The generator set is inDiesel generator setThe volume shrinks and the temperature rises rapidly, reachingIgnition point。Diesel fuel is ignited, and the mixed gas burns violently with rapid volumeexpandPush the piston downward, which is called "work".
Each cylinder works in a certain order, and the thrust acting on the piston turns into a push through the connecting rodcrankshaftThe power of rotation drives the crankshaft to rotate.Utilization‘electromagnetic induction’Principle, the generator will outputInduced electromotive forceCurrent can be generated through closed load circuit.Only the most basic work of the generator set is described hereprinciple。A series of diesel engines andalternatorControl and protection devices and circuits.
Chinese name
Generator Set
Foreign name
generator set
Approach
The reduction motor degree rises rapidly, reachingIgnition point
Generators Set (English name: Generators Set) is a complete set of mechanical equipment that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy. It is composed of power system, control system, silencing system, damping system and exhaust system. It is driven by water turbine, steam turbine, diesel engine or other power machinery to transfer water flow, air flowThe energy generated by fuel combustion or nuclear fission is converted into mechanical energy and transmitted to the generator, which is then converted into electrical energy and output to electrical equipment for use.Generators are widely used in industrial and agricultural production, national defense, science and technology and daily life.In recent years, with technological progress, as a high-quality choice of household emergency power supply and outdoor travel power supply, lightweight portable small generator sets have begun to enter the daily life of residents.
Product classification
Generally speaking, generator sets have engines (providing kinetic energy)alternator(generating current)Control systemTo form.
There are small generator sets, medium generator sets and large generator sets;
Alternators are also divided intoSynchronous generatorandAsynchronous generatorTwo.Synchronous generator is divided into implicit pole synchronous generator and salient pole synchronous generator.Synchronous generators are most commonly used in modern power stations, while asynchronous generators are rarely used.
AC generator setIt can also be divided into single-phase generator and three-phase generator.The output voltage of three-phase generator is 380V, and the output voltage of single-phase generator is 220V
Excitation mode classification:
According to excitation mode, it can be divided intoBrush excited generatorandBrushless excitation generatorTwo types
The excitation mode of the brush excitation generator is separately excited,Brushless excitationThe excitation mode of the generator is self-excited.The rectifier of separately excited generator is on the generator stator, while the rectifier of self-excited generator is on the generator rotor.
Drive power classification:
(1) Wind turbine
Wind power generatorIt depends on the wind to drive the generator to rotate and generate current;The generator does not need to consume additional energy and is a pollution-free generator.
(2) Hydro generator
Hydro generatorIt is a device that uses the fall of water flow to generate power and drive generators to generate electricity. It is also a device that uses green natural resources to generate electricity, also known asHydro generator。
(3) Fuel Generator
Fuel GeneratorIt relies on diesel or gasoline combustion to generate power to drive the generator set.The use of small fuel generators can play an emergency role.In case of power failure, the fuel generator can be started to generate electricity to maintain normal operation.
Style classification:
(1) Open generator
The open generator is the diesel engine, the generator, the water tank and the control panel are directly assembled on the base, and there is no protective cover covering the body.
(2) Silent generator
A silent generator is a generator with a silent box, which can generally reach 60-75DB at a distance of 7m from the unit.
Mobile generator is to install the unit on a trailer, or on a vehicle or other equipment that can be easily transported and used.[1]
Gasoline unit
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Gasoline generator setIt is a kind of power generation equipment, which uses gasoline as fuel, and is a mechanical equipment that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy. It is driven by water turbines, steam turbines, diesel engines or other power machines, and converts water flow, air flow, energy generated by fuel combustion or nuclear fission into mechanical energy transmission
To the generator, which is then converted into electric energy.Generators are widely used in industrial and agricultural production, national defense, science and technology and daily life.
Basic structure
alternatorIt is usually composed of stator, rotor, end cover, bearing and other parts.The stator is composed of stator core, wire wrapped winding, frame and other structural parts that fix these parts.The rotor consists of rotor core (or magnetic pole, magnetic choke) winding, retaining ring, central ringSlip ring, fan, shaft and other components.The stator and rotor of the generator are connected and assembled by the bearing and the end cover, so that the rotor can rotate in the stator and do the movement of cutting the magnetic line of force, thus generating the induced potential, which is led out through the terminal and connected to the circuit, and then generating the current.
working principle
An engine is a machine that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy. Its conversion process is actually a work cycle process. In short, it generates kinetic energy by burning the fuel in the cylinder to drive the reciprocating motion of the piston in the engine cylinder, thereby driving the connecting rod connected to the piston andconnecting rodConnectedcrank, making reciprocating circular motion around the center of the crankshaft, while outputting power.Let's analyze this process: a working cycle includes four piston strokes (the so-called piston stroke refers to the process of the distance between the top dead center and the bottom dead center of the piston): intake stroke, compression stroke, expansion stroke (power stroke) and exhaust stroke.[2]
Diesel engine set
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Diesel driven generator
The diesel engine drives the generator to run and converts the energy of diesel into electric energy. According to the different purposes, it can be divided into land diesel generator set and marine diesel generator set;According to different brands, it can be divided intoDomestic diesel generator setAnd imported diesel generator set;According to different speeds, it can be divided into low-speed generator sets and high-speed generator sets.
Scope of application
Diesel generator setIt is widely used for long-term (temporary) power consumption of small and medium-sized enterprises such as industry, commerce, schools, hospitals, etc;All kinds of fixed power such as generator set, construction machinery and marine
Fundamentals
In the diesel engine cylinder, afterAir filterFilteredClean airIt is fully mixed with the high-pressure atomized diesel fuel injected from the fuel injection nozzle. Under the upward extrusion of the piston, the volume shrinks, the temperature rises, and the ignition point of the diesel fuel is reached.When the diesel is ignited, the mixed gas burns violently, and the volume expands rapidly, pushing the piston downward, which is called work.Each cylinder works in a certain order, and the thrust acting on the piston turns into a push through the connecting rodcrankshaftThe power of rotation drives the crankshaft to rotate.
New generator set
The diesel generator set is a complex system, which consists of the diesel engine, power supply system, cooling system, starting system, generator, excitation control system, protection unit,Electronic control unit, communication system and master control system.The engine, oil supply system, cooling system, starting system and generator can be summarized as the mechanical part of diesel generator set.Excitation controller, protection controller, electronic control system, communication system and master control system can be collectively referred to as the control part of diesel generator set.
Diesel engine power generation system Diesel engine, oil supply system, cooling system, starting system plus synchronizationBrushless generatorAssembly of.The diesel engine is the power core of the entire power generation system,Diesel generator setThe first stage of is the energy conversion device, which is the key equipment to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy.The diesel engine is mainly composed of the following parts: collective components and crankshaft connecting rod mechanism, valve distribution mechanism and intake and exhaust system, diesel engine supply system, cooling system, lubrication system, starting and electrical system, and supercharging system.
With the continuous improvement of military, industrial modernization and automation, the requirements for the power supply quality of generators are becoming higher and higher.As the main power generation equipment, the improvement and development of synchronous generator is also fast. Brushless synchronous generator and its excitation system emerge as the times require, and are constantly developing and improving.
1: No sliding contact part, high reliability, simple maintenance, long-term continuous operation with little maintenance, especially suitable for automatic power stations and occasions with harsh environment.
2: The conductive part has no rotating contact and does not produce sparks. It is suitable for operation in high risk and harsh environmental conditions such as flammable gas and dust. At the same time, it can also adapt to high temperature environment without slip ring.
3: The generated voltage waveform is good and the distortion rate is small.
4: BecauseBrushless generatorIt is composed of multi-stage generators, which indirectly controls the excitation power of the main generator, so the control excitation power is very small. Therefore, the excitation power regulating device has controllable power components with small volume and low heat generation, so the failure rate is low and the reliability is high.
5: BrushlessSynchronous generatorAlthough it is a self-excited excitation system, it has the characteristics of separately excited synchronous generator and is easy to realizeparallel operation 。
structural analysis
OneOrdinary diesel generator setIt is mainly composed of diesel engine, generator and control system. There are two connection modes for diesel engine and generator. One is flexible connection, that is, coupling is used to connect the two parts, and the other is rigid connection. High strength bolts are used to connect the generator rigid connecting plate with the diesel engine flywheelDiesel generator setMore rigid connections are used. After the diesel engine and generator are connected, they are installed on the common chassis, and then equipped with various sensors for protection, such as water temperature sensors. Through these sensors, the operating status of the diesel engine can be visually displayed to the operator. With these sensors, an upper limit can be set,When the limit value is reached or exceeded, the control system will give an alarm in advance. At this time, if the operator does not take measures, the control system will automatically shut down the unit. This is the way the diesel generator set takes to protect itself.The sensor plays the role of receiving and feedback various information. It is the control system of the diesel generator set that really displays these data and performs the protection function. The control panel is generally installed on the generator, called the backpack type control panel, and some are placed in the operation room separately, called the split type control panel. The control panel is connected to the generator and the sensor through cables,Electrical parameters and diesel engine operating parameters are displayed respectively.In addition, the generator set has chassis, coupling, radiator, fuel tank, and some are also equipped with muffler and cover.
Operation processing
After the generator set has been running for a period of time, it should be checked regularly. The long running unit should be checked every 6-8 hours. The standby unit should be checked again after shutdown. The parts to be checked can be the following: lubricating oil sludge, air filter blockage indicator, coolant level, radiator and external ventilation, engine drive belt setFuel supply, etc.The generator set shall be discharged after every 50 hours of operationOil water separatorCheck the electrolytic liquid level of starting battery;After the new unit runs for 200-300 hours, check the valve clearance and check the fuel injector: after every 400 hours of operation of the generator unit, check and adjust the drive belt, replace it if necessary, check and clean the radiator chip and drain the sludge in the fuel tank;Replace the lubricating oil and lubricating oil filter every 600 hours of operation or at least every 12 months;The frequency of lubricating oil replacement cycle of the unit varies according to the quality of different lubricating oil, fuel sulfur content and lubricating oil consumption of the generator unit. Every 800 hours of operation, the oil-water separator andFuel filter, check whether the turbocharger leaks, check whether the intake pipe leaks, check and clean the fuel pipe;Adjust the valve clearance after every 1200 hours of operation;Replace after every 2000 hours of operationAir filterAnd coolant to thoroughly clean the radiator chip and water channel of the water tank;After every 2400 hours of operation, check and clean the fuel injector thoroughlyTurbochargerCheck the engine equipment comprehensively.
Unit maintenance
Level A maintenance
1、 Daily:
1) Check the daily work report of the generator.
2) Check the generator: oil level, coolant level.
3) Daily check whether the generator is damaged, mixed with leakage, and whether the belt is loose or worn.
2、 Weekly:
1) Repeat daily Level A inspection.
2) CheckAir filter, clean or replace the air filter core.
3) Drain the fuel tank andFuel filterWater or sediment in.
4) Disassemble, inspect and clean PT pump and actuator.
5) Remove the rocker arm chamber cover and check the T-shaped pressing plate,Valve guideAnd inlet and exhaust valves.
6) Adjust the nozzle lift;Adjust the valve clearance.
7) Check the charging generator.
8) Check radiator of water tank and external radiator of cleaning water tank.
9) Add a water tank to the water tank and clean the inside of the water tank.
10) Check the diesel engine sensor and connecting wire.
11) Check the instrument box of diesel engine.
matters needing attention
1、 Warning signs and plates
There are some safety signs on all our engines.Please take some time to familiarize yourself with the location and content of these safety standards.
All safety standards on the installation site shall be clearly visible. If the words and drawings cannot be seen clearly, they shall be cleaned and replaced.Wipe the signs with rags, water and soap.Do not use solvents or gasoline. These solvents and gasoline will loosen the adhesive substance of the mark and make the standard fall off.
If the sign is damaged, lost or illegible, you should replace it.
Do not operate or work on the engine until you have read and understood the instructions and warnings in the Operation and Maintenance Manual.Failure to follow the instructions or ignoring the warning will cause damage to the generator set or personal injury or death.
About warning text:
！DANGER.Please fully understand the warning content and be sure to operate safely according to the warning content.It indicates a dangerous state with a high probability of death or serious injury if it is not avoided.
！Warning.It indicates a dangerous state with the possibility of death or serious injury if it is not avoided.
！be careful.It refers to the dangerous state of potential slight injury or moderate injury if it is not avoided.
Dangerous matters:
Before maintenance or generator set maintenance, hang "No Operation" or similar warning signs on the starting switch or operating lever.
Unauthorized personnel are not allowed to approach the engine when the generator set is being maintained or repaired.Press the emergency stop button on the control panel of the generator set, and the generator output switch should be in the OFF position.
According to the needs of working conditions, safety helmets shall be worn when entering the installation site of the generator set, and protective eyes and other protective articles shall be worn when necessary.
If the engine is running in a sealed place, wear ear protection devices to prevent hearing damage.
Do not wear oversized protective clothing and jewelry at the work site, which may be hung on the joystick or other parts of the engine.
Confirm that all guards or covers are fixed in place on the engine.
Be careful when using all cleaning agents.Do not put the maintenance solution onGlass containerBecause the glass container is easily damaged.
Never try to repair something you don't understand, or use tools or equipment that you don't know how to use.
Unless otherwise specified, the following operations shall be carried out during all maintenance items
Stop the engine. When the engine is running, do not repair the engine body or adjust the driven equipment of the engine.
Hang a warning sign on the generator set and press down the emergency switch of the generator set.
Disconnect the starter battery before servicing the electrical system.
Don't repair things you don't understand.
Use appropriate tools to replace or repair damaged equipment.
It is only allowed to start or stop the engine on the control panel of the generator set.Never short circuitTo start the motorThe terminal or battery, because the current can bypass the engine neutral start system and damage the electrical system.
Repairingfuel system When starting the engine later, once the engine overspeed occurs, immediately shut down the fuel supply of the engine, cut off the air intake of the engine, and stop the engine.
Compressed air and water:
Compressed air can cause personal injury.Be sure to wear it when cleaning with compressed airProtective maskWear protective clothing and shoes.
The air pressure when cleaning the equipment must be below 205 kPa (30 psi).
Always wear it when cleaning the cooling systemProtective glasses。Water flow with pressure can cause debris to spray out, causing personal injury.
Liquid penetration:
When checking for leakage, the liquid leaked under the pressure of a sheet or cardboard must be used. Even if it leaks from the pinhole, it can penetrate human organs, causing serious injury or death.
Asbestos material:
When processing containsAsbestos fibreTake special care to avoid inhaling the dust that may be generated.If inhaled, these dusts will be harmful to health.If there is no way to avoid asbestos dust, wear a dust mask.
Lines, tubes and hoses:
Check all pipes, pipelines or hoses carefully during maintenance.Do not bend or knockHigh pressure oil pipe。Never use bent or damaged pipes, pipelines or hoses.Repair the loose or damaged fuel pipe, oil pipe or hose. Leakage will cause fire.
Pay attention to safety when pipes, pipelines or hoses are:
Displacement, damage or leakage of end joint
The hose skin is scratched or cut, and the reinforcing steel wire is exposed.
The outer layer of the hose is bulging.
The bent part of the hose is twisted or flattened.
The metal clip is inserted outside the hose skin.
Prevention of burns:
To prevent burns, do not climb on the running or uncooled engine to remove the filler cap for cooling water.The engine cooling water is hot and pressurized at operating temperature.There is hot water in the radiator and all pipes leading to the heater or engine.When the pressure is released quickly, the hot water will turn into steam.
Contact with hot water or steam can cause serious burns.Allow the cooling system components to cool before draining.Check the cooling water level only when the filler cap is cool enough to be unscrewed by hand after the engine is stopped.
Cooling water may contain rust inhibitor or antifreeze.To prevent personal injury, avoid contact with skin and eyes, and do not drink.
Oil and fuel:
Overheated oil and parts may cause personal injury. Do not let them contact with skin.
All fuels, most lubricants, and some coolant mixtures are flammable.The mixture of diesel and gasoline vapor is easy to explode.
Do not smoke while refuelling or at refuelling places.Put all used oil rags and other flammable articles in proper containers, and place them away from sparks and open flames.
Welding or gas cutting is not allowed on pipes or pipes containing flammable liquids.If welding or gas cutting is to be carried out, it must be thoroughly cleaned with nonflammable solution.And timely clean the combustibles on the engine, such as oil, fuel and other debris.
Prevention of fire and explosion:
If the working environment allows the engine to pass through airAir intake systemInhaling combustible gases, which can cause engine overspeed, may cause serious engine damage and personal injury or property loss.Therefore, flammable materials and gases are not allowed to be stored in the working environment.[3]
Coal fired unit
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Coal fired generating setIt is a mechanical equipment that converts the chemical energy of fossil fuels such as coal into electrical energy.Working principle of coal-fired power generation unit: it is the heat energy generated by coal combustionPower generating device(Power plant boilers, steam turbines, generators and their auxiliary devices, etc.) into electric energy.Coal fired power generation has a long history and is also an important type.
Coal fired generating setMainly bycombustion system (with boiler as the core), steam water system (mainly composed of various pumpsFeedwater heater, condenser, pipeline, water wall, etc.), electrical system (with steam turbine generatormain transformerAnd control system.The first two generate high-temperature and high-pressure steam;The electrical system realizes the transformation from thermal energy, mechanical energy to electrical energy;The control system ensures the safe, reasonable and economic operation of each system.As a traditional power generation method, coal-fired power generation also has its drawbacks and shortcomings. For example, the direct combustion of coal releases SO2, NOX and other acidic gases, which increase the amount of acid rain in China. Dust pollution has a negative impact on people's lives and plant growth.Therefore, it is necessary to constantly improve the schedule of coal-fired power generation, use various technologies to improve power generation efficiency and reduce environmental pollution, such as desulfurization and dedusting of smoke or burning natural gas, and air cooling of gas turbine.
Features of coal burning machine
1. Generator set adoptsDiesel engineFor power, it is equipped with well-known brand generators.
2. Wide range of unit power: 10~4300KW
3. Low fuel consumption, low emission and low noise
4. The unit has excellent performance, advanced technology, reliable operation and convenient maintenance
5. High voltage regulation precision, good dynamic performance, compact structure and long service life
6. Weichai products are subject to high altitude, high temperature, high cold and "three high" experiments all year round, with strong environmental adaptability
7. It only takes a few seconds to start quickly and reach full power quickly. The shutdown process with full load due within one minute of emergency (normal 5~30 MIN) is short and can be started and stopped frequently.
8. Simple maintenance and operation, few people, easy maintenance during standby
9. The lowest comprehensive cost of construction and power generation
10. The products are classified into:Marine generator setLand use generator set;In terms of function and structure, it can be divided into: utility automation unit, canopy unit, low-noise unit, trailerMobile power stationcrew;In the industry, it can be divided into: civil generating sets, military generating sets, oil field generating sets, telecommunications generating sets, etc.
Operation process
1. Open when the indoor temperature is lower than 20 ℃Electric heater, preheat the machine.
2. Check whether there are sundries that hinder the operation of the machine body and its surroundings, and remove them in time if any.
3. Check the oil level of crankcase, fuel tank and radiator.If the oil level is lower than the specified value, it shall be supplemented to the normal position.
4. Check whether the fuel supply valve and cooling water stop valve are in the open position.
6. Check the test button of the distribution panel, and observe whether each alarm indicator is turned on and on.
7. Check whether each switch of the distribution panel is in the opening position and whether each instrument indication is in the zero position.
8. Start the air inlet and exhaust fans.
9. Press the engine start button to start the engine.If the first start fails, press the corresponding reset button on the distribution panel, and the second start can be carried out after the alarm is cleared and the unit returns to normal state.After starting, the sound of machine operation is normal, the cooling water pump operation indicator light is on and the circuit instrument indication is normal, and the start is successful.
Operating skills
After the generator set is started, many friends think thatDiesel generator setAfter normal startup, there is no need to take care of it. In fact, this is wrong, because the diesel generator set is most likely to fail after startup.Therefore, it is also necessary to conduct regular routine inspection at this time, so as to ensure the normal operation of the generator set.
Now let's take a look at the eight standard skills after startup
1. Set the pressure increase selector switch of the switch panel to the manual position;
2. Turn on the fuel switch and fix the fuel control handle at the throttle position of about 700 rpm;
3. Use the switch handle of the high-pressure oil pump to pump oil manually continuously until there is resistance to pump oil and the injector makes a crisp squeak;
4. Put the oil pump switch handle on the working position, and push the pressure reducing valve to the pressure reducing position;
5. Start the diesel engine by manually turning the handle or pressing the electric start button. When the diesel engine reaches a certain speed, quickly pull the reducer back to the working position to ignite the diesel engine;
6. After the diesel engine is started, turn the electric key back to the middle position, the speed should be controlled at 600~700 rpm, and pay close attention to the indication of the oil pressure gauge (see the operating oil pressure in the operating instructions of various diesel engines). If there is no indication of the oil pressure, stop the engine immediately for inspection;
7. If the unit operates normally at low speed, the rotating speed can be gradually increased to 1000~1200 rpm for preheating. When the water temperature is 50~60 ℃ and the oil temperature reaches about 45 ℃, the rotating speed can be increased to 1500 rpm. Observe that the distribution panel frequency meter should be about 50 Hz and the voltmeter should be 380~410 volts. If the voltage is high or low, the magnetic field rheostat can be adjusted;
8. If the unit works normally, close the air switch between the generator and the load carrier, and then gradually increase the load carrier to supply power to the outside;
Warm prompt: 1. All kinds of diesel engines should be started according to the requirements of their diesel engine operation and maintenance instructions; 2. If the unit is stored for too long during voltage regulation, the generator loses excitation and the voltage cannot be established, the battery can be used for magnetization at this time. During magnetization, the magnetic field winding L1 (+) is connected to the positive battery L2 (-) is connected to the negative battery, and must not be connected incorrectly; 3. If the button is pressed for 10 seconds, ignition cannot be started,Wait about one minute before starting the second time. If it fails for three consecutive times, find out the cause of the failure before starting.
The above is an introduction to the eight use specification skills after the generator set is started. Note that these use specifications can not onlyDiesel generator setBetter work is also helpful to extend the life of diesel generator set.
matters needing attention
As one of the most important parts of the diesel generator set, the starter should pay attention to the following points when it is used: 1. When the preparations are ready, lift the start button, and the diesel gear will mesh with the flywheel ring gear and start to run.Under normal circumstances, it can be started at one time. If the first start is unsuccessful, the next start can only be started after the starter armature is completely stationary.Otherwise, the starter gear will be severely impacted with the diesel gear ring and damaged.
2. The time of each start shall not exceed 5 seconds, and the interval between the second starts shall be more than 2 minutes.
3. In case of failure to start for several consecutive times, check the starter, diesel engine, battery and wiring, and start after troubleshooting.
4. Once the diesel engine is started, the start button shall be released immediately to make the starter gear return to the original position from the meshing position and stop working, so as to avoid damage to the starter due to overspeed.[4]
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Hydraulic motor
Hydroelectric generating set, is a mechanical equipment that converts the potential energy of water into electrical energy.
Working principle of hydraulic generator set: water flow with potential energy in rivers, lakes and other places at high places will be converted into mechanical energy of hydraulic turbine through hydraulic turbine, which will drive the generator to generate electricity and convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Hydroelectric generating setInHydro generatorIt is driven by water turbine.The speed of the generator determines the frequency of the AC output, so stabilizing the speed of the rotor is essential to ensure the stability of the frequency.Can takeclosed-loop control The speed of the hydraulic turbine is controlled in the way of, that is, the frequency signal samples of the AC power sent out are fed back to the control system that controls the opening and closing angle of the guide vane of the hydraulic turbine to control the output power of the hydraulic turbine, so as to achieve the purpose of stabilizing the speed of the generator.
Gas motor
Gas generator set
Gas power generation is the process of using natural gas or other combustible gases to generate electricity.Gas power generation is one of the most stable distributed energy supply modesCCHPThe power generation system can increase the efficiency of gas power generation to more than 95%.
From the development experience of developed countries and some Southeast Asian countries, the development of distributed gas power generation system is the only way to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction and sustainable development of energy supply. It has many advantages such as energy conservation, emission reduction, improving energy supply security, and promoting the development of circular economy. It is an irreversible trend in the development of modern energy field.[5]
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Buying factors
1. The generator set shall be selected reasonably.
There are gas turbine generator sets, diesel generator sets, hydraulic generator sets and wind turbine generator sets in the market.Different types of generator sets have different performance, scope of use, market conditions, etc., and should be selected reasonably.Gas generator setIt is generally used as a normal load. The fuel it uses is natural gas, which has the advantages of wide output power range, high reliability of startup and operation, good power generation quality, small size and light weight, simple maintenance, low low-frequency noise, low cost, and environmental protection. However, natural gas needs to be obtained locally, and there is no large-scale distribution of natural gas energy in China,The scope of supply is affected.In addition, there are security risks for less professional users.The diesel generator set is usually used as emergency or standby power supply. The fuel used is diesel, which is a non renewable resource and is expensive. However, diesel is more convenient to purchase and store than natural gas, with large single unit capacity, wide use range, high thermal efficiency, low fuel consumption, rapid starting, and mature maintenance technology. Therefore, diesel generator sets are most commonly used in the market.Hydroelectric generating setIt is generally used in various hydropower stations. It has the characteristics of low cost, small size, light weight, simple structure, reliable operation, convenient installation and use, and is suitable for rural households in mountainous areas with water resources to solve the power generation equipment for lighting, television, etc., but it needs to have rich water resources conditions.Wind turbineIt uses natural energy, pollution-free and renewable energy, which is much better than diesel power generation, but it is not as good as emergency useDiesel generator。Wind power generatorIt can not be regarded as standby power supply, but it can be used for a long time.It is generally suitable for areas far away from the power grid, pastoral areas, mountains, islands and other areas with rich wind resources.In addition, there is still a big gap between the cost and technology and the traditional thermal power and hydropower, which also needs the support of national policies.Therefore, diesel generator set should be generally selected as power generation equipment in the project.
2. Several factors shall be considered when selecting the unit.
It mainly includes mechanical and electrical performance, unit use, load capacity and variation range, operating environmental conditions of the unit (including altitude, climate conditions, noise), automation functions, etc.Since the diesel generator set can be used in three situations: common use, standby and emergency, the requirements for the diesel generator set for different purposes are different.
3. Selection of common generator sets.
The common generator set has a long continuous working time, and the load curve changes greatly. The selection of unit capacity, number and type and the control mode of the unit are different from the emergency unit.(1) Determination of capacity: according to the long-term continuous operation output power of the unit, the maximum calculated load of the whole project can be selected, and the standby unit capacity of the generator unit shall be determined according to the importance of the load.The continuous output power of the diesel engine is generally 0.9 times of the rated power.(2) Determination of the number of units: generally more than 2 units are set to ensure the continuity of power supply and adapt to the change of power load curve.Only when the number of units is large can the number of generator units put into operation be determined according to the change of power load, so that diesel engines often operate under economic load to reduce fuel consumption and power generation costs.The optimal economic operation state of diesel engine is between 75% - 90% of the rated power.In order to ensure the continuity of power supply, the standby unit shall be considered for the common unit itself.(3) Determination of rotating speed: generally, high-speed units with rotating speed of 1000~1500 rpm should be selected for civil use, while low-speed units with rotating speed of 300~350 rpm are suitable for marine main engines.(4) Determination of voltage: the determination of generator output voltage is the same as that of emergency generator set, generally 400V, which can be selected for projects with large power consumption and long transmission distanceHigh voltage generator set。
4. Selection of standby generator set.
The sum of load capacity multiplied by the demand factor is less thanEmergency diesel generator setThe reserve factor is 1.2, that is, 1.2 times the calculated capacity is less than the capacity of the emergency diesel generator set. After the mains power is cut off, the emergency generator set will supply power to the load.When the calculated load after multiplying the sum of load capacity by the demand factor is greater than the capacity of a single emergency diesel generator set, two automatic generator sets with the same model, capacity, voltage regulation and speed regulation characteristics can be selected.After the mains power is cut off, one or two units will supply power for domestic and commercial use;When the mains power is cut off and a fire occurs again, two units will supply power to the fire load to facilitate fire fighting.
5. Selection of emergency generator.
Generally, the emergency generator should be a generator set with high speed, pressurization, low oil consumption and the same capacity.High speed turbocharged diesel engine has large single capacity and small space occupation;The diesel engine is equipped with electronic or hydraulic speed regulating device, with good speed regulating performance;The generator should be equippedBrushless excitationOr phase compound excitation deviceSynchronous motor, reliable, low failure rate, convenient maintenance and overhaul;When the capacity of a single air conditioner or motor in the first level load is large, the third harmonic excitation generator set should be selected;The machine is assembled on the common chassis with shock absorber;Muffler should be installed at the outlet of smoke exhaust pipe to reduce the impact of noise on the surrounding environment.(1) Determination of capacity: the emergency generator set is in emergency use, often in standby emergency starting state, and the continuous operation time is not long, generally not more than 8h, so the capacity can be determined according to "standby power".The capacity of emergency diesel generator set shall be determined according to the sum of the capacity of the first level load (excluding the reserve capacity), considering the revised unit capacity, and meeting the starting requirements of the largest motor in the first level load.Three phase AC is generally used as emergency generatorSynchronous generatorIts calibrated output voltage is 400V.(2) Determination of the number of units: generally, one generator set with automation, rotating speed of 1000~1500 rpm, brushless excitation, 400/230V, three-phase four wire control panel, charging and discharging equipment and common chassis is selected.The common chassis can be required to have a daily fuel tank to reduce the pipeline and occupied area.In addition, two units in parallel can also be selected for power supply in consideration of reliability.Generally, the number of generator sets in urgent need should not exceed 3.When multiple units are selected, complete sets of equipment with the same model, capacity and similar characteristics of voltage regulation and speed regulation shall be selected as far as possible, and the fuel used shall be consistent in nature, so as to facilitate maintenance and share spare parts.
6. Selection of unit startup mode.
There are three starting modes of diesel engine: ① manual starting; ②Electric starting; ③Compressed air starts.Electric starting mode should be adopted in high-rise buildings, and compressed air starting mode should be avoided.Diesel generator set with self starting device must be selected for Class I high-rise buildings. Once the power supply of the city network is interrupted, it must be powered within 15 seconds (30 seconds is required by the high specification).When conditions permit in Class II high-rise buildings, units with self starting devices should also be used, and manual starting devices can also be used when difficulties arise.
7. The performance and quality must meet the requirements of relevant standards.
As a diesel generator set for communication, it must meet the requirements of G3 or G4 specified in GB2820-1997 and the requirements of 24 performance indicators specified in the Implementation Rules for Network Access Quality Certification and Inspection of Diesel Generator Sets for Communication, and at the same time, it must pass the strict inspection of the quality supervision and inspection center of communication power supply equipment.As a diesel generator set for military communication, it must meet the requirements of relevant GB2820-1997 and GJB standards and the Standard for Quality Inspection of Communication Power Supply Equipment formulated by relevant military departments, and must pass the strict inspection of equipment quality by relevant organizational departments.
Generator set andThree phase motorWhen selecting the capacity, it is recommended to consider the safety factor of 1.5, that is, 1.5 times the motor capacity (soft start mode is required).
9. Pay attention to the relationship between rated power and backup power, and the relationship between KVA and KW.
Some manufacturers in the market only talk about one "power" and regard the backup power as the rated power to introduce and sell the unit.Actually, backup power=1.1 x rated power.Moreover, the backup power can only be used for 1 hour in 12 hour continuous operation.In China, diesel generator sets are generally identified by rated power, while in the world, standby power is used for identification.KVA is the apparent power and KW is the effective power. The relationship between them is IKVA=0.8KW.Imported units are generally expressed in KVA, while domestic electric equipment is generally expressed in KW.
10. Identify the brand of the unit.
Generally, imported generator sets are assembled machines, but for domestic units, there is an integrated unit (that is, the generator and engine are of the same brand). Although the volume is larger than that of imported units, the performance is no different from that of some imported units, and the price is cheap. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the diesel engine, generatorThe manufacturer and brand of the control cabinet (because some manufacturers only report the diesel engine or generator brand, not the place of origin, not the unit brand, etc.) can comprehensively evaluate the grade of the unit.
Product Introduction
Generator set refers to the power generation equipment that can convert mechanical energy or other renewable energy into electrical energy.Generally, we usuallyalternatorGroups are usuallySteam turbine、Water turbineorinternal-combustion engine（gasoline engine、Diesel engineAnd other engines), renewable new energy includesnuclear energy、Wind energy, solar energybiomass energy 、Ocean energyEtc.becauseDiesel generator setIt has large capacity, can be operated in parallel and has a long continuous power supply time, can also operate independently, does not operate in parallel with the regional power grid, is not affected by power grid faults, and has high reliability.In particular, when the commonly used mains power in some areas is not very reliablediesel oilAs the standby power supply, the generator set can not only play the role of emergency power supply, but also can use some important loads during power failure through the reasonable optimization of low-voltage system, so it is widely used in the project.
Fuel consumption of generator set
Many customers consider the fuel consumption when selecting the generator set. Many users do not know the numbers marked on the parameters before selecting, like a 5KWGasoline generatorIts fuel consumption will be marked with 540g/KW/h, which means 540g fuel consumption per KW per hour. Many customers will think that this generator is 540g per hour.In fact, this is not the case. It is 540g 1KW for one hour. That is to say, when the machine is fully loaded, it is one kilowatt, 540g 5kW or five 540g kilowatts.Of course, many customers here think that the oil consumption of the generator is too high, but what I just said is that it is calculated in this way under full load.Therefore, the actual fuel consumption is less than that, because the generator with equipment will have a starting current, it is generally said to buy a 5kWGasoline generatorIt will not use all 5 kilowatts. If the power of your equipment is not large, the oil consumption of the generator is only 1/3.
Therefore, the fuel consumption of the generator set should not be too much.
National production
In 2011, China's generator and generator set manufacturing industry still maintained rapid development.By the end of 2011, there were 704 generator and generator set manufacturing enterprises above designated size in China, realizing a total industrial output value of 301.472 billion yuan;Assets totaled 315.831 billion yuan, up 27.07% year on year;The sales revenue reached 290.069 billion yuan, up 19.54% year on year;The total profit was 18.437 billion yuan, down 10.06% year on year.
According to the historical data of generator and generator set manufacturing industry from 2004 to 2011, analyze the data characteristics and calculate the industryAverage annual growth rateAnd forecast the sales revenue and total profits of the generator and generator set manufacturing industry in 2012.It is estimated that in 2012, the sales revenue of generator and generator set manufacturing industry will exceed 400 billion yuan, and the total profit will exceed 25 billion yuan.
With the continuous expansion of the industry market scale, the competition in the generator and generator set manufacturing industry will further intensify. The outstanding domestic generator and generator set manufacturing enterprises also pay more attention to the research of the industry market, especially the in-depth research of the industrial buyers.Because of this, a large number of domestic excellent generator and generator set manufacturing enterprises have risen rapidly and become the leaders in the generator and generator set manufacturing industry.[6]
On February 28, 2023, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2022. According to the preliminary accounting, the output of generating units in 2022 will be 183.761 million kilowatts, an increase of 15.0% over the previous year.[7]
In 2023, the added value of industries above designated size nationwide increased by 4.6% over the previous year.By product, the output of generator sets (power generation equipment) increased by 28.5%.[8]
