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Full Name -
Sima Qian -
Alias -
Shi Qian, Tai Shigong -
word -
Child length -
Times -
Western Han Dynasty
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date of birth -
145 BC (or previous 135 years) -
Key achievements -
Compile "Historical Records" to create a biographical historiography -
Main works -
Historical Records, Report to Ren Shaoqing -
Highest office -
Middle order
catalog
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one Character's Life -
▪ Early experience -
▪ Learn to travel around the world -
▪ To return to court as an official -
▪ My father gave me a life -
▪ Private Shu, ancient and modern sages -
▪ Discuss calendar change
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▪ Be subjected to corruption -
▪ Historical Records -
two Key achievements -
▪ Literature and history -
▪ thought -
▪ Astronomy -
▪ well-known saying
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three Pedigree -
four Historical evaluation -
▪ Han dynasty -
▪ Wei-Jin period -
▪ Tang and Song Dynasties -
▪ Ming and Qing Dynasties -
▪ modern
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one There are many contingency men in the Three Jin Dynasties, and their husband's words are strong and powerful in the Qin Dynasty. -
two The appearance speaks of beauty, the holy words speak of truth, the bitter words speak of medicine, and the sweet words speak of sickness. -
three Although you can't reach the high mountain, you are eager to move forward. -
four When Gai Zhongzi dies, Boya will never play the drum again. What? A man dies for his bosom friend, and a woman looks good for herself. -
five The ancient people were rich and famous, which was unforgettable, and they were known only as extraordinary people. -
six You don't need to bathe in rivers and seas, you need to decontaminate; Horses need not be steeds, but good at walking. -
seven Those who are good should be motivated by it, followed by facilitation, followed by instruction, followed by orderliness, and the lowest should contend with it.
Yang Xiong In the book Fayan, he wrote: "Tai Shiqian is called a true record". Yang Xiong was the first person to praise Sima Qian's spirit of recording. His factual record and love story have been approved by people who have experienced him until now. Ban Biao : It is recorded that from the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, if the martial arts are excellent, then their achievements will be recognized. As for the collection of scriptures and the spread of information, many of them are sketchy, which is not the same as the original. We should make great efforts to learn more and publish widely, and the discussion is shallow but not sincere. In his theory of art, he respected Huang Lao and ignored the Five Classics; If the order of goods colonization is not benevolent and righteous, it will be ashamed of poverty; A Taoist ranger should be humble and observe integrity while valuing common merits: this is a great injury to the Tao, so he is also blamed for capital punishment. However, he is good at stating order and reasoning, arguing without being flashy, qualitative without being wild, and the literary quality is commensurate A talented person with a good history Also. I sincerely order you to follow the legal words of the Five Classics, and share the same right and wrong with saints. [64] Ban Gu According to Zuo Shi and Guoyu, Sima Qian adopted Shiben and Warring States Policies to describe Chu Han Spring and Autumn, and then followed up the story of the later generations and ended in Tianhan. The words of Qin and Han are detailed. As for the collection of scriptures, the spread of several families, there are many sketchy, or Arrive at Wu 。 It also has a wide range of people, runs through the classics, gallops through ancient and modern times, and has been diligent for thousands of years. Moreover, the right and wrong are quite different from those of sages. They talk about the main road first and then the old and then the six classics. The preface ranger retreats from the scholar to the traitor, and the description of the goods colony shows respect for snobbery and shame and poverty. However, since Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong have written a lot of books, they are all said to have moved with good history. They believe that they are good at sequencing and reasoning, distinguishing but not being elegant, and not being vulgar in quality. They are straight in writing, their core of affairs is not false beauty, and they do not hide evil, so they are called true records. Wuhu! It is not enough to learn from the nature of things that have been moved, but it is not enough to know yourself. Since you are trapped in the capital punishment, you will become angry and believe in the book. Mourning for the reason《 Xiaoya, Xiangbo 》The relationship between them. It is difficult for Fu Wei's "Daya" to be wise and philosophical, and to keep his body "! [65] Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty In the seventeenth year of Yongping (A.D. 74), Sima Qian issued an imperial edict, saying, "Sima Qian wrote books to become a family, and became famous in later generations. So he was punished by his own body. He opposed micro satire and disparaged the contemporary society Frist Also. " [58]
Emperor Wei Ming Once on Wang Su He said: "Sima Qian, because of his punishment, was insidious and wrote the Records of the Historian, which is not a demotion to filial piety and martial arts, making people gnash." [58] Zhang Fu The comparison between Sima Qian and Ban Gu is as follows: "When we break an agreement, we will mention only half a million things; when Ban Gu narrates two hundred years, we will only say 800000 things. If we have different troubles, it is better to move. One thing is better to say good things, and one thing is better to say evil things, and nothing is taken from the ordinary and middle class things. But when Ban Gu writes about them, it is better to say two things. It is better to say three things than to say bad things. Relocation not only creates innovation, but also adheres to principles. Difficulties and benefits are different. It was also moved to Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Fan Ju and Cai Ze to write biographies. It was enough to show their talents by saying words of exile. Therefore, it was said that the dialectics were brilliant in their words, while the factual records were hidden in their names. Therefore, it was called a good history. " [58] Works of the Jin Dynasty《 Miscellaneous Records of Xijing 》In the middle of the book, Sima Qian wrote one hundred and thirty pieces of Historical Records in anger. He was the first person who had a good history. Boyi ranked first among the biographies. He thought that good would not be rewarded《 Xiang Yu's origin 》According to the high position, it is not related to virtue; And its narration Qu Yuan 、 Jia Yi It is also a great talent of a generation to refrain from writing and avoid sad things. " [58]
Han Yu Sima Qian's literary talent is highly praised. He said: "No one in the Han Dynasty could not write, but Sima Xiangru, Tai Shigong, Liu Xiang and Yang Xiongzhi were the best." He thought the style of Sima Qian's works was "powerful, elegant and vigorous". Historical Records became the sample of Han Yu's composition. Liu Zongyuan The article in Records of the Historian is simple, concise and neat, without any disease of branches and tendrils; It is completely natural and watertight; Choose words and make sentences with great care. People in the Song Dynasty praised Sima Qian, whose famous people were Ma Cunzan's travel and Zheng Qiao's five body structure. Horse stock He thought that Sima Qian loved traveling all his life and would not leave for a day. Sima Qian's Zhuang tour is not an ordinary tour, but to help me breathe with the world's great sights, and then spit it out as a book. Therefore, his articles may be turbulent and unrestrained; Or the wave of Dongting, deep and implicit; Or spring makeup, such as thick, smooth and graceful; Or the dragon soars and the tiger leaps. Sima Qian's Aristocratic Family Longmen, read God Yu and made great contributions; Western envoys to Bashu, across the bird path of Jiange; Wandering Qilu, seeing the legacy of the Emperor. Therefore, between heaven and earth, the changes of all things can be shocking, entertaining, worrying, and pathetic, and Zichang's articles can be taken as articles. Therefore, Zichang's articles can change endlessly. Historian of Southern Song Dynasty Zheng Qiao It is believed that there are hundreds of schools of thought, empty words, historical records, and no discipline. Sima Qian's father and son were responsible for the production of ancient books. From the Yellow Emperor down to the Qin and Han Dynasties, they were cut into one book, which was divided into five parts: the chronological record of the current discipline, generations passed down from generation to generation, with the regular calendar as the symbol, and things like books as the symbol, and people as the symbol. As a result, historians cannot change their methods and scholars cannot change their books. This book is the only one after the Six Classics. It can be seen that Zheng Qiao has a high evaluation of Records of the Historian. Zhu Xi : ① Sima Qian is talented and knowledgeable, but careless. ② The official book of the Grand Historian is sparse, Ban Gu Booklock. ③ Sima Zichang moved to Confucius As evidence, I don't know what I saw, but I also said so. Therefore, Bo Gong always invents very carefully, for fear that the son will grow up and dare not accept the ear. [66]
Jin Shengtan As one of the "Six Talented Scholars' Books", Shi Ji was reviewed for more than 90 prefaces. In his comments on Outlaws of the Marsh and Romance of the Western Chamber, he praised Sima Qian many times and published many insights. He said, "It is the heart of Shi Gong to endure for fame." In his review of "Biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng", Sima Qian said that "I can use his two lives to make my tears." Jin Shengtan can be called Sima Qian's bosom friend. His exploration of the relationship between Historical Records and novels is unique. "The method of Outlaws of the Marsh comes from the Records of the Historian". Qian Qianyi In the Wu Zhai Youxue Collection, he said: "Sima founded the Historical Records with the talent of life, the knowledge of the great generation, and the high vision of thousands of years." He believed that Sima Qian's five body structure became the sample of historians in all dynasties, and the contribution of making an example was "as brilliant as the sun"! Zhang Xuecheng In the famous historical theory book, Wen Shi Tong Yi, he said: "My husband has moved to a unique school, just one person after the Spring and Autumn Annals." He believed that the book "Historical Records" has a scope of thousands of years and a hundred schools of thought ", Sima Qian has the ability of brilliant insight, and" Historical Records "has the merit of creating an example. Because Sima Qian has excellent intellectual and writing skills for thousands of years, the "Records of the Historian" is a saying that "between heaven and earth", and Zhang Xuecheng seems to be better than none later. Zhao Yi In the Notes to the Twenty second History, it is said that "Sima Qian, taking into account the ancient and modern times, set an example and created a complete history. This record is based on the order of emperors, the records of marquis states by aristocratic families, the current events by the ten tables, and the detailed system by the eight books. Then the achievements and losses of the political affairs of the monarchs and officials of a generation are summarized in one article. Since this example is certain, the history writers of all dynasties cannot go beyond their scope, and the extreme rules of historians are also true." Sima Qian's five structure historiography framework, once established, is a classic. Throughout the twenty-four history, there is no exception. Zhao Yi is called "the most excellent historian". Liang Qichao It is believed that "the founder of the history circle, Sima Qian", "the founder of the history circle is also honest". Liang Qichao spoke highly of the Records of the Historian, and believed that the Records of the Historian was actually the founder of the general history of China, and it was a comprehensive and rigorous work. He believed that: the biographies of historical records borrowed from the Ming Dynasty; The writing of the Records of the Historian can bring a person's face to life; Narration in Records of the Historian can be analyzed in an orderly, meticulous and clear way. Therefore, he advocated that "all scholars must read the Records of the Historian".
Lu Xun Sima Qian was introduced in the book Outline of the History of Han Literature. Lu Xun believed that: "In the time of Emperor Wu, the literati could not write prose without Sima Xiangru." Sima Qian wrote articles that "were not confined to historical methods, not confined to words and sentences, and were inspired by emotion." Therefore, the Records of the Historian can be regarded as "the swan song of historians, and the rhymeless Lisao". Lu Xun's evaluation has become an immortal saying in the commentary of Records of the Historian. Mao Zedong In the article "Serve the People", it is said: "People always want to die, but the meaning of death is different. In ancient China, there was a writer named Sima Qian who said: 'People always die, or heavier than Mount Tai, or lighter than a feather'. To die for the interests of the people is heavier than Mount Tai, to work for fascism, and to die for those who exploit and oppress the people is lighter than a feather." Mao Zedong admired Sima Qian very much and thought that "Sima Qian has a good view of Xiaoxiang, the West Lake, Kunlun, and famous mountains and rivers.". Mao Zedong once worked with Shizhe In his conversation, he sighed about Sima Qian's experience, He also said that "Sima Qian's' physically disabled and filthy, moving and seeing the best ', but' living with patience and refusing to quit in the dirt ', because his heart has not yet had time to vent, his bitterness has not yet been revealed to the world, and his literary talent has not yet been revealed. He hopes that the works he is writing can be' hidden in the mountains, passed on to future generations, Tongyi Dadu '. If it is true, he will never regret his death. This wish has indeed been achieved. It can be said that the true faith in history began with Sima Qian, the 'father of history', and he deserves it! " "Tang poetry, Jin characters, Han articles, and Han articles were really pushed to the extreme because of Sima Qian's Historical Records." [56] Guo Moruo He especially appreciated Sima Qian's literary talent. He said: "Sima Qian, a master of history, is really worthy of our praise. One of his" Historical Records "is nothing less than an ancient epic of China, or it is a collection of historical novels." In 1958, Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for Sima Temple, praising Sima Qian for his "great works" and "great achievements". It can be seen that Guo Moruo believes that the literary achievements of Records of the Historian are extremely high. Jian Bozan Sima Qian is considered as the founder of Chinese history, and Shiji is a society centered history. He said: "The history of China has become an independent knowledge since the Western Han Dynasty. The founder of this knowledge is the great historian Sima Qian. The Shiji is an immortal monument to the starting point of Chinese history." He also said: "Although the Shiji is a biography, it is a society centered history." Sima Qian "paid close attention to the dynamics of every stratum, every corner and every aspect of the society in history, and gave specific and vivid descriptions. Therefore, I think that the Records of the Historian is the first large-scale social history of China". Zheng Zhenduo It is believed that since Sima Qian regarded history as the encyclopedia of the times, Sima Qian has taken a wide range of materials, from politics to economy, from war to academia, and the scope of his network is extremely broad. The so-called "literary history" is also often included in this all embracing "encyclopedia of the times". Du Pengcheng In the preface to the Annals of Hancheng City, it is said that "Hancheng is known as the hometown of literature and history, and it is a famous cultural city with a long history. The hometown of Sima Qian, a world historical and cultural celebrity, has always had a relatively developed culture. Celebrities have emerged in generations, of which Sima Qian, a great historian, writer, and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty, is the most famous. His magnificent masterpiece, Historical Records, is famous at home and abroad, and has far-reaching influence." [54]
