc.

Most marine monoterpenes contain more halogens, which is their unique structural characteristics. Marine sesquiterpenes are common in Red algae 、 Brown algae , coral, sponge, etc. There are two main sources of sesquiterpenes in red algae: one is cis trans- Farnesol coke phosphate Is the precursor myrrh Bisabolane is derived from ten membered ring intermediates such as gemalane, using trans and trans farnesol pyrophosphate as precursors. The anti microbial active substance manoalide extracted from sponge Luffariella variabilis by Scheuer et al. is a Sesquiterpene The pharmacological study shows that this compound has good analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and is a powerful phospholipase A2 (PLA2) Irreversible inhibitor , can interfere with phospholipid membrane release Eicosane Acids, which are expected to be treated by PLA2 or Dodecanoic acid New drugs for skin diseases caused by.

ocean Diterpene The chemical structure of compounds changes more than that of sesquiterpenes biosynthesis Precursors are considered to be Geranium base geraniol coke phosphate 。 Bisquiterpene It is composed of 5 isoprene Aggregated by units, mainly in Sponge animal Medium. The suvanine found from the Irinia sponge is a three carbon ring sesquiterpene μ The concentration of g/mL is toxic to fish, so it may be one of the defense substances of sponge. C21 furan Terpene is a kind of special structure Terpenoids At present, they are only found in sponges. From the perspective of biosynthesis, they may be degraded from sesquiterpenes.

saponin

many Terrestrial plant It contains saponins, but only sea cucumbers and sea cucumbers of marine echinoderms in the animal kingdom Starfish It contains saponins, which are their toxic components. Saponins saponin Its aqueous solution can produce long-lasting soap like foam after shaking, hence its name. According to saponin hydrolysis The structure of epigenetic sapogenin can be divided into Triterpene Triterpenoidal saponins and Steroid There are two kinds of soaps.

Sea cucumber saponin All are lanolin Sterane The aglycones of type I triterpenoid saponins all have the same holostane. A variety of sea cucumber saponins extracted from the viscera of Holothuria leucospilota are called Yuzu Sea cucumber , make ointment containing penetrant, clinical treatment Dermatophytosis The effect is good.

Starfish saponin All elements are steroids, including pregnane type and cholestane type. The former is starfish sterone, that is, starfish saponin I, and the latter is like Martha starfish sterone and dihydroMartha starfish sterone, which are the first to determine the structure of starfish saponin. The monosaccharides that make up the glycogen mainly include Rhamnose 、 Fucose , quinose xylose 、 Galactose And glucose. Most starfish saponins have anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other physiological activities hemolysis Action ratio Sea cucumber saponin Stronger.

Unsaturated fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are a kind of fatty acids that constitute the body fat and are essential to the human body. Unsaturated fatty acids according to double bond The number is different, divided into Monounsaturated fatty acid and Polyunsaturated fatty acids Two. Monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acids refer to those containing two or more double bonds and Carbon chain Straight chain fatty acids with a length of 18-22 carbon atoms, including linoleic acid , linolenic acid Arachidonic acid Etc. It is generally divided into omega-3 and omega-6. In polyunsaturated fatty acid molecules carboxyl The farthest double bond on the penultimate carbon atom is called omega-3; The one on the sixth carbon atom is called omega-6.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly come from marine organisms, such as Eicosapentaenoic acid (eicosapaentenoic acid, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid, DHA ）、 Octadecatrienoic acid (octadecatrinoic acid), etc. DHA has the function of anti-aging, improving brain memory, preventing brain recession, reducing blood fat, blood pressure, antithrombotic blood viscosity And anti-cancer. EPA is used to treat arteriosclerosis and cerebral thrombosis, as well as enhance immune function and anticancer effect. In addition, from shark 、 Sea hare , whales a hippocampus A variety of unsaturated fatty acids are also obtained in the body. The experiment shows that they all have certain pharmacological activities.

Polysaccharides and glycosides

Polysaccharide consists of monosaccharide It is a kind of carbohydrate with complex and huge molecular structure. The general formula is (C6H12O6) x. The basic structural unit is glucan Its molecular weight is usually tens of thousands or even millions. and Glycoside It's monosaccharide Semiacetal hydroxyl With another molecule (e.g. alcohol, sugar purine or pyrimidine ）Of hydroxyl , amino or Mercapto group condensation Formed sugar derivative 。

Polysaccharides and glycosides participate in the regulation of various life phenomena of cells in the body and can activate Immune cell It can improve the immune function of the body and has no side effects on normal cells. Marine polysaccharide compounds with development potential, including Spirulina polysaccharide 、 microalgae Selenium polysaccharide, laver polysaccharide, Yuzu sea cucumber Mucopolysaccharide 、 Starfish Mucopolysaccharides Scallop glycosaminoglycan , stichopus japonicus mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulfate 、 Hyaluronic acid 、 chitin And its derivatives.

Macrolide

Macrolide , or giant ring lactone Is a group of drugs (usually antibiotics) that act on the "big ring" in the structure, which is a link between one or more Deoxysaccharide (mostly erythromycin and deoxysaccharide amine). The lactone ring can be composed of 14, 15 or 16 units. Macrolide belongs to polyketene ketones in natural products. Most macrolide compounds have anti-tumor properties antibacterial activity 。 In marine organisms, it is mainly distributed in blue-green algae 、 Dinoflagellate , sponge Bryozoan 、 Tunica And molluscs and some marine fungi.

Latrunculin A and B isolated from sponges in the Red Sea have a strong fish killing effect; Sea hare Aplysiatoxin and debromophilia toxin have anticancer effects, and they belong to macrolide compounds. Moore et al Pseudocladocera (Scytonema pseudohofmauni) Macrolide Compounds: Scythophycin A, B, C, D and E, all of which have strong Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity 。

Another kind of macrolide, aplasmomycin, is gray, which is separated from shallow sea mud streptococcus Streptomyces griseum is a kind of antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseum. In vitro tests show that it has the effect of inhibiting gram-positive bacteria, while in vivo tests show that it has the effect of anti malaria.

Polyether compound

Many marine toxins belong to polyether compounds, Polyether toxoid It is a kind of natural toxin with unique chemical structure, strong toxicity and extensive pharmacological effects. According to its chemical characteristics, the polyether toxins that have been found can be classified into three categories: aliphatic polyether toxins Macrolide Polyether toxin, trapezoidal thick polyether toxin.

Rock sand sea anemone Pallytoxin (PTX), the first polyether toxin to be studied, was first found in Highly toxic The molecular weight of the anemone is 2678.6, and the molecular formula C129H223 N3O54 was discovered in 1982 Tridimensional structure , proving that this kind of toxin is some Unsaturated fat 64 asymmetries formed by chain and several cyclic ether units chirality Central complexity Organic molecule Therefore, it belongs to aliphatic polyether toxins. PTX is still a natural non peptide with known structure Biotoxin The most toxic and complex chemical substance.

Spiny tail toxin (matiotxin, MTX) is produced by Gangbijia algae food chain Accumulate in Thorn fish tail A class of unique structures in the body Marine biotoxin Are some macrocyclic polyethers with ether ring structure isolated from marine organisms lactone Compound, one of the largest known natural toxins, is a highly polar compound, soluble in water, methanol, ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide , insoluble in Trichloromethane 、 acetone and acetonitrile 。

Ciguatoxin (ciguatoxin, CTX), its chemical structure is very special, its molecular skeleton is all composed of a series of oxygen containing 5-9-membered ether ring adjacent condensation, and the whole skeleton has trans/cis Stereochemistry features. Alternating between the top and bottom of each ring Oxygen atom Each ether oxygen atom is composed, and atoms between adjacent rings form a steep slope trapezoidal linear molecule. The molecular formula is C60H80O19, the molecular weight is 1112, and there are 6 molecules hydroxyl , 5 methyl groups and 5 double bonds. The toxin is a highly toxic compound, which belongs to trapezoidal thick polyether toxin and is the most complex and toxic compound in this category.

Polypeptides

Intrabiological Active peptide Is between amino acid The molecular polymer with protein is composed of two amino acids and hundreds of amino acids connected by peptide bond, which has very important research value and physiological significance. Peptides are mainly divided into the following two forms:

Linear peptides are generally classified according to their molecular weight or the number of amino acids they contain. early stage sea anemone In polypeptide According to the molecular weight and pharmacological activity, it can be divided into four categories: (1) MW<3000, mainly including toxins acting on Na+channels; (2) 4000<MW<6200, mainly including toxins acting on Na+channels; (3) 6000<MW<7000, which is similar to the Homology Toxin; (4) MW>10000 includes most cytotoxins.

Cyclic peptide According to the number and type of its rings, cyclopeptides can be divided into monocyclic cyclic peptides, bicyclic cyclic peptides and pseudocyclic peptides. Monocyclic cyclic peptides usually contain only amino acids Peptide bond , in which amino acids generally do not bond with other heteroatoms, so there is only one ring; Bicyclic cyclic peptides contain one or more bridged amino acids. However, the number of cyclic peptides with this structure known to people is still very small.

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