hydrocarbon

Organic compound

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Only by Hydrocarbon two types Element composition Of Organic compound It is called hydrocarbon, which is the simplest class of organic compounds.

Chinese name: hydrocarbon
Foreign name: hydrocarbon

Discipline: Organic chemistry
Element: Carbon, hydrogen

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definition

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Only by Hydrocarbon two types Element composition Of Organic compound 。

brief introduction

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hydrocarbon (4 sheets)

Hydrocarbons, also called hydrocarbons, are Organic compound One of. This kind of compound is only composed of two elements, hydrocarbon. Its density is mostly smaller than that of water, and it is insoluble in water, Soluble to Organic solvent 。 It contains alkane 、 olefin 、 Alkyne 、 Alicyclic hydrocarbon and Aromatic hydrocarbon , is the matrix of many other organic compounds, which is the parent of organic compounds.

classification

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Hydrocarbons can be divided into:

（1） Open chain hydrocarbon (in hydrocarbon molecule carbon atom Open chain combination)

Saturated hydrocarbon （ alkane ）

Unsaturated hydrocarbon 【 olefin And Polyolefin (including Carbon carbon double bond , unstable) Alkyne And polyalkynes (carbonaceous carbon Triple bond , more unstable)]

（2） Alicyclic hydrocarbon

Naphthenic hydrocarbon （ Cyclopropane 、 Cyclobutane 、 Cyclopentane 、 cyclohexane Etc.)

Cycloolefin （ Cyclopropene 、 Cyclobutene 、 Cyclopentene 、 Cyclohexene Etc.)

Cyclodiene（ Cyclobutadiene 、 Cyclopentadiene 、 1,4-cyclohexadiene , and 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Etc.)

cycloalkyne

（3） Aromatic hydrocarbon

Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene and its homologues, general formula: C n H two n -6 ）

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (Naphthalene, anthracene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their homologues)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon^[1]

Molecular formula

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General formula of alkane: C n H two n +2 （ n Greater than or equal to 1) , olefin general formula: C n H two n （ n ≥ 2), Diene General formula: C n H two n -2 （ n ≥ 3), general formula of naphthenic hydrocarbon: C n H two n （ n ≥ 3), alkyne general formula: C n H two n -2 (n ≥ 2), aromatic hydrocarbon has no fixed general formula, in which benzene and its homologue The general formula is: C n H two n -6 (n ≥ 6)^[1] 。

Hydrocarbons in petroleum

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Hydrocarbon is the abbreviation of hydrocarbon, which is a combination of "fire" in "carbon" and "appropriate" in "hydrogen". Hydrocarbons are divided into Saturated hydrocarbon and Unsaturated hydrocarbon 。 Petroleum Hydrocarbons It is mostly saturated hydrocarbon, but unsaturated hydrocarbon, olefin as ethylene 、 Alkyne as acetylene In addition, unsaturated hydrocarbons include Aromatic hydrocarbon Such as benzene, toluene 、 ethylbenzene , naphthalene, anthracene, etc., are generally only obtained during petroleum processing. There are three types of hydrocarbons in petroleum:

（1） alkane

yes carbon atom Between Single bond Linked chain hydrocarbons. Because the carbon and hydrogen components of hydrocarbon Atomic number As a result, petroleum contains hydrocarbon molecules that differ greatly from each other. Alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. For those with less than 10 carbon atoms, from 1 to 10, use A, B, C, D, E, H, G, Xin, None Decane If the number of carbon atoms is more than 11, use numbers. Alkanes in petroleum include N-alkane and Isoalkanes 。 The content of n-alkanes in paraffin based oil is high; Isoalkanes in asphalt The content of cornerstone oil is high. Alkanes are also called alkane hydrocarbons. The general formula of the molecular formula of alkanes is C n H two n +2 , where n The number of carbon atoms in the molecule. two n +2 indicates hydrogen atom The number of. At normal temperature and pressure, C one -C four % alkanes are gaseous and exist in natural gas; C five -C sixteen Its alkanes are liquid and the main components of petroleum; C sixteen The above alkanes are solid.

（2） Naphthenic hydrocarbon

As the name suggests, it is a ring structure. The most common ring is composed of five carbon atoms or six carbon atoms. The former is called Cyclopentane , the latter is called cyclohexane 。 The general formula of the molecular formula of naphthenic hydrocarbon is C n H two n 。 Cycloalkanes are also called naphthenic hydrocarbons.

（3） Aromatic hydrocarbon

It is also called aromatic hydrocarbon. Generally, there are one or more six membered rings with special structure（ benzene ring ）Composition. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene toluene 、 xylene 。 They came from Petroleum refining process in Platinum reforming It can be obtained in the production of the device. In aromatic hydrocarbons Homologue of benzene The general formula of the molecular formula of is C n H two n -6 。^[2]

Nomenclature

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1. Select the main chain (with more carbon atoms Carbon chain As the main chain, there are functional group To select the chain containing functional groups as the main chain)

2. Main chain number (follow "near", "simple" and "small")

3、 Substituent Representation of

4. Representation of names

5. "Equal length" principle

6. "Equal proximity" numbering principle^[1]

Common nomenclature

Differentiate isomers

1. Alkanes are generally referred to as "some alkanes", which refers to the number of carbon atoms in alkanes. From one to ten, they are represented by A, B, C, D, E, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Kui, and from ten, they are represented by Chinese characters.

For example: (1) CH four call methane ，CH three CH three call ethane ，CH three CH two CH three call propane ；

（2）C fifteen H thirty-two call Pentadecane 。

2. In order to distinguish isomers, they are represented by "positive", "different" and "new".

The common naming method is simple and convenient. But it can only be used for alkanes with simple structure. For alkanes with complex structure System nomenclature 。

System nomenclature

In system nomenclature, for Branched chain Alkane alkyl Substituent derivatives.

Hydrocarbon molecule

The remaining part of a hydrocarbon molecule that loses a hydrogen atom is called Alkyl group ； The remaining part of an alkane molecule that loses one hydrogen atom is called alkyl. General formula: C n H two n +1 (n ≥ 1), usually represented by "R -".

Common alkyl:

-CH three : Methyl, - CH two -CH three : Ethyl

-CH two -CH two -CH three : Positive Propyl group ，-CH(CH three ) two ： Isopropyl

For branched alkanes Nomenclature The following steps can be followed:

(1) Determine the main chain and call it "certain alkane" 。

Select the longest carbon chain in the molecule as the main chain, and call it "some alkane" according to the number of carbon atoms on the main chain. (Those with a carbon atom number of 1~10 are named after A, B, C, D, E, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Kui.)

Example: CH three — CH（CH three ）— CH two — CH two — CH two — CH three

The carbon chain in the line of the above formula is the longest. As the parent, it contains six carbon atoms, so it is called hexane. Methyl is used as substituent.

(2) Start numbering from the end closest to the branch chain, and determine the location of the branch chain 。

① After the main chain is selected, it is necessary to number the position of the main chain, that is, to determine the position of the substituent. The main chain is numbered from one end to the other. The number is represented by 1, 2, 3 ┉┉, and read into 1, 2, 3 ┉, and so on.

② Simple alkanes shall be numbered from the end closest to the branch chain, and the position and substituent nouns shall be connected by a half word line "-". When there are several numbering possibilities, the substituent should be selected to minimize its position.

Example: ① CH three —②CH two — ③CH（CH three ）— ④CH two — ⑤CH two — ⑥CH three

(3) Write the name. The same base is combined, and the different substituents are from small to upper case.

① If there are several identical substituents, combine them. The number of substituents is expressed by one, two, three, etc., written in front of the substituent; If there are several different substituents, write the name of the small substituent in the front and the large one in the back (the order of alkyl is methyl ethyl , propyl butyl , amyl Hexyl 、 Isoamyl 、 Isobutyl , isopropyl chloride), their positions must be indicated one by one, and the numbers of positions must be separated by ",".

Example: CH three — C（CH three ） two — CH（CH two CH three ）— CH — CH two — CH three

Name: 2,2-dimethyl-3-ethylhexane 。

② When the chain with the same length can be used as the main chain, select the carbon chain with the largest number of branches (or the simplest branch chain).

Example: CH three —CH（CH three ）— CH（CH three ）— CH（CH two CH two CH three ） — CHCH three — CH three — CH three

Name: 2,3,5-trimethyl- 4-propylheptane 。

The principles for determining the position of the main chain are:

① Longest principle : Select the longest carbon chain as the main chain

② Minimalist principle : When there are two main chains of the same carbon atom, the simplest branch chain is selected as the main chain.

③ Recent principle : The starting point is the nearest to the branch chain

④ Minimum principle : When the distance between the branch chain and the two ends is the same, the sum of the values at the position of the substituent is the smallest^[1] 。

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