Gander

A famous astronomer in the pre Qin period

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Gander ， the warring states Hour Qi State People, whose birth and death years are unknown, lived in the middle of the 4th century BC, Pre Qin period A famous astronomer , the oldest in the world Catalogue And Ganymede's earliest discoverer. He wrote《 Astrology 》8 volumes, Suixing Sutra, etc. Later generations have linked him with Shi Shen Combined with their astronomical works, they are called《 Gan Shi Xing Jing 》It is the earliest astronomical work in the world. Most of the contents of these works have been lost, and only part of the text is《 Tang Kaiyuan Zhanjing 》It can be seen that Gander has made contributions to the division and naming of stars, planetary observation and research.

Gander is also famous as an astrologer, which was born at that time and later generations significant impact He is the founder of Gan's astrology school. His contributions to astronomy complement his astrology activities.

Times: Qi State in the Warring States Period
Ethnic groups: Huaxia nationality
one's native heath: Qi State in Ancient China
date of birth: Early 4th century BC

Date of death: Mid 4th century BC
Key achievements: The founder of Gan's astrology school, who discovered Ganymede
Main works: Astronomical Astrology Volume 8 、 Suixing Sutra
True name: Gander

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▪ The oldest catalog
▪ Observations of Jupiter

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Gan De, a native of the State of Qi in the Warring States Period, was a famous astronomer in the Warring States Period and one of the pioneers of Chinese astronomy. After long-term astronomical observation, Gander and Shi Shen Write a book on astronomy respectively. Later generations combined these two works and called them《 Gan Shi Xing Jing 》It is the earliest astronomical work in the world. The book records the names of 800 stars, of which 121 stars have been located. It is the world's earliest star table. The book also records the movements of the five planets, namely wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and points out their occurrence rules.

Gander

Sima Qian said he was Qi State People. According to the Records of the Historian, Tianbao Book, "Those who passed on the days in the past... in Qi, Gan Gong;... in Wei, Shi Shen." Pei Si 《 collected explanations 》Xu Guang was quoted as saying, "Or Gan Gong was famous for his virtue. He was originally from Lu." Zhang Shoujie Justice says:“《 Seven records 》Cloud: Chu people. " It is not that Gander's book history is different. Gande was originally a native of Lu. He was an official or went on a study tour in Qi, so he was "in Qi"; After the State of Lu was the land of Chu, so some Chu people said. Because Gander's achievements in astronomy were mainly completed in Qi, he should be a scholar of Qi.

Gander's activities were in the middle of the fourth century BC, King Qi Wei 、 King Xuan The era of. At that time, all the scholars wrote together, gathered under the state of Qi, and launched a hundred schools of thought. Gande was the representative of one of the hundred schools of thought. General Gande and Shi Shen in history And propose , collectively refer to their works as《 Gan Shi Xing Jing 》。 Gan Shi Xing Jing is one of the earliest astronomical works in the world. Shi Shen was born in Wei, later than Gande, and wrote《 Muddy sky The picture is the representative work of Huntian thought in the pre-qin period. Gander wrote eight volumes of Astronomical Astrology and one volume of Gan's Four Seven Methods. Both of them were outstanding astronomers in the pre Qin period, so people called the two together.^[1]

Key achievements

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Gander and Shi Shen All of them have established different naming systems for all sky star zoning, and the method is to give a Star official Name of and Number of stars And then point out the relative position of this star officer and another star officer, so as to qualitatively describe the distribution and position of stars in the whole sky. three countries Hour Chen Zhuo Summarize Gande and Shi Shenhe Wuxian Sanjia stars have obtained the classic star official system of 283 stars and 1464 stars in ancient China, including 146 Ganzi stars (including 28 constellations). It can be seen that Gande's work on the division and naming of stars throughout the sky has had a great impact on later generations. There are indications that Gander has also made quantitative measurements of the positions of a number of stars, but most of the results are lost. Gander made long-term observation and quantitative research on planetary motion. He discovered Mars and Venus He pointed out that "to go back is to go back", "to go back is to go back" and "to go back is to go back" Anterograde The apparent motion track from retrograde to anterograde is vividly described as a "si" shape. Gander also built the planet Convergence period (The time interval between two consecutive morning meetings in the East), and measured Jupiter , Jinxinghe Mercury The convergence cycle values are: 400 days (398.9 days), 587.25 days (583.9 days) and 136 days (115.9 days). He also gave the number of days that Jupiter and Mercury saw and volt in a conjunction cycle, and also gave the number of days that Venus went forward, backward and volt in a conjunction cycle, and pointed out that the number of days that Venus went forward, backward and volt in different conjunction cycles might change within a certain range. Although these quantitative descriptions of Gander are relatively crude, they have laid a foundation for the traditional calculation of planetary position in later generations. Basis《 Tang Kaiyuan Zhanjing 》Some people think that Gander has used it nearly 2000 years before Galileo Visual observation Ganymede, Jupiter's brightest moon. If we consider that Gander wrote a monograph on Jupiter, the Suixing Classic, which was a famous scholar who carefully observed and studied Jupiter at that time, and Ganymede may indeed be observed with the naked eye under certain conditions, then this speculation is probably credible. Gander is also famous as an astrologer, which was born at that time and later generations significant impact He is the founder of Gan's astrology school. His contributions to astronomy complement his astrology activities.

Gan's Four Seven Method

Gan's Four Seven Method is an astronomical method Annals One of. The so-called "four seven" means that 28 constellations To measure the sun, the moon, etc Celestial motion The method of orientation. Listed in the "Four Seven Laws of Ganshi" Twenty eight nights Since the original book was lost, we can only learn from other historical records. According to Kaiyuan Zhanjing Suixing Zhan, Shiji Tianguan Shu and《 Law book 》It is recorded that the location and Star name yes Oriental Seven Nights : Corner, Kang, Di, Fang, Xin, Wei, Ji; Northern Qisu : Dou, Niu, Female, Xu, Wei, Room, Wall; Western Seven Stars: Kui, Lou, Wei, Pleiades, Bi, Zui, Shen; Southern Seven Stars: Well, Ghost, Liu, Star, Zhang, Wing, Zhen.

Stellar observation

According to《 Yuhai 》According to Gan Xiang Xin Shu, "Gan De zhong Official star Fifty nine seats, totaling two hundred and one stars, Level track to Audience ； Foreign officials Thirty nine seats, a total of two hundred nine stars, Tianmen To Qingshang; There are twenty crape myrtle stars, a total of one hundred and one stars. In total, there are 118, 511 stars. " Gan's discovery of stars cannot be verified because the original work has been lost. However, from this figure, it is amazing that Gander found such a discovery when he had no precision instruments available and only observed it with the naked eye. It is said that Gander's star watch is the oldest in the world.

Planetary motion research

In addition to the observation of stars, Gander also made long-term observation and quantitative research on the movement of planets, especially the unique discovery of the movement of the five stars of gold, wood, water, fire and earth. Gander established the concept of planetary convergence period, and measured the more accurate convergence period values of Jupiter, Venus and Mercury. Gander calculated that Jupiter's turn period was 400 days, 1.12 days less than the accurate value of 398.88 days; I also learned that Jupiter moves faster and slower, often deviating from the north and south of the ecliptic, representing the warring states The advanced level of Jupiter research in the era. Gander calculated that the turn period of Mercury is 136 days, which is 21 days more than the actual value of 115 days. Although this error is large, Gander's Record has a preliminary understanding of the state of Mercury's motion and the four stages of the foresight journey, which shows that Gander has basically mastered the operating law of Mercury. Gander also first discovered the retrograde phenomenon of Mars, and calculated that the degree cycle of Mars is 410 degrees 780 days, which is close to the actual date. In the past, people believed that the movement of planets generally followed the same direction. Gander and Shi Shen Fu has discovered the retrograde phenomenon of Mars and Venus. So the Astronomical Annals of Hanshu says:“ Ancient calendar Five star push is a traitor. To Gan's Shishi (Star) Sutra, Yinghuo (Mars) is too white (Venus) as retrograde. " Gander also pointed out that "if you go out, it will be 'tick'" and "if you tick again, it will be 'already'". The apparent motion track of the planet from forward to reverse to smooth is vividly described as "already" shape. He also gave the number of days that Jupiter and Mercury saw volts (not seen) in a convergence cycle, and the number of days that Venus went forward and retrograde and volts in a convergence cycle, and pointed out that these days may change within a certain range in different convergence cycles. Although these descriptions of Gander are relatively crude from a quantitative point of view, they have laid a solid foundation for the later traditional method of calculating the position of planets.

Annals

Gander

In terms of calendar, Gan's Annals It is unique, especially the forecasting method of metallurgy, chaos, abundance, shortage, water and drought with a 12 year cycle. Gan's method is characterized by the use of Photographic lift Call it case. Gan said Phototige It is not only the name of the first year in the chronology, but also a kind of age keeping Marker 。 In the first and second years of the year of the old star, they use "photography", and after the third year, they use "photography". The name of its PTI is probably due to the transformation of PTI. Photographic is the star name Arcturus The extension line pointed by the nearby dipper. The ancients used it to match with the dipper to determine the season. The "form" of "photographing" means "to", which means "to" in the Records of the Historian. Some people say Gander is the pioneer of Chinese astronomy, which is true. Gander's contribution to astronomy was the largest in the Warring States Period compared with other scholars.^[2]

The oldest catalog

China is one of the countries with the earliest development of astronomy. because agricultural production For the need of making calendars, our ancestors began to observe the celestial phenomena very early, and used them to determine the position, time and season.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Astronomical calendar There has been extensive development and progress. Sima Qian In the Chronicle of the Historian, it is said that "after the seclusion and ferocity, the Zhou Dynasty was in power with his ministers, and the history did not record the time, so the sons of Chou people were scattered, either in the Xia Dynasty or in the Yidi." "Chou people" refers to the astrologers handed down from generation to generation. At that time, for the needs of their agricultural production and astrology, all countries attached great importance to astronomical observation records and research. According to the Jin Shu Astronomical Annals, "Lu Youzi was cautious, while Jin Youzhi Bu Yan Zheng You, Song You Ziwei Qi had Gande, Chu had Tang Mei, Zhao had Yin Gao, Wei had Shi Shenfu, all of them were in charge of astronomy, and all of them discussed map verification (these officials who mastered astronomy in various countries explained to the rulers according to the changes of the celestial phenomena). " This situation of hundreds of schools standing side by side undoubtedly plays a positive role in promoting the observation of celestial phenomena and the improvement of planetary and stellar knowledge.

Among them, the most famous ones are the Gandhi and Shishenfu families. They belong to the same period. Written by Gander《 Astrology 》Eight volumes: Shi Shenfu wrote eight volumes of Astronomy, which is also called Gan's Star Sutra and Shi's Star Sutra in later generations, collectively《 Gan Shi Xing Jing 》。

Catalogue

Gander is diligent in making long-term and detailed observations of stars in the sky. He and Shi Shenfu have established different star zoning and naming systems throughout the sky. The method is to give the name and number of a star official according to law, and then point out the relative group of the star official and another star official, so as to give a qualitative description of the distribution of stars in the whole sky. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Chen Zhuo summarized the experiences of Gandhi Shinfu and Wu Xian Star position According to the chart, we can get the star official system of the classic 283 stars and 1464 stars in ancient China, including 146 Gan stars (including 28 constellations). It can be seen that Gander's work on the division and naming of stars in the whole sky has a great impact on future generations. There are indications that Gander has also made a quantitative measurement of the position of Ruojan stars, but most of his results have been lost later.

In the West, ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus (Hipparchus) was compiled about (190-125 BC) in the second century BC Catalogue Before him, Aristille and Timocharis also compiled catalogues, but they were not earlier than the 3rd century BC. It can be seen that the catalog of Gander and Shishenfu is one of the oldest in the world.^[3]

Observations of Jupiter

Gan Shi Xing Jing

Gander's observation of Jupiter is particularly detailed. He is an expert in studying Jupiter and has written a monograph on Jupiter, The Book of Years. Basis《 Tang Kaiyuan Zhanjing 》Volume 23 quotes what Gander said when he talked about Jupiter: "At the age of only one year old, the year star is in the child. At the beginning of the morning and at the end of the night, it comes into being with emptiness and danger. Its shape is very large and it has light. If there is a small red star attached to its side, it is called an alliance". It is famous History of Astronomy home Xi Zezong Mr. Gande pointed out that Gande observed Jupiter's brightest moon Ganymede in the middle of the 4th century BC. The modern discovery of Jupiter's satellite was made in the early 17th century after the telescope was invented Italy Big scientist Galilei discovered it in 1610 when he observed Jupiter. Gander Galileo nearly 2000 years ago, and in the absence of telescopes, only the naked eye found the moon of Jupiter, which is really a miracle. In the 1980s, Chinese astronomy historians, through Beijing Astronomical Observatory Xinglong The field observation of the observation station confirmed that Ganymede could be observed by naked eyes under certain conditions. In an observation in 1981, 8 Observer All saw Ganymede.^[4] Gander, with his perseverance and exquisite and unique observation, turned miracles into reality and wrote a brilliant page in the history of world astronomy.^[5]

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