B vitamins are a kind of water-soluble small molecular compounds, which do not have similar structurescoenzymeIt is widely involved in various physiological processes[1]。
B vitamins are indispensable substances for metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, protein, etc. in human body.Most B vitamins are soluble in water, including vitamin Bone(Thiamine), Vitamin Btwo(riboflavin), vitamin Bthree(Nicotinic acid), vitamin Bfour（Aminopurine phosphate）Vitamin Bfive(Pantothenic acid, pernicious acid), vitamin Bsix(pyridoxine), vitamin Bseven(Vitamin H), Vitamin Beight(adenine nucleotide), vitaminnine(Folic acid)[5]Vitamin Btwelve(Cobalamin), vitamin Bthirteen(lactalbumin), vitamin Bfifteen(Panthionine), vitamin Bseventeen(Apricot), Vitamin Bt (carnitine), Vitamin Bx（P-aminobenzoic acid）, choline, inositol (cyclohexanol), etc.Vitamin BoneVitamin BtwoVitamin BthreeVitamin BfiveVitamin BsixVitamin Bnine[5]Vitamin BtwelveThey are commonly used by the human body and play a vital role in the metabolism of sugar, fat and protein in the human body as coenzymes[2]。
B vitamins play an important role in material metabolism by forming coenzymes in organisms.These coenzymes are most abundant in the liver.AndFat soluble vitaminDifferent. Surplus entering the bodyWater-soluble vitaminIts metabolites are excreted from the urine and cannot be stored in the body.When the body is saturated, the more vitamins you eat, the more you excrete in your urine[4]。
Vitamin B consists ofbiological activitySimilar compounds with different chemical compositions can exist in free form.They cannot be synthesized in animals and some microorganisms, so they must be obtained from the outside. Generally, plants can synthesize various vitamins in their bodies.The demand for vitamins is not high, but it is essential[1]。
Vitamin B members
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Vitamin B1
vitamin BoneAlso known as thiamine, it can be used as the coenzyme of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in vivo for oxidation, and has acid stability. It is widely found in yeast, germ, lean meat, liver, vegetables, and food grains.The concentration of free thiamine in living organisms is low, and many bacteria, fungi and plants can synthesize thiamine[6]。
Vitamin B2
vitamin BtwoAlso known as riboflavin, yellow crystal, acid stable, heat resistantFlavin mononucleotide(FMN) andFlavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD) exists as someOxidoreductaseCoenzyme ofRedox reaction。And it is partially bound to protein, and the free state is very low in many cells.vitamin BtwoIt is widely found in animals and plants, and has a high content in milk, fruits, vegetables, etc. Plants and many microorganisms can be synthesized in the body.Riboflavin mainly passes throughGram negative bacteriaHemisphericMicrobial fermentationproduction[6]。
Vitamin B3
vitamin BthreeAlso known as nicotinic acid, it belongs to pyridine vitamin and has stable physical properties. It is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, coenzyme I) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+, the precursor of coenzyme II), participating in various enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions.Vitamin B3 is widely found in nature, among which yeast, peanuts, beans, cereals, animal liver, meat, tea and coffee have higher content, and play an important role in metabolism, DNA repair and nervous system[6]。
Vitamin B5
vitamin BfivePantothenic acid, also known as pantothenic acid, is a widely distributed organic acid and a component of CoA and pantothenyl mercaptoethylamine phosphate.CoA is the main coenzyme form of pantothenic acid in cells.Only d-isomers of pantothenic acid were found, and most of them were in the form of CoA binding, with few free forms.It is rich in yeast, wheat, peanuts, rice bran, peas, eggs and liver, especially royal jelly.Pantothenic acid is an essential substance for converting sugars, fats, etc. into energy[6]。
Vitamin B6
vitamin BsixAlso known as pyridoxine, it exists in the body in the form of phosphate,Pyridoxal phosphate(PLP) and pyridoxamine phosphate are its active forms, as the main coenzymes of many enzymes in amino acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism.Bacteria, fungi and plants can synthesize pyridoxine, while most animals, including humans, demand pyridoxine from their diet because they cannot synthesize this important micronutrient, which is rich in vegetables, grains, beans, nuts, sunflower seeds, mushrooms, etc.Pyridoxine is mainly produced by chemical synthesis and widely used in food and pharmaceutical engineering[6]。
Vitamin B7
vitamin BsevenAlso known as biotin, vitamin H or CoR, it is a kind of monocarboxylic acid, a better water-soluble and alcohol soluble substance, and insoluble in lipophilic organic solvents.Biotin has excellent thermal stability, but it is susceptible to alkali andperoxidedestruction.Among the eight isomers of biotin, only the natural d-biotin has biological activity.Biotin exists in the cytoplasm in free form asplant cellAs a coenzyme for a variety of enzymatic carboxylation reactionsAmino acid metabolismAnd fatty acid synthesis.Biotin is mainly derived from egg products, yeast, liver, kidney and peanuts. It is also found in various crop biomass and fruits, such as wheat, corn, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane molasses and grapes.Commercial biotin is mainly produced by chemical synthesis, while microbial synthesis is still making efforts to produce biotin, which can be used in cosmetics and production of bio based chemicals (such as glutamic acid, lysine, etc.)[6]。
Vitamin B9
vitamin BnineAlso known as folic acid, yellow crystal, soluble in acid and alkali, insoluble in organic solvents, sensitive to acid, light and temperature,TetrahydrofolateIt is the coenzyme (CoF) form of folic acid.Bacteria, fungi and plants can synthesize folic acid in their bodies, while most animals, including humans, need folic acid from their diet or gastrointestinal microbes because they cannot synthesize folic acid themselves.Folic acid is mainly synthesized through nature and chemistry.Folic acid is an important substance in many biochemical reactions of organisms, which mainly exists in the form of ions and promotescell proliferationThe synthesis of brain functional regulators is also used as an important carrier for targeted therapy and diagnosis[6]。
Vitamin B12
vitamin BtwelveAlso known as cyanocobalamin, it is a cobalamin compound, a water-soluble and alcohol soluble substance. There are two forms of coenzyme in the organism, the main form of coenzyme is 5 '- deoxyadenosine cobalamin, and the other form of coenzyme isMethylcobalamin。Cyanocobalamin is mainly synthesized by some bacteria and archaea, but cannot be synthesized in plants and animals. Therefore, cyanocoalamin synthesis bacteria (including archaea) are the source of cyanocoalamin in food.However, cyanocobalamin synthesized by bacteria (including archaea) is mainly accumulated in the body of higher predators in the food chain, so animal derived food is the main source of cyanocobalamin, such as meat, milk, egg products, fish, etc.The industrial large-scale production of cyanocobalamin is mainly carried out through microbial fermentation[6]。
Function and application of B vitamins
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B vitamins are a general term for a class of organic compounds.Generally, it meets the following characteristics: (1) Exogeneity: animals cannot synthesize by themselves or the synthetic amount does not meet the physiological needs, and need to be ingested through food.(2) Microquantity: The amount required by animals is small, but it can play a huge role, usually as coenzyme and coenzyme factor.(3) Regulatory: Vitamins must be able to regulate human metabolism or energy conversion.(4) Specificity: After lacking certain vitamins, the human body will present a special morbid state.Vitamin B is a water-soluble vitamin, which promotes metabolism in the body and converts sugar, fat, protein, etc. into energy[3]。
Vitamin B1It is one of the B vitamins.It is an important cofactor of glucose metabolism, plays a coenzyme role in the active transport of aldehyde and sugar groups, and plays an auxiliary role in nerve conduction and neuronal conduction.Because vitamin B1 is stored in the body for a short time and is easy to be excreted, it is necessary to take vitamin B1 regularly to maintain its blood content.Most foods contain an appropriate amount of vitamin B1, and food sources rich in vitamin B1 include whole grains, brown rice, pork, poultry, soybeans, nuts, dried beans, peas, and grains.Treatment of thiamine deficiency with vitamin B1Septic shockPatients can reduce the content of lactic acid in their bodies and the mortality caused by it.Some studies show that the thiamine content in the blood of diabetic patients is lower than that of normal people, and gradually decreases with the increase of albuminuria, especially in patients with massive albuminuria,MicroalbuminuriaThere is a negative correlation between thiamine and lipid profile, so diabetic patients should be properly supplemented with thiamine[3]。
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) plays the role of coenzyme in the process of body metabolism and plays an important role in maintaining human, animal and plant health.Today, riboflavin has been proved to be necessary and participates in the key redox reactions throughout human metabolism through its bioactive derivatives.In detail, the increase of riboflavin level promotes phenylpropionic acid andPhenolic compoundsTo increase the resistance.In many epidemiological studies,Vitamin B2It has been proved to have a certain effect on heart protection, and riboflavin supplementation is beneficial to the improvement of cardiovascular disease patients.When lacking riboflavincarbohydrate, fat, protein and other substances cannot be converted into energy to maintain normal functions of the body[3]。
Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) has multiple photoprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. It can enhance DNA repair, reduce the effect of ultraviolet radiation on skin immune response, and regulate theSkin barrier function, recover the cell damage caused by ultraviolet radiation.Therefore, nicotinamide is a good cosmetic ingredient, traditionally used for skin whitening, anti-aging and skin protection barrier[3]。
Pantothenic acid is also called pantothenic acid in various dietsVitamin B5It is the precursor of coenzyme A (CoA), an essential vitamin, and has long been considered as the basic cofactor of biochemical reactions of various organisms, participating in many intermediate metabolic reactions. When glucose, fatty acids and amino acids enter the productive tricarboxylic acid cycle, choline acetylation starts from neurotransmittersacetylcholineAnd fatty acid biosynthesis.Vitamin B5 inatherosclerosisThe direct role in pathology has not been clarified, but vitamin B5 may increase the level of coenzyme A and promoteglutathione(GSH) synthesis, thus reducing oxidative stress to participate in the occurrence of inflammatory process[3]。
Pyridinol（Vitamin B6）It is an aminotransferase and a coenzyme of glucose phosphatase, which is used for the utilization of glucogen in liver and muscle, thus participating in glucose metabolism.Pyridinol can significantly promote cell proliferation andNeuroblastDifferentiation.Although there is no obvious relationship between vitamin B6 and the occurrence of type II diabetes, there is evidence that once type II diabetes occurs, its lack may have a certain impact on the cause of some complications.But other experiments show that vitamin B6 supplementation shows that insulin concentration andInsulin sensitivityDecrease, but no change in blood sugar level[3]。
Biotin（Vitamin B7）It plays an important role in several specific carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions.How many kinds are itcarbon dioxideCoenzymes that immobilize enzymes, such as propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase (PCC), pyruvate carboxylase (Pc), methyl crotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, play an indispensable role in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and denaturation, and the function of Krebs cycle. Biotin plays an important role inMultiple SclerosisAnd falseHyperthyroidismZhongneng has a certain improvement effect.Although mammals do not synthesize biotin, it is rare for normal people to lack it because it exists in a variety of animal and plant derived foods.The study on supplementation of biotin and chromium picolinate in type II diabetic rats shows that,Glucose transporterThe increased expression of GLUT4 can significantly inhibit insulin resistance of skeletal muscle.The addition of biotin can enhance insulin secretion and the expression of gene based signaling pathway conducive to insulin function[3]。
Folic acid (vitamin B9) plays an important role in cell metabolism, for example, it acts as a cofactor in the single carbon metabolism of DNA and RNA, and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of nucleotides and amino acids in the body.Folic acid is a small molecule that can bind to folate receptor. It has a high expression level in cervical cancer HeLa cells and other malignant tumor cells, so folate can target these tumor cells.The Role of Folic Acid in the Pathogenesis of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin B1 DeficiencyHyperhomocysteinemiaRelated, although its deficiency is not common, folic acid supplementation in diabetic patients will be beneficial to the treatment of diabetes.Folic acid supplementation can reverse DNA damage of micronucleus, thus reducing the impact of oxidative stress in diabetic patients[3]。
Cobalamin（Vitamin B12）It is the cofactor with the largest molecular weight and the most complex (15 functional groups) in biology.Cobalamin has received extensive attention because it can promote the dehalogenation reaction, and there is evidence that the cell component of 12 kinds of dehalogenation reactions caused by several anaerobic bacteria is likely to be transition metal coenzymes.During pregnancy and lactation, the demand for cobalamin will increase to meet the needs of mothers, fetuses and infants[3]。
The treatment of B vitamins for type II diabetes is mostly achieved through some combination treatments.For example, vitamin B1 can prevent and improve diabetesPeripheral neuropathy, added in the diet of the elderlyvitamin DAnd folic acid can reduce the prevalence of diabetes[3]。
Common detection techniques of B vitamins
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As a result of the blind pursuit of refined diet, the intake of B vitamins from food is getting less and less.Therefore, the synthesized B vitamins are used as aNutritional fortifierIt is added to food to supplement human and animal health growth and development needs.In the market, B vitamins have been added to infant milk powder, functional drinks and some health products.Vitamin B is very unstable and easy to decompose under certain conditions such as acid, alkali, light and heat, so it is difficult to analyze and determine. Different analysis methods can be selected according to different characteristics of vitamins.The main analytical methods established for the determination of B vitamins include: microbial methodSpectrophotometry, and chromatography, etc[7]。
Microbiological method
Microbiological method is the main method used internationally to detect B vitamins, which is mainly based on the positive or negative correlation between bacterial growth and vitamins. Therefore, if you want to detect the existence and quantity of vitamin groups, you can only observe the corresponding bacteria.The microbial method is relatively sensitive, as long as the reproduction degree and metabolites of corresponding bacteria are observed.However, this method has the disadvantages of complex operation and long time.Moreover, the bacteria corresponding to each vitamin group are different, and they may interfere and repel each other when they are together. Therefore, only one vitamin group can be measured at a time, rather than several vitamin groups, which is time-consuming and laborious[8]。
Spectral analysis
(1) Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry is also a commonly used method for vitamin group detection. In the pharmacopoeia, vitamin BoneVitamin BsixNicotinamide is determined by spectrophotometry.But generally, they need to be submitted for inspectionB vitaminsBoth exist in food. The content of vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 in food is relatively low. When the spectrophotometric method is used for detection, the absorption peaks of the two vitamins overlap seriously, which indicates that their coexisting substances interfere with each other and the results will be greatly affected[8]。
(2) Fluorescence method
Fluorescence method has some limitations. It is more suitable for the vitamin group with fluorescence characteristics, or the vitamin group with fluorescent substances in derivatives.Its operation method is also complex, and the results obtained are very limited.Many researchers are improving and recreating this method.The detection ability of molecular fluorescence method is stronger than that of ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and the sensitivity is also higher than that of ultraviolet spectrophotometry[8]。
Chromatography
ChromatographyIt is a method of separating and analyzing substances.An important part of chromatography isHigh performance liquid chromatographyThis chromatographic method is one of the most widely used methods to determine the content of B vitamins at home and abroad.This method can quickly and efficiently determine vitamins[8]。
LC-MS
Liquid chromatographyThe method of tandem mass spectrometry is a recently popular method for the detection of B vitamins. This method combines the cutting-edge technologies in the medical and food fields, and has good prospects for development.This method can take advantage of the advantages of chromatography and mass spectrometry, and use them together. In the face of more complex and changeable samples, this method can not only use high performance liquid chromatography for rapid separation, but also use the characteristics of high sensitivity and high selectivity of mass spectrometry. The operation time is short, and it is a highly efficient detection method.After several years of development, the detection method of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been relatively mature, and has made great progress in operation and detection means.However, because the testing equipment used in this testing method is expensive and the maintenance cost is high, it is only suitable for use in the laboratory[8]。
Capillary electrophoresis
Capillary electrophoresisIt is used to separate the sample and detect the water-soluble vitamin group in the sample by using appropriate pH, separation voltage and capillary temperature.There have been science prize winners who have combined capillary electrophoresis withChemiluminescence methodIt is used together to detect vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 in food. The detection results show that the combination of these two methods can quickly separate the vitamin groups in the sample with high accuracy[8]。
