Cancer cell is a kind of mutated cell that producescancerOfPathogenesis。Cancer cells andnormal cells Different, it has three characteristics of unlimited proliferation, transformability and easy transfer, which can infinitely proliferate and destroy normal cell tissues.In addition to uncontrolled division (unlimited division), cancer cells can also locally invade surrounding normal tissues or even pass through the bodycirculatory systemorlymphatic systemTransfer to other parts of the body.
On May 17, 2024, the journal Science published an article that the researchers of the Netherlands Cancer Research Institute found a new way of cancer cell death, with SLFN11 gene playing a leading role.[14]
There is a kind oftumor antigen(CEA）It can generate corresponding antibodies to prevent the growth and development of cancer cells. This self immunity is another inherent contradiction of cancer cells.
nucleus
Contemporarymolecular biologyOf excellence,Reverse transcriptaseThe role of this reverse transcriptase is toRNAAnd then take what you've receivedDNAThe mutation telegrams sent back force DNA to resume its normal replication function, so that cancer cells become healthy cells.The human body is actually a community composed of cells.Each cell acts according to the rules, knowing when to grow and divide, and how to combine with other cells to form tissues and organs.And the "drawings" of different organizations are genes.
Modern genetic research shows that everyone hasProto oncogeneandTumor suppressor geneNot everyone has cancer cells in their bodies.Proto Oncogene Supervisorcell divisionThe proliferation cycle, human growth needs it.At the same time, there are tumor suppressor genes in the human body, which canSuppressor cellAbnormal proliferation of.At ordinary times, proto oncogenes andTumor suppressor geneThey play a normal role. They are normal genes in the cell, butCarcinogenic factorsUnder the action, once the proto oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutate, they will not be able to regulate the cell division and proliferation normally, and the cell can proliferate indefinitelypassageThat is, the cell has canceration.Therefore, carcinogenic factors are the "key" to start the growth of cancer cells, mainly including mental factors, genetic factors, lifestyle, and some chemicalsmaterialEtc.Carcinogenic factors are prone to induce gene mutation. Only by using multiple "keys" together can "cancer program" be started;The more "keys", the greater the chance of starting.In other words, cancer is the result of the accumulation of gene mutationsCanceration of cellsDoes not cause cancer, it can beHuman immune systemIdentify and clean.We have not been able to crack all the "keys", nor to efficiently remove all cancer cells, so we have not been able to comprehensively tackle cancer.
Space medicine（Cosmic medicine）Research shows that space weightlessness environment is conducive to the growth of tissues and cells,Colon cancerThe diameter of the cells can grow to 10 mm, and their volume is 30 times that of colon cancer cells cultured in the ground laboratory.[12]
Inside and outside the cancer cell, there are reversible factors that cannot be overcome or eliminated by itself. This is its characteristic, but also its disadvantage, which creates its instability.
Scientists point out that cancer cells are in the process of metastasisChina CouncilWhen encountering many difficulties, first we have to undergo dozens of mutations, then we have to overcome the intercellular adhesion and break away, and change the shape to pass through the denseconnective tissue。After successful escape, cancer cells will pass throughcapillaryInto the blood, where it may also bewhite blood cellAttack.Next, cancer cells will enter a new organ through microvessels (now called "micrometastasis").Here, cancer cells face an unfriendly environment (called“Microenvironment”）Some cells die immediately, some die after several divisions, and some remainSleep state，Survival rateOnly a few hundred million.Surviving cancer cells can regenerate and colonize, becoming "metastasis visible to the naked eye" that can be found in laboratory tests.With the development of metastasis, it squeezes out normal cells and destroys the function of organs, which is fatal in the end.
Main features
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cancer cell
The cancer cells are composed of normalCell transformationHowever, it still has some characteristics of the source cell (such asEpithelial carcinomaStill syntheticKeratin）In addition, it also shows the unique characteristics of cancer cells.
(1) Unlimited proliferation
Under suitable conditions, cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely and become immortal cells.In mutual restrictionProto oncogeneandTumor suppressor geneUnder the action of,normal cells It has a certain maximum number of divisions stably. For example, human cells can only divide 50~60 times in their lifetime.However, proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes of some cells change under specific circumstances,Cellular carcinomaBecome a cancer cell and lose the highest number of divisions.For example, in 1951, a black woman (named Henrietta Lacks)cervical carcinomaCell separationThe established HeLa cell line still has a strong ability of division and proliferation many years after my death, so it is still widely used in many laboratories around the world.
normalCell growthAfter contact, their movements and separatist activities will stop.Under the condition of in vitro cultureCell adhesionThe growth stops when it converges into a single layer.Cancer cells are different. Their division and proliferation do not stop due to cell contact. When cultured in vitro, cells can accumulate into three-dimensionalCell populationTherefore, cancer cell contact has no effect on cancer cell proliferationinhibition。
⑶ Attenuation of adhesion between cancer cells
Compared with its homologous normal tissue, the adhesion between cancer cells is reduced, so cancer cells are easy to disperse and metastasize in the body.In normalCell envelopeInFibronectinIt is an extracellular adhesionglycoprotein, which enhances the cell's ability toExtracellular matrixAdhesion between.Fibrosis of cancer cellsMucinSignificantly reduced or missing, so thatCadherinThe synthesis is blocked, thus destroying the adhesion between cells and matrix and between cells. Therefore, cancer cells have the characteristics of invading tissues and being easy to metastasize.
Compared with normal cells, cancer cells are more likely to belectinplaceagglutinationTherefore, the concentration of lectin required for cancer cell agglutination is much lower than that of normal cells.The increased agglutination of cancer cells is due toplasma membraneCaused by profound structural changes.Glycoprotein in plasma membraneSportinessEnhanced, so lectin is easier to convert its receptor（glycoprotein）Clustering to form more horizontal bridges.The enhanced motility of plasma membrane glycoprotein may also be due to its connectionMicrofilamentCaused by damage.
(5) Wall adhesion decreases
In vitro culture, cells adhere to the wall and grow, which is similar toCell secretionGlucosamineViscous substances.Glucosamine is the main component of extracellular matrix, which can formhydrationGel: Set & Match.The synthesis of glycosaminoglycan by cancer cells was reduced, which led to the decline of cell wall adhesion.
In cancer cellsmicrotubuleShortening, disordered arrangement, microfilaments also occurStructural anomaly。Src gene(i.e. inducedsarcomaPP60src is aproteinKinase, which can makeAdhesive spotProtein phosphorylation, which separates the tension fiber from the plasma membrane.Actin filamentThe quantity ofMembrane fluidityEnhanced, cell properties changed.becauseCytoskeletonThe structure is disordered, leading to the change of cell shape.For example, normal in cultureFibroblastIt is flat shuttle shaped, but isbirdsSarcoma virus(including srcOncogene）After conversion, it becomes spherical, and the surface appearsVesicleThis is caused by the disorder of cytoskeleton components.
(7) Generate new membraneantigen
Cancer cells lost the major histocompatibility antigens on the plasma membrane, and some newrelevanceMembrane antigen.These new membrane antigens arecell surfaceIt is modified with glycoprotein.At the same time, due toSurface proteinThe mass movement increases, making the surface protein easier to be agglutinated by the corresponding antibody.
In addition, cancer cells have many properties different from normal cells, such asglucoseIncreased transportation, new cell secretions, and abundantEndoplasmic reticulumandGolgi apparatusEtc.
Morphological characteristics of single cancer cell
cancer cell
It is mainly manifested in the nucleus and can be summarized into five characteristics:
⑵ Unequal nuclear size: due to the different enlargement degree of each cancer cell nucleus, the size of cancer cell nuclei in the same field of vision varies greatly.
⑶ Nuclear malformation Nuclear membrane thickening: the cancer cell nucleus may appear obvious malformations, which are manifested as irregular nuclear morphology, nodular, lobular, etc,nuclear membraneThere are depressions and folds, which make the nuclear membrane zigzag.
⑷ Nuclear hyperchromatism: due to the cancer cell nucleusChromatinThe number of particles increases, the particles become thicker, and the nucleus is deeply stained, some of which may appear as ink drops. At the same time, because of the uneven distribution of chromatin in the nucleus, the nucleus is stained in different shades.
⑸ Abnormal nucleocytoplasmic ratio: when the cell volume is larger than the cell size, the cancer cell nucleus increases significantly, soNucleoplasmOut of proportion.The worse the differentiation of cancer cells, the more obvious the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio disorder.In addition, the chromatin of the nucleus moves sideways, and there are huge nucleoli, abnormal mitosis, and the cell volume increases with different sizes, and there are spindle shaped, tadpole shaped, star shaped and other abnormal shapes, which can also be used as an auxiliary for cancer cellsDiagnostic basis。
(7) The surface of cancer cells has changed, and due to the reduction of glycoprotein and other substances on the cell membrane, the cells have changedAdhesivenessSignificantly reduced, easy to disperse and transfer in the body
2. Arrangement characteristics of piles of cancer cells
Flaky squamous cell carcinoma cells can still have a certain degree of squamous epithelial arrangement characteristics, such as flatcobblestoneLike, but the polarity disappears and the arrangement is irregular;Adenocarcinoma may have irregular glandular cavity like arrangement;Undifferentiated cancer is characterized by bundle (single row) arrangement and mosaic (patch) arrangement, which can be used as the basis for diagnosis and classification of cancer cells.
Because tumor tissue, especiallyInvasive carcinomaAnd poorly differentiated cancer, prone to hemorrhage and necrosis.Therefore, flakes ofred blood cellAnd necrosisCell debrisThis background often indicates that the smear may be positive, so it is called positive background.Early cancerThe smear background is mostly clean, and it is not easy to see necrotic cell fragments.Hemorrhage and necrosis are not unique to tumors, and can also occur in some serious inflammatory lesions. Therefore, before cancer cells are found, cancer should not be diagnosed or excluded only based on the presence or absence of a positive background.
It generally originates from squamous epithelium, and can also originate from squamousColumnar epithelium。According to the degree of differentiation of most cancer cells in the picture, squamous cell carcinoma can be divided into two categories: well differentiated and poorly differentiated.
High differentiation(Keratization type) squamous cell carcinoma is mainly composed of cancer cells similar to surface cells, and a small number of middle layer cancer cells can be seen. These cancer cells are relatively mature and showPolymorphism, such as fiber shaped, tadpole shaped, snake shaped and other cancer cells, which are often scattered.cancer cellCytoplasmKeratinization is obvious, so it is called keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma.
Low differentiation(Non keratinizing) squamous cell carcinoma cells are similar to the bottomSquamous epithelial cellsThere are a few squamous epithelial cells similar to the middle layer, and there are no or few surface cancer cells.The shape of cancer cells is mainly round and oval, most of which fall off in pieces, or can be scattered alone, with little cytoplasm and no keratinization.HE stainingDark red,PasteurizationIt is dark green with large core,nucleolusClear.
2. Adenocarcinoma
It generally originates from columnar epithelium andGlandular epithelium。Adenocarcinoma can also be divided into two types according to the size of cancer cells, the amount of mucus in the cells, and the formation of glandular cavity like structures.
Highly differentiated adenocarcinoma often forms an adenoid arrangement.The cancer cells are large and rich in cytoplasm. HE staining is light red, pasteurization is light green, and mucus vacuoles can be seen.Nuclear power,Nuclear chromatinThe granules are thick, the staining is deep, and the nucleolus is huge.
Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomaThe cancer cells are small with few cytoplasm,BasophilMucus vacuoles are rare.The cancer cells often fall off in clusters and are closely arranged to formMulberrySample structure.The nucleus is slightly deviated, and the marginal cytoplasm is uplifted.The nuclear chromatin is thick and the nucleolus is small.
3. Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma
It is generally believed that it originated froma bronchial tubeEpitheliousArgyrophil cell, can produce polypeptide hormones and cause endocrine symptoms, so it belongs toNeuroendocrine tumor。The cancer cells are small, round, oval or melon seed shaped.Few cytoplasm,nucleusJobiclymphocyteMore than half to one time, with obvious nuclear malformation and deep staining, the cancer cells are closely arranged without overlapping, and when they appear in patches, they tend to be mosaic like structures;When arranged in a single line, it is in bundle shape.This is the characteristic manifestation of undifferentiated carcinoma.
Formative factors
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cancer cell
Cancer cell research has becomebiomedical scienceExplore onCanceration mechanismIt is an active field in the regulation of tumor formation.There is no consensus on the causes of cancer cells.Some people think it's normalCell transformationIt is a cancer cell becauseCarcinogenic virusInduced.Most people agree that the cause of many cancers proposed by Beverly in 1914 isSomatic mutationThe theory of.One of the arguments supporting this view is that the incidence of cancer increases with age, and the other is that all known genes that can induce mutationsChemical mutagenOr physical factors, almost all of which are carcinogenic, such asasphaltSome Chemistry inmaterialFrequent contact with skin can causeSkin cancer；large doseBenzene poisoningCan induceleukemia(blood cancer);Caused by smokinglung cancer, which is similar to thenicotineofFrequent contactradioactivitySubstance or engaged inRadiationPeople working, leukemiaBone marrow cancerThe incidence rate is high.Therefore, strengthen environmental protection, eliminate environmental pollution, and timely check suspiciousCarcinogenThe incidence of cancer can be reduced by taking precautions and strengthening safety protection for radioactive work.
Internal causes
cancer cell
Under normal circumstances, there are cancer related genes in the cell. The normal expression of these genes isOntogeny、cell proliferation、Tissue regenerationetc.Life activitiesInevitably, these genes only exist when mutations occurCarcinogenesis, becomeOncogene。These have causedcell cancerationPotential genes are called proto oncogenes.Proto oncogenes belong toDominant gene，AlleleIf one of them mutates, it will cause the cellcanceration。Although there are proto oncogenes in normal cells, the activities of proto oncogenes are strictly and precisely regulated, and their coding products areCell growthIt is necessary for differentiation and will not cause canceration.However, when proto oncogenes change and produce products beyond the requirements of cell activities, it will cause cell canceration.This change of proto oncogene is called proto oncogene activation.
Cancer starts from a cell mutation, and the human body is composed of a large number ofsomatic cellComposed of.It takes about 10 ^ 16 times in one's lifecell division。Even without contactCarcinogen, each gene occursNatural mutationThe probability of is 10-6.It can be calculated that every gene will have a mutation probability of 10 ^ 10 in a person's life.It is estimated that a mutant cell should have many genes related to cell proliferation mutated and lost the ability to regulate cell proliferation.However, in fact, the incidence of human cancer is not as high as expected.Thus, one mutation is not enough to transform a healthy cell into a cancer cell.The canceration of a cell requires several separate mutations in a cell, and they can induce the canceration of a cell only when they work together.According to statistics, a cell transformation requires 3 to 7 separate random mutations.
Although cancer starts from a cell mutation, the offspring of the mutant cell must undergo several mutations to form cancer cells.epidemiologyThe statistics show that the incidence of cancer increases with age, andGeometric seriesThe incidence of cancer is 3, 4 or even 5 power of age.The gradual occurrence of cancer is not cold in a day. It takes several yearsinternal causeThe role ofexternal causeInduced by,CarcinogenDosage requiredCumulative effect。The occurrence of cancer requires the joint action of many factors.There is also an immune monitoring system in the body, which can eliminate cancer cells at any time.Therefore, many cancers are not inevitable.
There is another kind of gene in the cell, which is related to the inhibition of cell proliferationInactivation, which can also cause cell canceration. These genes are called anti oncogenes orTumor suppressor gene(tumorsuppressorgenes)。The tumor suppressor gene is different from the proto oncogene. The tumor suppressor gene isRecessive geneBoth alleles need to be mutated and inactivated to cause cell canceration.IfParental generationIf one of the alleles of a tumor suppressor gene passed to the offspring has no function, the offspring will be prone to cancer.In normal cells, proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes coordinate to maintain normal cell proliferation.
PhysicsCarcinogenic factorsIncluding burning, mechanical irritation, traumaultraviolet rays, radiation, etc.It is worth attaching great importance that radiation hazards can come from environmental pollution or iatrogenic.Such as repeated acceptanceX-rayExposure inspection orRadionuclide inspectionIt can increase the tumor incidence of the tested populationRadiotherapyTreatment of some diseases can also induce some tumors.Data report available, in useRadionuclidePhosphorus therapyPolycythemiaAfter a certain incubation period, a considerable number of patients developed leukemia.pulmonary tuberculosisPatient repeatedChest X-rayInspection, can inducemammary cancer。
Biological carcinogenesis
Many researches on such factors areViruses。modernscientific researchIt has been proved that more than 30 kinds of animal tumors are caused by viruses.It is found that some human tumors are closely related to virusescervical carcinoma, liver cancer, leukemia and other patients can be found in the serum of the corresponding virus antibodies.It is reported that,schistosomiasisIt can induce colorectal cancer, liver cancer, etc.
To sum up, it can also be said that cancer cells are caused by oncogenic factors that activate proto oncogenes.
Inside and outside the cancer cell, there are reversal factors that can not be overcome and eliminated by itself. This is its characteristic, but also its disadvantage, resulting in its instability.
The survival and development of cancer cells are inseparable from the synthesis of proteinsSynthetic proteinMust be taken from healthy cellsAsparagineHowever, symbiotic with asparagineAsparaginaseBut it can control the growth of cancer cells, which is the first contradiction it cannot overcome.
A large number of scientific experiments have proved that there is a C-Amp (ring typeAdenosine phosphate）This substance is the main component to control or adjust the metabolism of cells (it does not disappear because of canceration). The most interesting thing is that C-Amp also has the most significant ability to turn cancer cells into healthy cells (which is valuable).
There is a kind oftumor antigen（CEA）, it can triggerimmune systemThe generation of corresponding antibodies prevents the growth and development of cancer cells. This self immunity is another inherent contradiction of cancer cells.
American scientist Shay discovered in December 1994 that one of the cancer cells can make the cancer cells continuously replicate and maintain itsGenetic characteristicsTelomerase.If the activity of this enzyme is inhibited and destroyed, the replication engineering of cancer cells will have to stop and end.
2、 Principles of Biology
Cancer cells are similar to embryonic cells (morphology, function, metabolism) and have distinctive biological behavior. Cancer cells are generated by cells in harsh environments and are particularly resistant.After the cells become cancerous,feedback controlIf it weakens or disappears, it becomes irregular. Once encountering adverse conditions (stimulation, slander), it can metastasize, or even hide (cancer cells have this kind of dormancyFeign deathAbility, from splittingProliferative phaseIt quickly enters the GO phase, and any medicine has no effect on it.) Cancer cells are afraid of heat (hot compress is conducive to dissipation). Cancer cells have strong metabolic capacity, absorb more, and excrete more, which is very destructive to the body.
3、 Principles of Biochemistry
China's national level outstanding contributionscancerResearcher Dai Qianhuan in his cancer“Two zone theory”And "transcriptional genes"“CarcinogenesisOfKey stepsIt is the intersection between complementary alkali pairs "(People's Daily, August 15, 1993)," the carcinogenic mechanism is complementaryCode shiftingMoreover, wearing Qianhuan alsoquantum chemistryCalculation method, it is found that "compounds have carcinogenic effect in vivonecessary conditionIt can produce two active alkylation reaction centers in the process of metabolism in the body, and the optimal distance between the two centers is 2.8-3.0 ami (1/10000000000 meters）, which is exactly the same distance as theDeoxyribonucleic acidThe distance between the (DNA) interstranded complementary bases and the negatives is consistent ".I think that since "complementary frameshift variation" can change the structure of DNA and make cancer cells, similarly, if the compounds we use into the human body are not "cancerous" (its alkylation reactionCenter spacing2.8-3.0 Em)nitriteOr 3-4BenzopyreneThe distance between two alkylation centers is greater than or less than 2.8-3.0 nm, and can be combined with it more actively to free itaspirinFor example, chloroquine, quinine, etc., the DNA is restored, and cancer cells become healthy cells again.
Especially, the substances that promote cell canceration (DNA complementary base on negative atomsConjugates）It is not stable, and it is easy to form new substance groups with the distance between alkylation centers different from that between 2.8-3.0 em., which means that substances with the distance between alkylation centers between 2.8-3.0 em. can cause cancer, while substances with the distance between alkylation centers between 2.8-3.0 emChemical activityStrong alkylationCenter distanceCompounds larger or smaller than 2.8-3.0 ami can cure cancer and transform cancer cells, which is Dai's“Two zone theory”Dai's deduction is by no means an empty assumption or illusory assumption, which is Dai's great contribution to mankind.
4、 Physiological Principles
Human immune systemIn defending the body and eliminating differences, maintainstatic equilibriumOn the other hand, it is not only lively and active, but also powerful.This immune mechanism not only does not provide suitable survival and development conditions for cancer cells, but can promote the self peak reversal factors of cancer cells to be relatively strengthened and indirectly reversed. At the same time, it can directly interfere with, prevent the replication of cancer cells, and even kill cancer cells. Therefore, the use of drugs to mobilize the internal resistance of the human body is the core and key in cancer treatment engineering.
Mobilize the unified cancer control ability of all major organs of the human body, and comprehensively enhancecellular immunity、humoral immunityTissue immunity is also of great significance in promoting the reversal of cancer cells.
Darwin's OrgansCorrelation lawIt shows that if one organ is damaged, multiple organs will be affected.The body is unifiedOrganic entiretyThis cannot be ignored in the process of cancer treatment.
5、 Principles of Design
After the cells become cancerous, the activities of various reversing factors inside and outside the cells are relatively weakened or decreased, but the activity of Shea's cancer reoxidase is increased, ensuring DNACrazy copyWithout changing its genetic characteristics, in this case, if we can help the body to apply targeted drugs, reduce or eliminate the activity of Shea's cancer reoxidase, enhance C-Amp andReverse transcriptaseThe cancer cells will have to be transformed into healthy cells.This means that,Internal and external causesThe combination of,Subjective initiativeandobjective conditionIt has special value in promoting and accelerating the reverse engineering of cancer cells (transformation can be achieved through transformation, and transformation can be achieved without transformation).
Reason for transfer
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Cancer cells are often restless and quickly spread to other organs, which is related to the growth mode of cancer and the characteristics of cancer cells. The reasons can be summarized as follows:
1、 Cancer cells multiply rapidly. Due to the sharp increase in the number, the original space cannot accommodate so many cells,tumourThe marginal cells are squeezed into the surrounding tissues.
2、 Due to the special chemical composition and structure of the cancer cell surface, the adhesion between cancer cells is low, the connection is loose, and it is easy to separate from the cancer block, creating conditions for diffusion.
3、 Cancer cells secrete special substances to dissolve and destroy surrounding tissues, opening the way for diffusion and metastasis.
Generally speaking, metastasis of cancer cells can be divided into several stages:
The first stage is called invasion, in which cancerepithelial cellsIt will loosen the connection between cancer cells, so that cancer cells can "regain their freedom" and move to other places.
The third stage is calledExtravasation(extravasation) In this stage, survivors who have been baptized by the journey of the circulatory system will pass throughcapillaryOfendothelial cellsArrive at other organizations.
The final stage is the migration of these cancer cells from the new world, and they multiply and thrive in other tissues to form metastaticMalignant tumor。
Common cancer cell metastases are as follows:
Lymphatic metastasis- It is common in all kinds of cancers. Cancer cells invading lymphatic vessels first arrive at the local area with lymphlymph glandIt can metastasize to adjacent or distant lymph nodes if it continues to develop.If breast cancer first metastasizes to the same sidearmpitLymph nodes, which can then be transferred toclavicleBottom andSupraclavicular lymph nodeAnd even the opposite axillary lymph nodes.
Hematogenous metastasis- Common in varioussarcomaEndocrine cancer and undifferentiated cancer, directly invading blood vessels or re entering blood vessels through lymphatic vesselsTumor cellIt reaches other parts with blood flow.The most common metastatic sites were lung, brain, liver and bone.Gastrointestinal cancerIt often metastasizes to liver and lung, breast cancerrenal carcinoma、OsteosarcomaThe lung cancer is easy to metastasize to the brain,prostatic cancerIt is easy to transfer to bone.
Planting transfer- The tumor cells shed from the tumor surface grow in the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and cerebrospinal cavity. Due to gravity, they are often planted in the lower part of these cavities, such asCostophrenic angle, rectal bladder fossaSkull baseEtc.
Spontaneous explosion
SwedenKarolinska Medical CollegeScientists found that a compound can make the most dangerousbrain tumor——GlioblastomaThe cells ofmiceThe experiment is confirmed.This discovery is believed to open a new cancer treatment mechanism and provide ideas for the treatment of other types of cancer.Relevant research results were published in the journal Cell.
Glioblastoma is a malignant tumor of the brain. Because of its rapid growth, the course of disease is generally short.The average survival time of patients is only 15 monthsradiotherapyandchemotherapyMainly, but the effect is not ideal, so it is urgent to find a better treatment.
According to the Physicist Organization Network, in order to achieve this goal, the researchers of Karolinska Medical College willGlioblastoma cellsExposed to more than 200 molecules for testing.After careful screening and experiments, this compound named Vacuinol-1 was finally found.
Researchers found that this compound can lead to uncontrolled vacuolization of cancer cells: cancer cells will continuously bring external substances into the cells, and eventually lead to the rupture of cell membranes and necrosis of cancer cells.Further research found that thisTransportation processThrough intracellularVesicleSystem, and2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineThe results are very similar.Three scientists discovered thatTransport system——VesicularRegulatory mechanismAnd won this award.[2]
spread
Food that kills cancer cells
Cancer is "rampant", often very restless, and quickly spread to other organs, which is related to the growth mode of cancer and the characteristics of cancer cells.The reasons can be summarized as follows:
First, cancer cells proliferate rapidly. Due to the sharp increase in the number, the original space cannot accommodate so many cells, and the cells at the edge of the tumor are "squeezed" into the surrounding tissue.
Second, due to the special chemical composition and structure of the cancer cell surface, the adhesion between cancer cells is low, the connection is loose, and it is easy to separate from the cancer block, creating conditions for diffusion.
Third, cancer cells secrete special substances to dissolve and destroy surrounding tissues, opening the way for diffusion and metastasis.
Fourth, cancer cells containThrombosisIt is a special substance that enables cancer cells to attach to the blood vessel wall or other parts and continue to grow after entering the blood vessel, laying the foundation for blood metastasis.
therapeutic method
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operation
It is the earliest method to treat cancer and the first choice for many early cancer treatments.Many early cancers can be cured by successful surgery.Some cancer patients have advanced to advanced stage and cannot carry outRadical operationHowever, in order to alleviate the patient's pain and prolong the patient's life, surgery can also be performed, which is calledPalliative operation。for exampleColon cancerblockIntestinal cavityIf normal defecation is not possible, the large intestine should be takenFistulationPalliative operation was performed to relieve the obstruction of tumor to intestinal cavity.Not all cancers can be operated on, such as blood cancer (i.eleukemia）Can't be removed surgically.
Postoperative care
Cancer patients inchemotherapyNursing during and after the operation plays a vital role in the rehabilitation of patients, and the following matters should be paid attention to:
⑵ Take an appropriate amount of sugar to supplement calories.large doseRadiotherapyPatients canCarbohydrate metabolismDamaged,GlycogenThe lactic acid in the blood increased and could not be reused;andinsulinThe function is insufficient and aggravated.Therefore, it is better to supplement glucose. In addition, it is advisable to eat more sugar rich foods such as honey, rice, noodles, potatoes, etc. to supplement calories.
⑷ Patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy should generally eat cold food and drink, but patients with cold feeling should eatHot food。
(6) Diversify diet, pay attention to color, fragrance and taste, and promote patients' appetite;The method of steaming, boiling and stewing is often used for cooking food. It is forbidden to eat food that is difficult to digest and drink alcohol.
Ready to useChemicalsThe treatment of cancer generally refers to western medicineAnticancer drug。These drugs can inhibit or kill cancer cells at different stages of growth and reproduction of cancer cells to achieve therapeutic purposes.But the existing chemical drugs can kill cancer cells and at the same timeHuman cellsThere is also damage.Therefore, different degrees of side effects often occur during chemotherapy, such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, etc.Chemotherapy is mainly used for various types of leukemia and for patients who cannot be operated but are not sensitive to radiotherapy.In addition, it is also used as an adjuvant therapy after cancer surgery to kill cancer cells that are scattered or can only be found under the microscopeCancer preventionRecurrence.
radiation
General radiation
YesRadiationKill cancer cells for therapeutic purposes.Some cancers are effective or sensitive to radiotherapy, such as Hodgkin's disease, nonHodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, etc;Others are insensitive to radiotherapy, that is, the effect is not good, such aspancreatic cancer, colon adenomachondrosarcomaandMelanomaEtc.Radiotherapy can effectively kill cancer cells and avoid tissue defects and deformities caused by surgery.When the cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or metastasized to other places, and surgery cannot completely remove it, radiotherapy can be used to kill cancer cells.Like chemotherapy, ordinary radiotherapy also causes damage to human normal cells, so it will produce a series of side effects.
Stereotactic radiation
Non invasive stereotactic radiation is a leading technology in the world medical community for the treatment of tumors. It has the characteristics of good efficacy, accuracy, safety, non-invasive, and minimizing the pain of patients.StereotaxisRadiotherapyOfaccuracyVery high.The slight shaking range of artificial surgery can reach 3-4 mm, which is more than 10 times higher than the stereotactic radiation error;Ordinary radiotherapy treats tumors through a single plane, and the radiation dose reaches the tumor levelLethal doseIt is bound to seriously damage the normal tissue surrounding the tumor;Stereotactic radiation is to focus all radiation on tumor tissue for precise treatment, with minimal damage to normal tissue.In addition, stereotactic radiotherapy can avoidPlanting transferAnd blood transfer.In the process of tumor cutting and removal, it is difficult to ensure the tumorHistiocyteIt does not fall off completely, and it is easy to plant tumors on normal tissues to form new tumors.This is the common medical implant transfer;In addition, tumor cells may also be transferred through blood during surgery.Stereotactic radiotherapy can avoid such metastasis, infection andcomplication, as well as the pain and risk brought to patients by surgery.
3、 It can enhance the level of CAMP in cancer cells and make DNARNAThe synthesis of protein is inhibited, which inhibits the division and proliferation of cancer cells;
4、 By inhibiting glucoseAerobic enzymolysis, blocking the energy supply of cancer cells and promoting apoptosis of cancer cells;
How should we supplement this trace element?Selenium is divided intoOrganic seleniumandInorganic selenium, inorganic selenium is mainlySodium selenite, excessive use will produceAdverse reactions。Organic selenium is the best source of selenium. There are 100 micrograms of selenium rich foodsPlant active selenium(Selenium richcorn flour）、wheat germ , garlicasparagus、sesame、FungiThere are also many seafood.The latest research results show thatPlant transformationThe plant active selenium obtained by technology is the most safe and effective, and this organic selenium is hardly produced with other drugsAntagonism, beneficial to human absorption.[4]
immune
In patients with cancer, the low immune function often causes the occurrence, development and spread of cancer.
immunotherapyThe purpose of cancer prevention is to improve the immune function of the body through various means, so as to curb the growth or spread of cancer.Strengthen immunityIs calledImmunoenhancer, which we are familiar withBCG vaccine, andtransfer factor、interferon、Immunoribonucleic acidEtc.Immunotherapy has little side effects, but it is difficult to achieve the goal of radical cure of cancer.Therefore, it is usually used for postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapyAdjuvant therapyIn order to consolidate the curative effect and prevent recurrence.
endocrine
It is applicable to the occurrence, development and treatment of diseases closely related to the hormone content in the body, that is, hormonesdependenceCancer.These cancers mainly include breast cancer, prostate cancerEndometrial carcinomaandThyroid carcinoma。The principle is to adjust the hormone level in the body by taking or injecting some hormone, so as to control the growth of cancer.For example, useandrogenTreatment of breast cancerestrogentreatmentprostatic cancerThyroid hormone tablets for thyroid cancer, etc.Endocrinotherapy is still an auxiliary treatment for cancer and cannot replace surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
guide
It is a relatively new technology to treat cancer.It is different from general chemotherapy in that it will kill cancer cellsChemotherapy drugsCombine with a substance that specifically binds to cancer cells.After medication, most of the drugs are concentrated on cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can kill cancer cells to the maximum extent and have little impact on normal cells. Therefore, they have high efficacy and little side effects.A variety ofmonoclonal antibodyIt looks likeLaser guidanceThe missile "flew" to the cancer cell as accurately as the missile, and the warhead it carried was the drug to kill the cancer cell.
Freezing and heating
Both low temperature (below - 40 ℃) and high temperature (above 45 ℃) can kill cancer cells.So people started to useLiquid nitrogen cryotherapySuperficial skin cancer and some benign skin tumors, as well as local heating treatment for skin cancer, limb cancer andBladder cancer。Heating methods include short waveultrashort wave, microwave and laser.
gene therapy
Genes are intracellulargenetic material，chemical compositionyesDeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)。Different genes play different biological roles, and the occurrence and development of cancer are related to the changes of genes in cells.Two types of genes directly related to cancer have been found, namely proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.Changes in proto oncogenes can lead toTumorigenesisThe role of tumor suppressor genes is to preventcell canceration。In addition, many genes are related to cancer treatment.For example, some genes can enhance the effect of chemotherapy, so that cancer cells canChemotherapy drugssusceptibilityIncrease, kill more cancer cells under the effect of the same dose of chemotherapy drugs;Someone else willHematopoietic growth factorGene introductionHematopoietic stem cellsTo reduce the risk of patients suffering from chemotherapy and radiotherapyHematopoietic functionTherefore, it is more conducive to the treatment of cancer.However, cancerPathogenesisIt is extremely complicated,gene therapyMany links and problems in technology still perplex scientists.The vast majority of research is carried out in the laboratory. Although its effect is exciting, it is not ideal when applied to cancer patients. Many key problems in gene therapy remain to be solved.[5-6]
Other therapies
Starve cancer cells to death[7]
The so-called starving of cancer cells is to cut off the human body's supply of cancer cells through surgery.U.S.AHarvard UniversityDr. Juda Fokman ofblood capillaryAfter that, we can get blood and become "crazy".If we try to "strangle" the blood vessels around the cancer cells, the cancer cells will be starved to death for lack of nutrition.
For example, the interventional chemoembolization of liver cancer in western medicine is achieved byhepatic arteryBlockage reduces the blood supply for liver cancer to control the growth of cancer cells, and even makes them die due to lack of nutrition.britainOxfordA research team found another method to starve cancer cells, and they showed aLaboratory researchResult: UsingRibonucleic acidRNAMolecules directly affect the "mutation" of dihydrofolate reductase gene.This enzyme is the basic substance to stimulate the rapid proliferation of cancer cells. When its gene is "mutated", the rapidly dividing cancer cells will lack basic chemicalsThymineAnd was "starved to death".It can also help prevent the growth of new cancer cells.
As for why this method is called "starve cancer cells", it is to let ordinary people understand it well.So "starving cancer cells" is a variant of the folk saying, not to reduce the number of patientsDietary nutrition, or notalbuminTo "starve cancer cells".In fact, the result of not eating or drinking should be that people starve to death first. When people die, the cancer cells will starve to death only when the blood stops flowing.
The treatment of cancer depends partly on medicine and partly on self immunity.If you are weak,HypoimmunityNo matter how good the medicine is, it cannot be effective against cancer. On the contrary, if the diet is normal, the digestion is strong, the mind is cheerful, and 100 micrograms of selenium is properly supplemented, the immunity will be high, the disease will be easy to treat, and the effect will be easy to appear.
Cancer cell suicide
cancer cell
American scientists found for the first time that using a synthetic molecule can induce cancer cells to commit suicide.This will make it possible to develop personalized cancer treatment programs in the future.
U.S.AUniversity of Illinois In the latest issue of Nature Chemical Biology, researchers fromCaspase-3ZymogenProtein.Once activated, this protein will be transformed into a protein calledCysteamineacidprotease-3, leading to defective or dangerousApoptosis。However, this activation mechanism in cancer cells is destroyed, so that they will not apoptosis and eventually develop into tumors.
Paul Hergenrod, who is in charge of this research, said in a statement: "We have found a synthetic molecule that can directly activate the caspase-3 zymogen and convert it into caspase-3, thus leading to cancer cellsProcedural death。”
The researchers said that they screened more than 20000 synthetic molecules with different structures and tested theircell cultureAnd 3 kinds of cancermiceThis synthetic molecule, which is called "PAC-1" for short, has been found only because of its efficacy.Experiments on 23 human tumor samples showed that "PAC-1" could kill cancer cells.
The researchers said that the role of "PAC-1" depends on the amount of caspase-3 proenzyme.For example, inlung cancerIn cells, the number of caspase-3 proenzyme is 5 times higher than the normal level, so "PAC-1" can play a better role.Hergenrod believes that this means thatEffectivenessIt can be predicted that in the future, the best medical plan can be formulated for different patients according to the difference in the number of caspase-3 zymogen.
On June 5, 2014,Tsinghua Universityannounce:Tsinghua University School of MedicineYan NingThe professor's research team has analyzed the crystal structure of human glucose transporter GLUT1 for the first time in the world, and preliminarily revealed itsWorking mechanismAnd the pathogenesis of related diseases.This research achievement is hailed as a major scientific achievement of "milestone significance" by the international academic community.[8]
To survive, cancer cells need to rely on glucose as their "ration". Since the energy produced by cancer cells to digest glucose is less than 15% of ordinary cells, cancer cells need tonormal cells Taking in more glucose requires moreGlucose transporterGLUT1 completes the process of glucose transport from extracellular to intracellular.[8]
Therefore, if the composition, structure and working mechanism of the transporter GLUT1 can be clearly studied, it is possible to achieve manual intervention of glucose transport by regulating it, which can not only increase the glucose supply in normal cells to achieve the purpose of treating related diseases, but also can specifically block the glucose supply to cancer cells to achieve the goal of inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.[8]
Yan Ning also stressed that "many diseases have complex causes, especially cancer, which is the most complex disease, and our scientific research is very basic. There is a long way from basic scientific research to transformation. But through many foundationsScientific research achievementsAnd gradually accumulate clues, which can better understand the pathogenesis and hope that it will eventually cure the disease. "[8]
according toUniversity of California, San Francisco(UCSF) scientists led latestgenomeResearch reveals that two commonGene variationWill make chromosomestelomereIt becomes longer, but it will also greatly increase the riskGliomaBrain cancerRisk.Previously, many scientists believed that the function of telomere was to preventCell agingTo keep cells healthy.relevantThesis onlinePublished on the website of Nature Genetics recently.[9]
On June 8, 2014, these two gene variants were TERT (telomere reverse transcriptase) and TERC（telomerase）51% of people carry the TERT variant and 72% carry the TERC variant.These two genes have the function of regulating telomere behavior and are enzymes that maintain telomere length. This risk gene variation carried by most people is relatively rare.The researchers believe that these mutant genescarrierThe telomere length of chromosome is longer, so the whole cell is stronger, but it also increases the risk of high grade gliomas.[9]
January 26, 2019, University of Southern California and JapanNagoya University Researchers announced the development of a new drug that can destroy cancer cellsbiological clockTo inhibit the growth of cancer cells.Disrupting the biological clock will damagehuman health The same is true for cells.If it can disturb the biological clock of cancer cells, it can theoretically damage or destroy these cancer cells.This drug may become an effective new weapon to eliminate cancer.[10-11]
In September 2022,Skin cancerTransfer to the brain mechanism for the first time.Researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel found thatBrain metastasisOfMelanomaIn patients, cancer cells will recruitAstrocyteOf cells,Cancer cells interact with them, exchange molecules and destroy them.[13]
Discovery of a new way of "self destruction" of cancer cells
On May 17, 2024, the journal Science published an article that the researchers of the Netherlands Cancer Research Institute found a new way of cancer cell death, with SLFN11 gene playing a leading role.Researchers found that after DNA damage, cells died in a previously unknown way.In the laboratory, they treated the cells with chemotherapy and carefully modified their DNA.By turning off the gene, they found a new cell death pathway dominated by the gene SLFN11.If DNA is damaged, SLFN11 will shut down the cell's protein factory - ribosome.This will put a lot of pressure on these cells and cause them to die.The new approach completely bypasses p53.[14]
