Glucose,Organic compound, molecular formula CsixHtwelveO6。It is the most widely distributed and important one in naturemonosaccharideIt is a polyhydroxy aldehyde.Pure glucose is colorless crystal, sweet but not as sweetsucrose, easily soluble in water, slightly soluble inethanol, insoluble inEther。Natural glucose aqueous solution has the optical rotation to the right, so it belongs to“Dextrose”。
Glucose inbiologyThe field plays an important role inLiving cellEnergy sources andthe new supersedes the oldIntermediate products are the main energy supply substances of organisms.Plants can passphotosynthesisProduces glucose.It is widely used in candy manufacturing and medicine.
1747, GermanychemistMagraf(S. Marggraf) in Berlin[2]Glucose was isolated for the first time, and this process was published in the Chemical Experiment of Extracting Sucrose from Several Plants Produced in Germany in 1749[3]In the article, on page 90, it was written: "Wet the grape dry with a small amount of water to soften it, then press the squeezed juice, after purification and concentration, a sugar was obtained.The sugar that Margraf discovered was glucose.
However, glucose was not named until 1838glucoseFrenchglucose, it was founded by French professor Eugene Mel and Peligo（Eugène-Melchior Péligot）(1811-1890) First creation, derived from the Germangleukos——Unfermented sweetnessfruit wine, prefixgluc-Originated in Germanglykys, meaning sweet, suffix-oseIndicates its chemical classification and points out that it is acarbohydrate。
In the same year, Louis Jaques Tenar（Louis JacquesThénard）、Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac （Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac）、Jean Baptiste Biot（Jean-Baptiste Biot）AndJean Baptiste Andre Duma（Jean Baptiste AndreDumas）Four French scientists jointly published a review of Mr. Pellego's collection of academic papers, entitled "Research on the Chemical Properties of Nature and Sugar", which wrote on page 109: "Those substances from grapes, starch, honey and even diabetes have the same composition and properties, and this single substance is named glucose.
Because glucose plays an important role in organisms, understanding its chemical composition and structure has become an important subject in organic chemistry in the 19th century.In 1884,Emil Fischer（Fischer）Start to study sugar.What was known at that timemonosaccharideThere are only four: twoHexaldose(glucoseGalactose）, twoHexulose（fructose、Sorbose）, they have the same molecular formula CsixHtwelveOsixGilani, a chemist at Munich University（H.iKhani）It is preliminarily proved that glucose and galactose are linear pentahydroxy aldehydes, and fructose and sorbose are linear pentahydroxy ketones.
Encyclopedia x confusion: diagram of monosaccharide and polysaccharide
Fischer found that glucose, fructose and mannose formed the same vein with benzene umbilicus, so it was inferred that the three sugars had the same configuration below the second carbon atom.according toVant Hoff （Van’t Hoff）AndLebel （eLeBl）OfStereoisomerismIn theory, Fischer concluded that there are 16 possible configurations of D-hexanal sugar. By 1891, he had determined the configurations of all members of D-hexanal sugar by means of oxidation, reduction, degradation, addition and other methods.[4]In 1892, German chemist Fischer determined the chain structure of glucose and its stereoisomer, andStereochemistryIn 1902Nobel Prize in Chemistry。[5]
In April 2022, Chinese scientists passed theElectrocatalysiscombinationbiosynthesisIn this way, carbon dioxide is efficiently reduced to produce high concentration acetic acid, which can further utilize microorganisms to synthesize glucose and oil.This achievement was jointly completed by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Science and Technology of China. It was published in the international academic journal Nature Catalysis in the form of a cover article on April 28, 2022.[7]
On August 15, 2023, a famous academic journal《Scientific Bulletin》The latest research results published show that Chinese scientists have achieved accurate total synthesis from carbon dioxide to sugar in the laboratory, and the artificial sugar has taken a key step.This research achievement was completed by the scientific research team of Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics over two years.The team prepared high concentration carbon dioxide and other raw materials in a certain proportion in the reaction solution. Under the action of chemical catalyst and enzyme catalyst, four hexoses were obtained, namely glucose, alotose, tagatose and mannose.Hexose is a general term for the sugar that is widely distributed in nature and closely related to the nutrition metabolism of the body.[11]
Physical and chemical properties
Physical and chemical properties
Glucose（Glucose）Colorless crystal or white crystalline or granular powder;Odorless, sweet, hygroscopic, easily soluble in water.
It is the most widely distributed monosaccharide in nature.Glucose contains fivehydroxyl, oneAldehyde group, withPolyolandaldehydeThe nature of.
It is easy to decompose when heated under alkaline conditions.It shall be kept in a closed place.After oral administration, it is quickly absorbed and used by tissues after entering the human body.After 1mol glucose is completely oxidized by the human body, 2870kJ energy is released. Some of this energy is converted into 30 or 32 mol ATP, and the rest is dissipated in the form of heat energy to maintain human body temperature. It can also be converted into glycogen or fat storage through liver or muscle.
(1) The aldehyde group in the molecule is reductive and can react with silver ammonia solution and be oxidized toGluconic acidAmmonium.
(2) The aldehyde group can also be reduced to hexanol.
(3) There are multiple hydroxyl groups in the molecule, which can be esterified with acids.
(4) Glucose oxidizes in the organism and emits heat.
(5) Glucose can be prepared by hydrolysis of starch catalyzed by enzyme or sulfuric acid.
1. ByEdible corn starchIt is made by purifying and concentrating the sugar aqueous solution obtained after partial hydrolysis with food grade acid and/or enzyme.Due to the different degree of hydrolysis, the amount of D-glucose may vary greatly.The product made from corn starch is called "corn syrup".
2. Glucose can be made from starch by hydrolysis of hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid.It can also be made from starch under the action of starch saccharifying enzyme.
Under dry conditions, glucose has good stability, and the aqueous solution can be autoclaved.Overheating can lead to a decrease in solution pH and caramelization.
Bulk finished products shall be stored in dry, low-temperature closed containers.[5]
Verify aldehyde group
Glucose validation:
1. Glucose solution reacts with newly prepared copper hydroxide suspension to form brick red precipitate.(Yellow sediment is generated when the concentration is high)
Precautions: ⑴ Newly made Cu (OH)twoThe suspension should be prepared at any time and should not be stored for a long time.
(2) Preparation of new Cu (OH)twoIn case of suspension, the NaOH solution used must be excessive.
⑶ The reaction liquid must be heated directly to boiling.
⑷ Although glucose molecule contains aldehyde group, d-glucose does not contain aldehyde group.
2. There is silver mirror reaction between glucose solution and silver ammonia solution
Silver mirror reaction
Precautions: ⑴ The inner wall of the test tube must be clean;
(2) Silver ammonia solution can not be stored for a long time when it is used and prepared;
⑶water bathHeating, alcohol lamp can not be used for direct heating;[5]
(5) Thin HNO can be used for silver mirrorthreeSoak and wash to remove.
The silver generated by heating reduction is attached to the test tube wall to form a silver mirror, so this reaction is also calledSilver mirror reaction。
Physiological and biochemical
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central nervous systemAlmost all rely on the supply of blood sugar as energy. Once the blood sugar rises to 80 mg%, diabetes may occur.
Glucose is produced by hydrolysis of starch in industry and was applied in 1960sMicrobial enzymeMethod to produce glucose.This is a major innovation and has obvious advantages over acid hydrolysis.In production, raw materials need not be refined, acid resistant and pressure resistant equipment is not needed, and sugar liquid has no bitter taste and high sugar yield.
Glucose is mainly used as a nutritional agent for injection in medicine（Glucose Injection）。
In the food industry, glucose can be processed by isomerase to produce fructose, especially fructose containing 42%Fructose syrupIts sweetness is the same as that of sucrose, and it has become an important product in sugar industry.
Glucose is an indispensable nutrient for metabolism in organism.The heat released by its oxidation reaction is an important source of energy for human life activities.It can be directly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing and tanning industries, and commonly used glucose in the mirror industry and the silver plating process of hot water bottle gallreducing agent。In industry, glucose is also widely used as raw material to synthesize vitamin C（ascorbic acid）。[5]
Metabolic function
Glucose is easily absorbed into the blood, so hospital staff, sports lovers and ordinary people often use it as a powerful and fast energy supplement.
Glucose strengthens memory, stimulates calcium absorption and increases intercellular communication.But too much will increase the concentration of insulin, leading to obesity and diabetes;Too little will causeHypoglycemiaOr worse, insulin shock（Diabetic coma）。Glucose is very important to brain function. Glucose metabolism will be disturbed by the following factors: depression, manic depression, anorexia and bulimia.Alzheimer's patients record lower glucose concentrations than other brain abnormalities, which can lead to stroke or other vascular diseases.The researchers found that adding 75 grams of glucose to the diet increased the performance of memory tests.
Glucose is absorbed into liver cells, which will reduce the secretion of liver sugar, leading to muscle andfat cellsIncrease the absorption of glucose.Excess blood glucose will be converted into fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver and adipose tissue.[5]
indication
Glucose is widely used in clinic, and it is used for water and heat required by patients with high fever, dehydration, coma or inability to eat.When a large amount of body fluid is lost in the body, such as vomiting, diarrhea, massive blood loss, etc., 5%~10% glucose and normal saline can be intravenous drip first to supplement water, salt and sugar, and used for hypoglycemia, drug poisoning.Intravenous infusion of 25%~50% hypertonic solution can dehydrate tissues and induce diuresis for a short time due to its hypertonic effect. It can be used alternately with mannitol to treat brain edema, pulmonary edema and reduce intraocular pressure.Intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose to treat hypoglycemia.Combined with insulin, it can promote potassium transfer into cellsHyperkalemiaOne of the treatment measures.
Decomposition pathway
Natural glucose, whether free or combined, belongs to D-configuration, and mainly exists in the form of pyran oxygen ring in aqueous solution, which isαandβEquilibrium mixture of two configurations.Under normal temperatureα-D-glucose hydrate (containing one water molecule) forms crystals from supersaturated aqueous solution, with a melting point of 80 ℃;The crystals precipitated at 50~115 ℃ are anhydrousα-D-glucose, melting point 146 ℃.The stable form of precipitation above 115 ℃ isβ-D-glucoseThe melting point is 148~150 ℃.Glucose in the form of furan ring only exists in a few natural compounds in the bound state.
D-glucose has generalaldoseChemical property of: under the action of oxidant, produce gluconic acid, gluconic acid orGlucuronic acid；Under the action of reducing agent, sorbitol is generated;Under the action of weak base, glucose can be transformed with two other six carbon sugars with similar structure - fructose and mannose - through enol form.Glucose can also combine with phenylhydrazine to form osazone, which is different from other osazones in crystal shape and melting point, and can be used as a means to identify glucose.
Most organisms have the ability of enzyme system to decompose D-glucose for energy.In living cells, such as mammalian muscle cells or single-cell yeast cells, glucose successively generates carbon dioxide and water through anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle and biological oxidation process, releasing more energy（Adenosine triphosphate）The form is stored for the needs of life activities such as growth and movement.In the absence of oxygen, glucose is only decomposed into lactic acid or ethanol, which releases much less energy. Wine making is a process of anaerobic decomposition.In industry, glucose produced by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch can be used as raw materials for food, wine, pharmaceutical and other industrial production.
Pharmacopoeia standard
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Catalogue II of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020[9]1268
This product is D - (+) - glucopyranosyl monohydrate.
【character】This product is colorless crystal or white crystalline or granular powder;Odorless and sweet.
This product is easily soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol.
Specific curlTake about 10g of this product, precisely weigh it, put it into a 100mL measuring bottle, add an appropriate amount of water and 0.2mL of ammonia test solution, dissolve it, dilute it with water to the scale, shake it well, place it for 10 minutes, and measure it according to the law at 25 ℃ (general rule 0621), with the specific rotation of+52.6 ° to+53.2 °.
(2) Take an appropriate amount of this product under the item of loss on drying, and determine according to the law. The infrared absorption spectrum of this product should be consistent with the control spectrum (spectrum set 702).
【inspect】acidityTake 2.0g of this product, add 20ml of water to dissolve it, add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution and 0.20mL of sodium hydroxide titrant (0.02mol/L), which should be pink.
Clarity and color of solutionTake 5.0g of this product, dissolve it with heated water, cool it, dilute it with water to 10mL, and the solution should be clear and colorless;If it is turbid, it shall not be thicker than No. 1 turbidity standard solution (General Rule 0902 Method 1);In case of color development, compare with the control solution (take 3.0mL of cobalt chloride solution for color comparisonpotassium dichromateCompared with 3.0mL of solution and 6.0mL of copper sulfate solution for color comparison, 1.0mL of solution shall be diluted to 10mL with water, and shall not be deeper.
Ethanol solutionClarity ofTake 1.0g of this product, add 20mL of ethanol, heat it on the water bath and reflow for about 40 minutes, and the solution should be clear.
chlorideTake 0.60g of this product and check it according to the law (general rule 0801). Compared with the control solution made of 6.0mL of standard sodium chloride solution, it should not be more concentrated (0.01%).
sulfateTake 2.0g of this product and check it according to the law (general rule 0802). Compared with the control solution made of 2.0mL of standard potassium sulfate solution, it should not be more concentrated (0.01%).
SulfiteAnd soluble starchTake 1.0g of this product, add 10mL of water to dissolve it, add 1 drop of iodine test solution, and it should be yellow immediately.
Loss on dryingTake the product, dry it at 105 ℃ to constant weight, and the weight loss is 7.5%~9.5% (general rule 0831).
Ignition residueNot more than 0.1% (general rule 0841).
proteinTake 1.0g of this product, add 10mL of water to dissolve it, and then add 3mL of sulfosalicylic acid solution (1 → 5) to avoid precipitation.
Barium saltTake 2.0g of this product, add 20mL of water to dissolve it, and divide the solution into two equal parts. Add 1mL of dilute sulfuric acid to one part, and 1mL of water to the other part, shake it well, and place it for 15 minutes. Both solutions should be clear.
Calcium saltTake 1.0g of this product, add 10mL of water to dissolve it, add 1mL of ammonia test solution and 5mL of ammonium oxalate test solution, shake them up, and place them for 1 hour. If turbidity occurs, it should not be thicker (0.01%) than 1.0mL of standard calcium solution [precisely weigh 0.1250g of calcium carbonate, place it in a 500mL volumetric flask, add 5mL of water and 0.5mL of hydrochloric acid to dissolve it, dilute it with water to the scale, and shake it up. Every 1mL is equivalent to 0.1mg of calcium (Ca)].
ferric saltTake 2.0g of this product, add 20mL of water to dissolve it, add 3 drops of nitric acid, slowly boil it for 5 minutes, cool it, dilute it with water to make 45mL, add 3.0mL of ammonium thiocyanate solution (30 → 100), shake it up, if color develops, it should not be deeper (0.001%) than the reference solution made by the same method with 2.0mL of standard iron solution.
heavy metalTake 4.0g of this product, add 23mL of water to dissolve it, add 2mL of acetate buffer solution (pH 3.5), and check according to the law (general rule 0821 method 1). The content of heavy metals should not exceed 5% per million.
ArseniteTake 2.0g of this product, add 5mL of water to dissolve it, add 5mL of dilute sulfuric acid and 0.5mL of potassium bromide test solution, heat it on a water bath for about 20 minutes to keep a slight excess of bromine. If necessary, add an appropriate amount of potassium bromide test solution, and supplement the evaporated water at any time. Cool it down, add 5mL of hydrochloric acid and water to make it 28mL, and check according to the law (the first method of General Rule 0822), which should meet the requirements (0.0001%).
microbial limit Take 10g of this product and use pH 7.0 sterile sodium chloride peptone buffer to prepare 1:10 test solution.
Total number of aerobic bacteria, mold and yeast Take 1mL of test solution and check according to the law (general rule 1105 plate method). The total number of aerobic bacteria in 1g of test sample shall not exceed 1000cfu, and the total number of mold and yeast shall not exceed 100cfu.
Escherichia coliTake 10mL of 1:10 test solution and check it according to the law (general rule 1106). It shall not be detected in 1g test sample.
【category】Nutritional medicine.
【Storage】Sealed storage.
【preparation】(1) Glucose injection (2) Glucose powder (3) Glucose and sodium chloride injection (4) Compound sodium lactate and glucose injection[6]
Drug description
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Tolerance test
In the clinical diagnosis test of diabetes, the fasting blood glucose in vein is usually measured.When fasting blood glucose in vein is less than 5.0mmol/L, diabetes can be ruled out;When the fasting blood glucose in vein is>7.0mmol/L and there are clinical symptoms, diabetes can be diagnosed;When the fasting blood glucose of vein is between 5.5 and 7.0 mmol/L and diabetes is suspected, further steps should be takenGlucose tolerance test——OGTT。OGTT test is aOral glucoseLoad test is used to understand the ability of human body to regulate blood sugar after taking glucose.Through OGTT test, abnormal glucose metabolism can be found early and diabetes can be diagnosed early.[5]
Glucose tolerance
Glucose tolerance refers to the ability of the body to regulate blood glucose concentration.After eating rice and flour staple food or taking glucose, normal people are almost completely absorbed by the intestinal tract, which increases blood sugar, stimulates insulin secretion, increases liver glycogen synthesis, and decomposesinhibitionThe output of liver sugar is reduced, and the utilization of glucose by tissues in the body is increased. Therefore, the maximum blood sugar after eating is not more than 10.0mmol/L, and the blood sugar after eating is more or less kept in a relatively stable range.This indicates that normal people have a strong tolerance to glucose, namelyGlucose toleranceNormal.But ifinsulinPeople with insufficient secretion can exceed 7.8 mmol/L 2 hours after oral administration of 75 g glucose, which can be equal to or greater than 11.1 mmol/L, indicating that the person's tolerance to glucose has decreased.[4]
Methods: After taking a certain amount of glucose orally, the blood glucose was measured at a certain interval. This test can be used to understand the islets of langerhansβCell function and the body's ability to regulate sugar.
After the subject takes a certain amount of glucose orally, the glucose content in the blood is measured regularly. If the blood sugar rises slightly after taking it, the concentration before taking it will return to normal within two hours;If the blood glucose concentration rises sharply after taking the medicine, and the concentration before taking the medicine cannot be recovered within 2-3 hours, it is abnormal.This experiment is often used to diagnose abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with no obvious symptoms clinically.
WHO standardized OGTT:
WHO recommends 75g glucose for adults, 100g for pregnant women, and 1.75g for children per kilogram of weight. If the total weight is ≤ 75g, dissolve it with 250ml water and take it orally within 5 minutes.Empty abdominal blood before taking sugar, and take blood every 30 minutes after taking sugar, four times in total.At the same time, blood was collected and urine sugar was measured every 1 hour.The glucose tolerance curve was drawn according to each blood glucose level.
Three days before the test, the sugar content in the food should not be less than 150 g per day to maintain normal activities. Drugs that affect the test should be stopped three days ago.Do not smoke, drink coffee, tea or eat during the whole test period.[4]
Applicable symptoms:
① NonediabetesSymptoms, random or abnormal fasting blood glucose;
② No symptoms of diabetes, transient or persistent diabetes;
③ No symptoms of diabetes, but with obvious family history of diabetes;
④ There are symptoms of diabetes, but random or fasting blood glucose is not enough diagnostic criteria;
⑥ DeliveryGiant fetus20% women or individuals with huge fetal history;
⑦ Kidney disease of unknown cause orRetinopathy。[4]
Dosage form
1. Injection: 5% (250mL, 500mL), 10% (500mL), 25% (20mL), 50% (20mL) for each tube (bottle);
2. Injection (powder): 250g, 500g.
pharmacological action
It can be summarized as nutrition, detoxification, heart strengthening and diuresis. It is a physiological carbohydrate and the main source of energy needed by the body.It is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water in the body and provides heat at the same time, which is stored in the form of glycogen.It can protect the liver and detoxify, and promote the excretion of toxins.[4]
Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption is rapid, and it can be used in human tissues. The ability of normal people to use glucose is 6mg/kg.
1. Low potassium tendency, diabetes, diabetes insipidusRenal insufficiencyPatients should use it with caution.
2. In the process of using high concentration sugar solution, sudden stop may cause hypoglycemia.
3. Peripheral intravenous drip of hypertonic glucose is prone to phlebitis and thrombosis, and the leakage of blood vessels can stimulate local tissue.
4. Glucose is hygroscopic and easy to mildew, so aseptic operation should be strictly followed during the preparation and use of the injection.
5. In winter, it should be heated to be close to the body temperature, and then injected slowly to avoid causingVasospasm。[3]
Adverse reactions
(1) Gastrointestinal reactions, such as nausea and vomiting, can be seen when the oral concentration is too high and too fast.
Glucose plays an important role in human metabolism, so the USP containsCalcium gluconateInjection, tabletPotassium gluconate, ferric gluconate, etc. and mass production in the United States.In Japan, where the food processing industry is very developed, the food additive certificate clearly records that gluconic acidGluconic acid-δ-lactone、Zinc gluconate, calcium gluconateFerrous gluconateCopper gluconate can be used as food additive for deep processing with glucose as raw material, in addition to producing crystalline gluconic acid and gluconic acid-δ-In addition to lactones, it can also produce various salts, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and other trace elements necessary for the human body. Without it, the human body will suffer from diseases. If iron is deficient, anemia will occur. Since iron is the tissue part of hemoglobin and myoglobin, it participates in the oxidation and transportation of carbon dioxide. In the past, ferrous sulfate was used to treat anemia. Although the human body can absorb it, it stimulates the gastrointestinal tract,It will cause a series of adverse reactions, so after using ferrous gluconate, there is no obvious reaction in gastrointestinal tract, and the effect of iron supplementation is good. In view of this situation, the state stipulates that potassium, sodium, calcium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, etc. of gluconate are used as human bodyNutritional fortifierAnd pharmaceutical supplements, such drugs have good therapeutic effects.
Long term, scientific and reasonable use is self-evident for the improvement of a nation's physical quality. According to a Japanese statistics, the average height of Japanese teenagers has increased by 14.8cm after World War II, which is inseparable from their scientific and reasonable use of gluconic acid trace elements in food and drug manufacturing.In China, the well-known calcium gluconate injections, tablets and zinc gluconate oral liquid have important physiological and therapeutic functions. The popularity of "Juneng Calcium" and "Butie Oral Liquid" nationwide is a full verification.[2]
For children
Sugar, protein and fat are the most important nutrients for normal growth and development of children.Carbohydrates are the main source of calories for the body.Glucose is a monosaccharide that can be directly used in the body.For infants from 1 to 6 months old, lactose and a little starch are the main sugars in the food.After 4 months, starch containing foods gradually increased. At the age of 1 year, various enzyme systems in the gastrointestinal tract for digesting starch gradually improved, which can quickly hydrolyze it into glucose and be absorbed into the blood in the small intestine.After absorption, it can be directly supplied with energy, or stored in the form of glycogen. Excess can be turned into fat.
The human body does not eat glucose at ordinary times, and the body will not lack glucose, so it does not need to be supplemented at ordinary times.However, when children are sick and refuse to eat, their physique is extremely weak. In order to ensure the needs of children's basic metabolic heat, it is advisable to feed glucose for a short time. Sometimes, glucose is given intravenously, which is the reason.However, it is believed that glucose has a high nutritional value. If too much or too long feeding is given, ignoring other food supplies may affect the appetite of children, and because protein and other nutrients are not supplemented, it will lead to growth retardation, serious repeated infectioninnutritionEtc.It will also cause transient diabetes due to the rise of blood sugar, which will lead to thirst, polydipsia and polyuria.
Abandonment of glands that produce other digestive enzymes in children's digestive tract will lead to atrophy for a long time, and the digestive function will decline further, making them unable to eat other foods.Normal children should be allowed to eat as much as possibleStarch foodPractice chewing to promote the secretion of salivary glands, increase appetite and digestive function, and help the development of maxillofacial bones and teeth.[3]
Drug interaction
(Not yet clear)[2]
matters needing attention
(1) When injecting hypertonic glucose injection intravenously, pay attention to whether the solution leaks out of the blood vessel to avoid phlebitis. The same complication can also occur when the solution with concentration of 5% - 10% is continuously injected at the same site.
⑵ It is easy to occur if the hypertonic solution is suddenly stopped in the treatment of brain edemaRebound phenomenonIt will cause brain edema again, so the drug should not be stopped suddenly, but should be slowly reduced until stopped.
⑶ It is not suitable for subcutaneous injection to avoid subcutaneous necrosis.
⑷ Hypertonic glucose injection shall not be used when intracranial or spinal cord hemorrhage and dehydration patients are delirious to avoid accidents.
Expert comments
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Hypertonic glucose, potassium and insulin (30~40mmol potassium is required for each 1000 kcal of glucose).From the point of view of nutrition, the heat energy needed by critical patients under stress should beFat emulsionProvide and simultaneously supplyCompound amino acidPreparations.[2]
application area
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（1） Fermentation industry
The growth of microorganisms needs proper carbon nitrogen ratio. As the carbon source of microorganisms, glucose isFermentation mediumThe main ingredients of, such as antibiotics, monosodium glutamate, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, enzymes, etc., need a large amount of glucose, and can also be used as raw materials for microbial polysaccharides and organic solvents.
（2） Food industry
At present, crystalline glucose is mainly used in the food industry. With the improvement of living standards and the continuous development of science and technology in the food industry, glucose is more and more widely used in the food industry. The food industry will remain the largest market for a long time in the future.
（3） Chemical industry
Glucose is also widely used in industry, as a reducing agent in printing, dyeing and tanning industries, and in chemical silver plating industries such as mirror making industry, silver plating on hot water bottle gall and glass fiber silver plating.
Application of glucose in chrome tanning agent manufacturing of leather industry: chrome tanning agent is the best for manufacturing light leather (shoe upper leather, garment leather)tanning agent。Chrome salt has been used for tanning for 100 years.The leather has the characteristics of high shrinkage temperature, good elasticity, flexure resistance, washability, firmness and durability.Chrome tanning agents are mainlyBasic chromium sulfate(Basic chromium chloride can also be used, but its tanning effect is worse than that of chromium sulfate).Its manufacturing method is to use glucose orsulfur dioxideAs a reducing agent, dichromate is reduced to basic chromium sulfate in sulfuric acid solution to make chrome tanning solution. After the tanning solution is concentrated and dried, powdery chrome tanning agent can be obtained.
（4） Synthesis and conversion
Glucose can be hydrogenated, oxidized, isomerized, alkaline degraded, esterified, and acetalized to synthesize or convert into other products.For example, hydrogenation to sorbitol;Oxidize to produce glucuronic acid, diacid, etc., and further produce calcium, sodium, zinc and gluconic acidδLactone;Isomerization to F42, F55, F90 fructose syrup and crystalline fructose;It can also be isomerized into mannose (raw material for producing mannitol), in which sorbitol can be further generatedvitamin C, is widely used in clinical treatment, and mannitol 15% in clinical as a safe and effective drug to reduce intracranial pressure, to treat brain edema and glaucoma.[2]
