periodic table of ele ments

List of chemical elements summarized by Russian chemist Mendeleev

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chemical element Periodic table of elements Nucleus A list of chemical elements ordered from small to large charges. The list is generally rectangular, and some elements have spaces in their cycles, so that elements with similar characteristics can be grouped into the same family, such as alkali metal Elements alkaline-earth metal 、 Halogen group element 、 Noble gas , non-metallic, Transitional element Etc. This leads to the formation of element partitions in the periodic table, which are divided into seven Main family , 7 Accessory family , VIII 18 families 。 Because the periodic table can accurately predict the characteristics of various elements and their relationships, it is widely used in chemistry and other scientific fields as analytical chemistry Behavior is a very useful framework.

Russia chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (Dmitri Mendeleev) summarized and published this periodic table (the first generation periodic table of elements) in 1869. Since then, people have continuously proposed more than 170 types of periodic tables, which can be summarized as follows: short form table (represented by Mendeleev), long form table (represented by Werner form), and specialty table (represented by Polta form); Planar spiral watch and circular watch (represented by Damkheif style); Three dimensional periodic table (represented by the cone column three-dimensional table of Laixi) and many other types of tables.

Note: The long-term use of the long periodic table in Chinese teaching is represented by the Werner type.

Chinese name: periodic table of ele ments
Foreign name: periodic table of elements
Alias: Meta list
Discipline: Chemistry

a creator: Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev
Concept: Periodic list of chemical elements
Date of publication: 1869
Element partition: Seven main families, seven Accessory family , VIII 18 families

development history

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Modern chemical Periodic law of elements It was 1869 Russia The scientist Dmitri Mendeleev first created the Relative atomic weight The elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the same column to form the prototype of the periodic table of elements. After years of revision, it became the contemporary periodic table.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev

In the periodic table, elements are arranged according to their atomic numbers, with the smallest ranking first. A row in the table is called a cycle, and a column is called a family.^[1] The atomic radius decreases from left to right and increases from top to bottom.

In chemistry textbooks and dictionaries, there is a "periodic table of elements". This table reveals the secrets of the material world, unifies some seemingly unrelated elements, and forms a complete natural system. Its invention is History of Modern Chemistry A pioneering work in the field of chemistry has played a huge role in promoting the development of chemistry. Looking at this table, people will think of Mendeleev, its earliest inventor. In 1869, the Russian chemist Mendeleev Relative atomic mass Arranged from small to large, the elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the same vertical row, and the first periodic table of elements is prepared. The periodic table of elements reveals that chemical element The internal connection between them makes it form a complete system and become one of the important milestones in the history of chemical development. With the development of science, the vacancies left by unknown elements in the periodic table have been filled. When atomic secret When discovered, the arrangement basis was changed from relative atomic mass to atomic Proton number (Extranuclear Number of electrons or Nuclear charge number ）To form the current periodic table of elements.

Number the elements according to their order in the periodic table to get the atomic number. The atomic number is related to the atomic structure of the element as follows:

Proton number= Atomic number =Number of extranuclear electrons=number of nuclear charges

Using the periodic table, Mendeleev successfully predicted the characteristics of elements that had not been found at that time (gallium scandium 、 germanium ）。 In 1913, British scientist Moselle used Cathode ray The impact of metal produces X-ray, and it is found that Atomic number The larger, X-ray The higher the frequency of positive charge It determines the chemical properties of the elements and arranges them according to the positive charge in the nucleus (that is, the number of protons or atomic number). Later, it was revised by many scientists for many years to form the contemporary periodic table. The elements are arranged according to the relative atomic mass from small to large, and the elements with similar chemical properties are placed in a column. Each element has a serial number, which is exactly equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of the element's atom. This serial number is called atomic number. In the periodic table, elements are arranged according to their atomic numbers, with the smallest ranking first. A row in the table is called a cycle, and a column is called a family.

Atomic Extranuclear electron arrangement And obvious in nature Regularity The scientists put the elements with the same number of electron layers in the same row, and the elements with the same number of electrons in the outermost layer in the same column.

The periodic table of elements has 7 periods and 18 families. Each horizontal row is called a cycle, and each vertical row is called a family (VIII family contains three columns). These seven cycles can be divided into Short period （1、2、3）、 long period （4、5、6、7）。 There are 18 families in total, and each column from left to right counts as a family. For example, hydrogen belongs to Group 1, while helium belongs to 0 Family Elements 。

The position of the elements in the periodic table not only reflects the atomic structure of the elements, but also shows the gradual change of the properties of the elements and the internal relations between the elements. It has formed a complete system and is known as one of the important milestones in the development of chemistry.

In the same cycle, from left to right, the number of electron layers outside the element's nucleus is the same, the number of outermost electrons increases in turn, and the atomic radius decreases（ 18 Family Elements Except). The ability to lose electrons gradually weakens, the ability to obtain electrons gradually increases, the metallicity gradually weakens, and the nonmetallic property gradually increases. The highest positive value of the element Oxidation number It increases from left to right (except for those without positive valence), and the lowest negative oxidation number increases from left to right (except for the first cycle and O and F elements in the second cycle).

In the same family, from top to bottom, the number of outermost electrons is the same, the number of extranuclear electron layers gradually increases, the atomic radius increases, the atomic number increases, and the element Metallicity Incremental, Nonmetallic Decrement.^[2]

The periodic table is of great significance. Scientists use it to find new elements and compounds.

December 31, 2015 United States《 Science News 》The biweekly website published a report entitled "Four elements gain permanent seats on the periodic table". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry （ IUPAC ）Announcing Russia And the research team in the United States have obtained sufficient evidence to prove that they found elements 115, 117 and 118. In addition, the Federation has recognized Japanese Institute of Physics and Chemistry Of Scientific researchers Found Element No. 113 。 The two research teams track the subsequent radioactivity Superheavy element The above four elements were synthesized. Lynn Cerby, Executive Director of IUPAC, said that the report on the confirmation of new elements would be released in early 2016. Official recognition of these elements means that their discoverers have the right to name and design symbols for them. Element 113 will become the first element discovered and named by Asians, officially named Nihonium in June 2016, with the symbol Nh.

IUPAC periodic table 2022.05.04^[18]

On December 30, 2015, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Declare the existence of elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, which will be Japan , Russian and American scientists. IUPAC officially announced that four new elements have been added to the periodic table.^[3]

On June 8, 2016, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry announced that it would synthesize No. 113 (Nh), No. 115 (Mc) and No. 117 chemical elements（ Ts ）And 118（ Og ）Nominated as a new chemical element.^[4]

On May 9, 2017, Chinese Academy of Sciences 、 State Language Work Committee 、 National Commission for the Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technological Terms Jointly held in Beijing press conference , officially released to the public Element No. 113 、 Element 115 、 Element 117 、 Element 118 Chinese name, respectively“ 鿭 ”、“ Fixed ”、“ 鿬 ”、“ 鿫 ”。^[5]

Element area

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Element area
Partition name	Detailed introduction
S area element	The first and second columns in the periodic table are S area element , their valence electron The configurations are n s one and n s two 。 The first column includes hydrogen (H) and alkali metals lithium （Li）、 sodium (Na), potassium (K) rubidium （Rb）、 cesium （Cs）、 Francium (Fr), i.e. the first main family (IA). Column 2 includes alkaline earth beryllium (Be) magnesium （Mg）、 calcium （Ca）、 strontium （Sr）、 barium （Ba）、 radium (Ra), the second main family (IIA). These two groups of elements are located on the left side of the periodic table of elements, and only the s electrons are involved in bonding in their chemical reactions, so their chemical properties are relatively simple, and the most prominent ones are their oxides and hydroxide Is alkaline, hence the name.
Element of area p	The 13~18 columns in the periodic table, namely, III A~VII A and zero groups, have a total of 6 groups and 31 kinds of elements, which are elements in area p. Their valence electron configurations are n s two n p 1~6 。 In B, Si, As, Te Underline , this area can be divided into two parts, the upper right part is a non-metallic area, and the lower left part is a metal area. 21 non metallic element Located on the upper right, there are 10 kinds of gas substances under normal temperature and pressure, all of which have the prefix "Qi"; There is only one liquid substance, bromine, whose name is beside "San"; The other 10 kinds of nonmetals are solid under normal temperature and pressure, all of which are "stone". The metal elements at the lower left have "Project" next to them. stay bevel angle Elements on both sides of the line, such as B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, are both metallic and non-metallic Semimetal It is called manufacturing semiconductor material Important elements of. The most important properties of elements in the p zone are redox and Acid-base property 。^[6]
Elements of zone d	Elements of zone d It refers to the 3rd to 12th places in the periodic table, namely IIIB, I VB Elements of VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB and IIB groups, there are 30 kinds of metal elements in total, and their valence electron configurations are（ n -1）d 1~10 n s 1~2 Because it is located between typical metal elements (elements in area s) and typical non-metallic elements (elements in area p) Element of zone f Also known as Transitional element or transition metal 。 The fourth period of d region is called the first transition system, and the fifth and sixth periods are the second transition system and the third transition system, respectively. The difference in the properties of the elements in the groups of the elements in the d zone is due to the difference in the secondary layer of d electrons, so compared with the elements in the main group, the differences between the groups are small.^[7] Of family IB in column 11 copper (Cu), silver (Ag) gold (Au) and IIB family in column 12 zinc （Zn）、 cadmium （Cd）、 mercury (Hg) The outermost layer has n s 1~2 Valence electron, easy to form+1 or+2 valence chemical compound , in understanding Periodic law At the beginning, they were thought to be similar to the IA and IIA groups of elements, so they were labeled as the IB and IIB sub groups. Now we know that the second outer layer is 18 electronic structure, which is different from the second outer layer of the s region, which is 8 electronic structure, so it can be attributed to the d region or another ds region.^[8]
Element of zone f	The elements in area f are composed of Lanthanide and Actinide element Composition, 30 elements in total, located below the periodic table, most of which have f electrons. Among them, 15 kinds of lanthanides and IIIB scandium （Sc）、 yttrium (Y) A total of 17 elements are also called rare earth element 。^[9]

Contents of periodic table

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periodic table of ele ments
Note * are artificial elements
cycle	ⅠA	ⅡA	ⅢB	ⅣB	ⅤB	ⅥB	ⅦB	Ⅷ			ⅠB	ⅡB	ⅢA	ⅣA	ⅤA	ⅥA	ⅦA	eighteen
one	H hydrogen	-																He helium
two	Li lithium	Be beryllium	-										B boron	C carbon	N nitrogen	O oxygen	F fluorine	Ne neon
three	Na sodium	Mg magnesium	-										Al aluminum	Si silicon	P phosphorus	S sulfur	Cl chlorine	Ar argon
four	K potassium	Ca calcium	Sc scandium	Ti titanium	V vanadium	Cr chromium	Mn manganese	Fe iron	Co cobalt	Ni nickel	Cu copper	Zn zinc	Ga gallium	Ge germanium	As arsenic	Se selenium	Br bromine	Kr krypton
five	Rb rubidium	Sr strontium	Y yttrium	Zr zirconium	Nb niobium	Mo molybdenum	Tc Technetium	Ru ruthenium	Rh rhodium	Pd palladium	Ag silver	Cd cadmium	In indium	Sn tin	Sb antimony	Te tellurium	I iodine	Xe xenon
six	Cs cesium	Ba barium	La - Lu Lanthanide	Hf hafnium	Ta tantalum	W tungsten	Re rhenium	Os Osmium	Ir iridium	Pt platinum	Au gold	Hg mercury	Tl thallium	Pb lead	Bi bismuth	Po Polonium	At Astatine	Rn radon
seven	Fr Francium	Ra radium	Ac- Lr Actinide series	Rf 𬬻 *	Db 𬭊 *	Sg 𬭳 *	Bh 𬭛 *	Hs 𬭶 *	Mt 鿏 *	Ds 𫟼 *	Rg 𬬭 *	Cn 鿔 *	Nh 鿭 *	Fl 𫓧 *	Mc Fixed *	Lv 𫟷 *	Ts 鿬 *	Og 鿫 *

Lanthanides and actinides
Lanthanide	La lanthanum	Ce cerium	Pr praseodymium	Nd neodymium	Pm Promethium	Sm samarium	Eu europium	Gd gadolinium	Tb terbium	Dy dysprosium	Ho holmium	Er erbium	Tm Thulium	Yb Ytterbium	Lu Lutetium
Actinide series	Ac Actinium	Th thorium	Pa Protactinium	U uranium	Np Neptunium	Pu plutonium	Am Americium *	Cm Curium *	Bk Berkeleton *	Cf Californium *	Es Einsteinium *	Fm Of *	Md Extra *	No Nanometer *	Lr Lawrencium *

notes : January 15, 2017, National Commission for the Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technological Terms United Nations Language Working Committee Histochemistry Experts in the field of physics and linguistics held meetings on No. 113, No. 115, No. 117 Element 118 The Chinese naming meeting, after heated discussion and voting by experts attending the meeting, formed the Chinese naming scheme of elements 113, 115, 117 and 118.^[10] New element Chinese characters are included in the Unicode CJK expansion area C, D and E and the basic area expansion, using the latest Windows 10 Or install the font patch to display part of the text, which includes (its Unicode code is in brackets): 𬬻 (U+2CB3B), 𬭊 (U+2CB4A), 𬭳 (U+2CB73), 𬭛 (U+2CB5B), 𬭶 (U+2CB76), 鿏 (U+9FCF), 𫟼 (U+2B7FC), 𬬭 (U+2CB2D), 鿔 (U+9FD4), 鿭 (U+9FED), 𫓧 (U+2B4E7) 𫟷（U+2B7F7）、鿬（U+9FEC）、鿫（U+9FEB）。

IUPAC Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (Chinese Version)

Element List

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Element Introduction
Atomic number	Symbol	chinese	pronunciation	Relative atomic mass	valence electron	Common valence	classification	English name	brief introduction
one	H	hydrogen	qīng	one point zero zero eight	1s one	+1、-1	Main family Nonmetal	Hydrogen	The element with the smallest density, and the isotopes are protium, deuterium and tritium
two	He	helium	hài	four point zero zero three	1s two	zero	18 families Nonmetal Noble gas	Helium	The hardest liquefaction ， Noble gas , Chinese scholars successfully produced helium compounds Sodium helide
three	Li	lithium	lǐ	six point nine four one	2s one	+1	Main family Metal alkali metal	Lithium	The density is less than kerosene, and it is active when sealed with paraffin alkali metal , black is generated in the air Lithium nitride , can react with water
four	Be	beryllium	pí	nine point zero one two	2s two	+2	Main family Metal alkaline-earth metal	Beryllium	The lightest alkaline earth metal element, highly toxic, hardly reacts with water
five	B	boron	péng	ten point eight one	2s two 2p one	+3	Main family Metalloid	Boron	Simple substance hardness after diamond Non metallic elements, important trace elements
six	C	carbon	tàn	twelve point zero one	2s two 2p two	Inorganic+2 +4、-4， Organic irregularity	Main family Nonmetal	Carbon	Highest hardness (diamond), conductive（ graphite ）The highest content of dry cell weight is the basic framework of life
seven	N	nitrogen	dàn	fourteen point zero one	2s two 2p three	-3、+1、 +2、+3、 +4、+5	Main family Nonmetal	Nitrogen	The element with the most content in the air is inactive, and its oxide is an atmospheric pollutant
eight	O	oxygen	yǎng	sixteen	2s two 2p four	-2. - 1 (peroxide)^[17]	Main family Nonmetal	Oxygen	Most in the earth's crust and living organisms, supporting combustion and aerobic biological respiration
nine	F	fluorine	fú	nineteen	2s two 2p five	-1	Main family Nonmetal halogen	Fluorine	The most active non-metallic element, with no positive valence, can not be oxidized
ten	Ne	neon	nǎi	twenty point one eight	2s two 2p six	zero	18 families Nonmetal Noble gas	Neon	Rare gas for light source
eleven	Na	sodium	nà	twenty-two point nine nine	3s one	+1	Main family Metal alkali metal	Sodium	It is active, reacts with air or water, and can only be stored in paraffin, kerosene or rare gas, Sodium lamp It is an important yellow light source
twelve	Mg	magnesium	měi	twenty-four point three one	3s two	+2	Main family Metal alkaline-earth metal	Magnesium	Alkaline earth metal, which can carbon dioxide or nitrogen Moderate combustion, able to react with water but rather slow
thirteen	Al	aluminum	lǚ	twenty-six point nine eight	3s two 3p one	+3	Main family Metal	Aluminium	The metal element with the most content in the crust is non-metallic and widely used
fourteen	Si	silicon	guī	twenty-eight point zero nine	3s two 3p two	+4、-4	Main family Metalloid	Silicon	The content in the crust is second only to that of oxygen. It looks like metal and is an important element of chips
fifteen	P	phosphorus	lín	thirty point nine seven	3s two 3p three	-3、+3、+5	Main family Nonmetal	Phosphorus	There are white phosphorus and red phosphorus. White phosphorus is highly toxic and can be used at room temperature Spontaneous combustion
sixteen	S	sulfur	liú	thirty-two point zero six	3s two 3p four	-2、+4、+6	Main family Nonmetal	Sulphur	Yellow solid, soft and light, closely related to volcanic activity
seventeen	Cl	chlorine	lǜ	thirty-five point four five	3s two 3p five	-1、+1、 +3、+4、 +5、+7	Main family Nonmetal halogen	Chlorine	Yellowish green Toxic gas , lively, support combustion
eighteen	Ar	argon	yà	thirty-nine point nine five	3s two 3p six	zero	18 families Nonmetal Noble gas	Argon	Noble gas, which contains the most in the air
nineteen	K	potassium	jiǎ	thirty-nine point one zero	4s one	+1	Main family Metal alkali metal	Potassium	It is more active than sodium and burns when it meets water. Potassium ion can promote the formation of sugars and starch in plants
twenty	Ca	calcium	gài	forty point zero eight	4s two	+2	Main family Metal alkaline-earth metal	Calcium	It will combine with nitrogen in the air and can react with water. It is the main component of lime and bone
twenty-one	Sc	scandium	kàng	forty-four point nine six	3d one 4s two	+3	Accessory family Metal	Scandium	A soft transition metal, often associated with gadolinium 、 erbium Mixed presence
twenty-two	Ti	titanium	tài	forty-seven point eight seven	3d two 4s two	+3、+4	Accessory family Metal	Titanium	It can burn in nitrogen with high melting point and is called "space metal"
twenty-three	V	vanadium	fán	fifty point nine four	3d three 4s two	+3、+5	Accessory family Metal	Vanadium	High melting point rare metal with strong corrosion resistance
twenty-four	Cr	chromium	gè	fifty-two	3d five 4s one	+3、+4、+6	Accessory family Metal	Chromium	Metal with the highest hardness, mainly used for making stainless steel
twenty-five	Mn	manganese	měng	fifty-four point nine four	3d five 4s two	+1、+2、+3、+4、+5、+6、+7	Accessory family Metal	Manganese	It is widely distributed in the crust, Permanganate steel Can be used to manufacture military helmets or armor
twenty-six	Fe	iron	tiě	fifty-five point eight five	3d six 4s two	+2 (ferrous)^[17] 、+3、+6	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Iron	The metal with the second highest crustal content has the highest yield of single matter and is magnetic
twenty-seven	Co	cobalt	gǔ	fifty-eight point nine three	3d seven 4s two	+2、+3	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Cobalt	Magnetic, can be used as blue cobalt pigment, isotope sixty Co is used in X-ray generator
twenty-eight	Ni	nickel	niè	fifty-eight point six nine	3d eight 4s two	+2、+3	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Nickel	Magnetism and good plasticity, can be used to make rechargeable batteries, Gansu Jinchang Nickel ore
twenty-nine	Cu	copper	tóng	sixty-three point five five	3d ten 4s one	+1 (Cuprous)^[17] 、+2	Accessory family Metal	Copper	One of the earliest metals discovered by mankind, with good plasticity and excellent conductivity
thirty	Zn	zinc	xīn	sixty-five point three nine	3d ten 4s two	+2	Accessory family Metal	Zinc	Trace elements needed by human body, used for white iron and negative pole of dry battery
thirty-one	Ga	gallium	jiā	sixty-nine point seven two	4s two 4p one	+3	Main family Metal	Gallium	Low melting point, high boiling point, used for semiconductors
thirty-two	Ge	germanium	zhě	seventy-two point six four	4s two 4p two	+2、+4	Main family Metalloid	Germanium	Amphoteric, an important semiconductor material
thirty-three	As	arsenic	shēn	seventy-four point nine two	4s two 4p three	-3、+3、+5	Main family Metalloid	Arsenic	Also known as arsenic, it is highly toxic, and is commonly known as arsenic trioxide Arsenic
thirty-four	Se	selenium	xī	seventy-eight point nine six	4s two 4p four	-2、+4、+6	Main family Nonmetal	Selenium	Can be used for production Selenium drum Can make the glass bright red
thirty-five	Br	bromine	xiù	seventy-nine point nine zero	4s two 4p five	-1、+5、+7	Main family Nonmetal halogen	Bromine	Reddish brown liquid, active, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
thirty-six	Kr	krypton	kè	eighty-three point eight zero	4s two 4p six	+2	18 families Nonmetal Noble gas	Krypton	Rare gas, which can be combined with fluorination
thirty-seven	Rb	rubidium	rú	eighty-five point four seven	5s one	+1	Main family Metal alkali metal	Rubidium	It is denser than water and more active than potassium. It can be used for photoelectric effect as well as atomic clock
thirty-eight	Sr	strontium	sī	eighty-seven point six two	5s two	+2	Main family Metal alkaline-earth metal	Strontium	It is the element with the smallest abundance among alkaline earth elements, and the reaction with water will make the solution white
thirty-nine	Y	yttrium	yǐ	eighty-eight point nine one	4d one 5s two	+3	Accessory family Metal	Yttrium	Synthetic yttrium aluminum garnet was once used as a substitute for diamonds
forty	Zr	zirconium	gào	ninety-one point two two	4d two 5s two	+4	Accessory family Metal	Zirconium	oxide Cubic zirconia Artificial substitute for diamonds
forty-one	Nb	niobium	ní	ninety-two point nine one	4d four 5s one	+5	Accessory family Metal	Niobium	For production Superconductive material Niobium steel is used to make automobile shells
forty-two	Mo	molybdenum	mù	ninety-five point nine six	4d five 5s one	+4、+6	Accessory family Metal	Molybdenum	Silver white metal, with very high melting point, can be used for semiconductors and trace elements required for plant growth
forty-three	Tc	Technetium	dé	ninety-eight	4d five 5s two	+4、+7	Accessory family Metal	Technetium	Radioactive element with the smallest atomic number, the first synthetic element
forty-four	Ru	ruthenium	liǎo	one hundred and one point one	4d seven 5s one	+1、+4、+8	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Ruthenium	Hard, brittle and light gray multivalent rare metal element
forty-five	Rh	rhodium	lǎo	one hundred and two point nine	4d eight 5s one	+3，+4	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Rhodium	Necessary elements for surface treatment in modern jewelry manufacturing process
forty-six	Pd	palladium	bǎ	one hundred and six point four	4d ten	+2、+4	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Palladium	Silver white metal, which can absorb hydrogen, and palladium can be used to make jewelry and inlay gems
forty-seven	Ag	silver	yín	one hundred and seven point nine	4d ten 5s one	+1	Accessory family Metal	Silver	Precious metal, with the best conductivity, Silver mirror reaction Used for making silver plated glass mirror
forty-eight	Cd	cadmium	gé	one hundred and twelve point four	4d ten 5s two	+2	Accessory family Metal	Cadmium	Heavy metal, toxic, excessive intake will cause pain, which can be used to absorb neutrons
forty-nine	In	indium	yīn	one hundred and fourteen point eight	5s two 5p one	+3	Main family Metal	Indium	Strong plasticity and ductility, one hundred and fifteen In is the main radio isotope
fifty	Sn	tin	xī	one hundred and eighteen point seven	5s two 5p two	+2、+4	Main family Metal	Tin	One of the first applied elements discovered by human beings, which is used for manufacturing bronzeware
fifty-one	Sb	antimony	tī	one hundred and twenty-one point eight	5s two 5p three	-3、+3、+5	Main family Metalloid	Antimony	Low melting point, used to make fuse, its oxide can be used as fireproof material, Hunan Lengshuijiang River Antimony ore
fifty-two	Te	tellurium	dì	one hundred and twenty-seven point six	5s two 5p four	-2、+4、+6	Main family Metalloid	Tellurium	Nonmetal with the highest density, telluric acid contains 6 hydroxyl groups
fifty-three	I	iodine	diǎn	one hundred and twenty-six point nine	5s two 5p five	-1、+5、+7	Main family Nonmetal halogen	Iodine	Purple black solid, which can be sublimated and active. It is a trace element required by thyroid gland
fifty-four	Xe	xenon	xiān	one hundred and thirty-one point three	5s two 5p six	+4、+6、+8	18 families Nonmetal Noble gas	Xenon	Rare gas, which can be combined with fluorination and used as light source
fifty-five	Cs	cesium	sè	one hundred and thirty-three	6s one	+1	Main family Metal alkali metal	Cesium	The alkali metal with golden luster has a very low melting point and is more active than rubidium. It will explode when encountering water
fifty-six	Ba	barium	bèi	one hundred and thirty-seven point three	6s two	+2	Main family Metal alkaline-earth metal	Barium	Reaction with water is not white, barium hydroxide is soluble in water, and barium sulfate is used for barium meal fluoroscopy
fifty-seven	La	lanthanum	lán	one hundred and thirty-nine	5d one 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Lanthanum	Silver white metal, soft and active, must be stored in paraffin or mineral oil
fifty-eight	Ce	cerium	shì	one hundred and forty	4f one 5d one 6s two	+3、+4	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Cerium	Silver grey rare earth metal, which can be burned in the air with a knife, used to make Flint
fifty-nine	Pr	praseodymium	pǔ	one hundred and forty-one	4f three 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Praseodymium	Silver white metal, soft, is a large amount of rare earth element
sixty	Nd	neodymium	nǚ	one hundred and forty-four	4f four 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Neodymium	It is active in chemistry, can be ignited in air, and has strong magnetism. It is mainly used as permanent magnetic material
sixty-one	Pm	Promethium	pǒ	one hundred and forty-five	4f five 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Promethium	Radioactive, used for beta ray source, heat source, atomic battery, etc
sixty-two	Sm	samarium	shān	one hundred and fifty point five	4f six 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Samarium	Silver white rare earth metal, easy to magnetize but difficult to demagnetize
sixty-three	Eu	europium	yǒu	one hundred and fifty-two	4f seven 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Europium	The most active metal in rare earth elements can react directly with air and water and emit red light
sixty-four	Gd	gadolinium	gá	one hundred and fifty-seven	4f seven 5d one 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Gadolinium	Silver white metal, magnetic, unpaired electrons up to the upper limit, widely used
sixty-five	Tb	terbium	tè	one hundred and fifty-nine	4f nine 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Terbium	silver gray Rare earth metal , change shape when powered on, used for precision equipment such as printer head
sixty-six	Dy	dysprosium	dī	one hundred and sixty-two point five	4f ten 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Dysprosium	Silver white rare earth metal, low hardness, used for manufacturing disk (especially Mechanical hard disk ）
sixty-seven	Ho	holmium	huǒ	one hundred and sixty-five	4f eleven 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Holmium	Silver white, soft, can be made magnetic material
sixty-eight	Er	erbium	ěr	one hundred and sixty-seven	4f twelve 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Erbium	Silver gray, soft, can be used to make special alloys, lasers, etc
sixty-nine	Tm	Thulium	diū	one hundred and sixty-nine	4f thirteen 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Thulium	Silver white, soft, can be made X-ray source etc.
seventy	Yb	Ytterbium	yì	one hundred and seventy-three	4f fourteen 6s two	+2、+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Ytterbium	Silver white, soft, can be used to make special alloys, also used as Laser material etc.
seventy-one	Lu	Lutetium	lǔ	one hundred and seventy-five	4f fourteen 5d one 6s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Lanthanide	Lutetium	Silver white, soft, can be used in nuclear industry
seventy-two	Hf	hafnium	hā	one hundred and seventy-eight point five	5d two 6s two	+4	Accessory family Metal	Hafnium	Silver white, high melting point. It can be used to make high temperature resistant alloys and also used in nuclear industry
seventy-three	Ta	tantalum	tǎn	one hundred and eighty-one	5d three 6s two	+5	Accessory family Metal	Tantalum	Steel gray, corrosion resistant, hard, high melting point. It can be used in aerospace industry and nuclear industry
seventy-four	W	tungsten	wū	one hundred and eighty-four	5d four 6s two	+4、+6	Accessory family Metal	Tungsten	The melting point of stable metal elements is the highest, and incandescent filament is the first choice. Jiangxi Dayu Tungsten Mine
seventy-five	Re	rhenium	lái	one hundred and eighty-six	5d five 6s two	+7	Accessory family Metal	Rhenium	It is the latest stable element found. The melting point of metal is second only to tungsten, and it can be used as filament
seventy-six	Os	Osmium	é	one hundred and ninety	5d six 6s two	+4,+6,+8	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Osmium	Metal with the highest density, extremely high melting point (above 3000 ℃), high hardness, used for bearings
seventy-seven	Ir	iridium	yī	one hundred and ninety-two	5d seven 6s two	+3,+4、+6、+9	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Iridium	High melting point, hard and brittle. Can be used to make scientific instruments, etc
seventy-eight	Pt	platinum	bó	one hundred and ninety-five	5d nine 6s one	+2,+4	Ⅷ nationality Metal	Platinum	The precious metal, commonly known as platinum, has extremely stable chemical properties and is used in jewelry
seventy-nine	Au	gold	jīn	one hundred and ninety-seven	5d ten 6s one	+1、+3	Accessory family Metal	Gold	Precious metals with extremely stable chemical properties, first discovered and applied by human beings, and global hard currency
eighty	Hg	mercury	gǒng	two hundred point six	5d ten 6s two	+1、+2	Accessory family Metal	Mercury	Mercury, a liquid metal at normal temperature, mercury lamp is an important light source, Guizhou Tongren Mercury ore, toxic
eighty-one	Tl	thallium	tā	two hundred and four point five	6s two 6p one	+3	Main family Metal	Thallium	Silver white, soft. It can be used to make alloy, etc. Thallium compounds are highly toxic
eighty-two	Pb	lead	qiān	two hundred and seven	6s two 6p two	+2、+4	Main family Metal	Lead	High density, low melting point, toxic to human body. Elements that must be included in many cosmetics
eighty-three	Bi	bismuth	bì	two hundred and nine	6s two 6p three	+3、+5	Main family Metal	Bismuth	The alloy has a very low melting point and can be used as a fuse and safety plug on the steam boiler, Very weak radioactivity
eighty-four	Po	Polonium	pō	two hundred and nine	6s two 6p four	-2、+6	Main family Metalloid	Polonium	Silver white metal, radioactive, can emit light in the dark, used as a neutron source
eighty-five	At	Astatine	ài	two hundred and ten	6s two 6p five	+5	Main family Nonmetal halogen	Astatine	The elemental appearance is similar to that of iodine. It is radioactive and active. It is the smallest natural element in the earth
eighty-six	Rn	radon	dōng	two hundred and twenty-two	6s two 6p six	+2	18 families Nonmetal Noble gas	Radon	Radioactive gas
eighty-seven	Fr	Francium	fāng	two hundred and twenty-three	7s one	+1	Main family Metal alkali metal	Francium	The content of radioactive alkali metal in the earth is very small, and its metallicity may not be as good as cesium
eighty-eight	Ra	radium	léi	two hundred and twenty-six	7s two	+2	Main family Metal alkaline-earth metal	Radium	Radioactive alkaline earth metal whose rays can be used to treat cancer
eighty-nine	Ac	Actinium	ā	two hundred and twenty-seven	6d one 7s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Actinium	Radioactive, can emit light in dark places, can be oxidized in the air, and has strong alkalinity
ninety	Th	thorium	tǔ	two hundred and thirty-two	6d two 7s two	+4	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Thorium	Radioactivity, with a half-life of tens of billions of years, can be used for fission
ninety-one	Pa	Protactinium	pú	two hundred and thirty-one	5f two 6d one 7s two	+5	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Protactinium	Radioactivity, protactinium 231 half-life more than 30000 years
ninety-two	U	uranium	yóu	two hundred and thirty-eight	5f three 6d one 7s two	+3、+4，+6	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Uranium	Radioactivity, half life For billions of years, the isotope uranium 235 was used to make atomic bombs
ninety-three	Np	Neptunium	ná	two hundred and thirty-seven	5f four 6d one 7s two	+5、+7	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Neptunium	Radiation, a small amount in uranium ore
ninety-four	Pu	plutonium	bù	two hundred and forty-four	5f six 7s two	+4、+6、+8	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Plutonium	Radiation, a small amount in uranium ore, used for fission nuclear fuel
ninety-five	Am	Americium	méi	two hundred and forty-three	5f seven 7s two	+3、+5、+7、+8	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Americium	Artificial radiation Used in smoke alarm
ninety-six	Cm	Curium	jú	two hundred and forty-seven	5f seven 6d one 7s two	+3、+6、+7	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Curium	Artificial radiation
ninety-seven	Bk	Berkeleton	péi	two hundred and forty-seven	5f nine 7s two	+3、+5	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Berkelium	Artificial radiation
ninety-eight	Cf	Californium	kāi	two hundred and fifty-one	5f ten 7s two	+3、+5	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Californium	Artificial radiation
ninety-nine	Es	Einsteinium	āi	two hundred and fifty-two	5f eleven 7s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Einsteinium	Artificial radiation
one hundred	Fm	Of	fèi	two hundred and fifty-seven	5f twelve 7s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Fermium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and one	Md	Extra	mén	two hundred and fifty-eight	5f thirteen 7s two	+3	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Mendelevium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and two	No	Nanometer	nuò	two hundred and fifty-nine	5f fourteen 7s two	+2、+3	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Nobelium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and three	Lr	Lawrencium	láo	two hundred and sixty	5f fourteen 7s two 7p one	+3	Accessory family Metal Actinide element	Lawrencium	Artificial radiation

[Note: For some elements of elements 104~118, the simplified Chinese characters cannot be viewed on some equipment, so it is indicated that Traditional Chinese Or with Ideograph The simplified Chinese version of the description character (IDS) is shown in the following table:]

Introduction to other artificial elements
Atomic number	Symbol	Simplified Chinese	traditional Chinese character chinese	Chinese Pinyin	Relative atomic mass	valence electron	Common valence	classification	English name	brief introduction
one hundred and four	Rf	𬬻	Furnace^[19]	lú	two hundred and sixty-one	6d two 7s two	+4	Accessory family Metal	Rutherfordium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and five	Db	𬭊	𨧀	dù	two hundred and sixty-two	6d three 7s two	+5	Accessory family Metal	Dubnium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and six	Sg	𬭳	𨭎	xǐ	two hundred and sixty-three	6d four 7s two	+6	Accessory family Metal	Seaborgium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and seven	Bh	𬭛	𨨏	bō	two hundred and sixty-four	6d five 7s two	+7	Accessory family Metal	Bohrium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and eight	Hs	𬭶	𨭆	hēi	two hundred and sixty-five	6d six 7s two	+8	Family VIII Metal	Hassium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and nine	Mt	鿏	䥑	mài	two hundred and sixty-six	6d seven 7s two	zero	Family VIII Metal	Meitnerium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and ten	Ds	𫟼	Darmstadtium	dá	two hundred and sixty-nine	6d eight 7s two	zero	Family VIII Metal	Darmstadtium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and eleven	Rg	𬬭	Key	lún	two hundred and seventy-two	6d nine 7s two	zero	Accessory family Metal	Roentgenium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and twelve	Cn	鿔	Maintenance	gē	two hundred and seventy-seven	6d ten 7s two	zero	Accessory family Metal	Copernicium	Artificial radiation
one hundred and thirteen	Nh	鿭	You^[10]	nǐ	two hundred and eighty-six^[11]	5f fourteen 6d ten 7s two 7p one^[11]	+3，+1	Main family Metal	Nihonium^[10]	Artificial radiation
one hundred and fourteen	Fl	𫓧	Web^[12]	fū	two hundred and eighty-nine^[12]	5f fourteen 6d ten 7s two 7p two^[12]	,0，+3	Main family Metal	Flerovium^[12]	The first super heavy element with inert gas characteristics, artificial radiation
one hundred and fifteen	Mc	Fixed^[10]	Fixed	mò	two hundred and eighty-nine^[13]	5f fourteen 6d ten 7s two 7p three^[13]	+1，+3	Main family Metal	Moscovium^[10]	Artificial radiation
one hundred and sixteen	Lv	𫟷	鉝	lì	two hundred and ninety-three^[14]	5f fourteen 6d ten 7s two 7p four^[14]	+4	Main family Metal	Livermorium^[14]	Artificial radiation
one hundred and seventeen	Ts	鿬^[10]	\	tián	two hundred and ninety-four^[15]	5f fourteen 6d ten 7s two 7p five^[15]	-1	Main family Nonmetal halogen	Tennessine^[10]	Artificial radiation
one hundred and eighteen	Og	鿫^[10]	\	ào	two hundred and ninety-four^[16]	5f fourteen 6d ten 7s two 7p six^[16]	-	18 families Nonmetal Noble gas	Oganesson^[10]	Artificial radiation

Basic physical properties

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Group IA (alkali metal)

Physical properties of alkali metals
Alkali metal element	Color and status	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
Hydrogen (not alkali metal)	Colorless, gas	zero point zero zero zero zero eight nine nine	-259.125	-252.882
lithium	Silver white, soft	zero point five three four	one hundred and eighty point five	one thousand three hundred and forty-seven
sodium	Silver white, soft	zero point nine seven	ninety-seven point eight one	eight hundred and eighty-two point nine
potassium	Silver white, soft	zero point eight six	sixty-three point six five	seven hundred and seventy-four
rubidium	Silver gold, soft	one point five three two	thirty-eight point eight nine	six hundred and eighty-eight
cesium	Gold, soft	one point eight seven nine	twenty-eight point four zero	six hundred and seventy-eight point four
Francium	Red, soft	one point eight seven	twenty-seven	six hundred and seventy-seven

notes : ① Reducibility: Li;

② Oxidation: Li>Na>K>Rb>Cs;

③ alkali metal Elements can react with water or oxygen to form alkali or Alkaline oxide ；

④ Hydrogen is not an alkali metal originally, but it belongs to IA group, so it is included in this table.

Family IIA（ alkaline-earth metal ）

Physical properties of alkaline earth metals
Alkaline earth metal element	Color and status	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
beryllium	Steel grey, hard	one point eight four eight	one thousand two hundred and seventy-eight	2970 (pressurized)
magnesium	Silver white, soft	one point seven three eight	six hundred and forty-eight point nine	one thousand and ninety
calcium	Silver white, soft	one point five five zero	eight hundred and thirty-nine	one thousand four hundred and eighty-four
strontium	Silver white, soft	two point five four zero	769 (pressurized)	one thousand three hundred and eighty-four
barium	Silver white, soft	three point five nine four	seven hundred and twenty-nine	one thousand eight hundred and seventy
radium	Silver white, soft	five	seven hundred	one thousand seven hundred and thirty-seven

Group IIIB (excluding lanthanides and actinides)

Physical properties of IIIB family (excluding lanthanides and actinides)
IIIB element simple substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
scandium	silvery white	two point nine eight five	one thousand five hundred and forty-one	two thousand eight hundred and thirty
yttrium	gray	four point four six eight nine	one thousand five hundred and twenty-two	three thousand three hundred and thirty-eight

Lanthanide

Physical properties of lanthanide elements
Lanthanide elements	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
lanthanum	silvery white	six point seven	nine hundred and twenty	three thousand four hundred and sixty-nine
cerium	gray	six point nine	seven hundred and ninety-nine	three thousand four hundred and twenty-six
praseodymium	silver gray	six point seven	nine hundred and thirty-five	three thousand two hundred and twelve
neodymium	silver gray	seven	one thousand and twenty-four	three thousand and seventy-four
Promethium	Silver white or gray	six point five	one thousand and forty-two	three thousand
samarium	silvery white	seven point five	one thousand and seventy-two	one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one
europium	silvery white	five	eight hundred and twenty-six	one thousand five hundred and ninety-six
gadolinium	silvery white	seven point nine	one thousand three hundred and thirteen	three thousand two hundred and sixty-six
terbium	silver gray	eight point two	one thousand three hundred and fifty-six	three thousand two hundred and thirty
dysprosium	silvery white	eight point five	one thousand four hundred and twelve	two thousand five hundred and sixty-two
holmium	silvery	eight point eight	one thousand four hundred and seventy-four	two thousand six hundred and ninety-five
erbium	silvery white	nine	one thousand five hundred and twenty-nine	two thousand eight hundred and sixty-three
Thulium	silvery white	nine point three	one thousand five hundred and forty-five	one thousand nine hundred and forty-seven
Ytterbium	silvery white	seven	eight hundred and twenty-four	one thousand one hundred and ninety-three
Lutetium	silver gray	nine point eight	one thousand six hundred and fifty-six	three thousand three hundred and fifteen

Family Ⅳ B

IVB Family Physical Properties
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
titanium	silvery white	four point five	one thousand six hundred and sixty	three thousand two hundred and eighty-seven
zirconium	silvery white	six point five	one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two	four thousand three hundred and seventy-seven
hafnium	silvery white	thirteen point three	two thousand two hundred and twenty-seven	four thousand six hundred and two

Family Ⅴ B

Physical properties of VB family
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
vanadium	silvery white	six point one	one thousand nine hundred and two	three thousand three hundred and eighty
niobium	silvery white	eight point six	two thousand four hundred and sixty-eight	four thousand seven hundred and forty-two
tantalum	silvery white	sixteen point six	two thousand nine hundred and ninety-six	five thousand four hundred and twenty-five

Group Ⅵ B

Physical properties of VIB family
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
chromium	silvery white	seven point two	one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven	two thousand six hundred and forty-two
molybdenum	silvery	ten point two	two thousand six hundred and ten	four thousand six hundred and fifteen
tungsten	silvery	nineteen point three	three thousand four hundred and ten	five thousand five hundred and fifty-five

Ⅶ Group B

Physical Properties of Group VIIB Elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
manganese	silvery white	seven point four four	one thousand two hundred and forty-six	two thousand and sixty-one
Technetium	silvery	eleven point four eight seven	two thousand one hundred and seventy-two	four thousand two hundred and seventy-seven
rhenium	silvery	twenty-one point zero four	three thousand one hundred and eighty	five thousand six hundred and twenty-seven

Ⅷ nationality

Physical properties of Group VIII elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
iron	silvery white	seven point eight six	one thousand five hundred and thirty-five	two thousand eight hundred and sixty-one
cobalt	silver gray	eight point nine	one thousand four hundred and ninety-five	two thousand five hundred and twenty-seven
nickel	silvery white	eight point nine	one thousand four hundred and fifty-three	two thousand nine hundred and thirteen
ruthenium	silvery white	twelve point three	two thousand three hundred and ten	four thousand one hundred and fifty
rhodium	silvery	twelve point four one	one thousand nine hundred and sixty-six	three thousand six hundred and ninety-five
palladium	silvery	twelve point zero two	one thousand five hundred and fifty-two	two thousand nine hundred and sixty-three
Osmium	silver gray	twenty-two point four eight	three thousand and twenty-seven	five thousand and twelve
iridium	silvery white	twenty-two point four two one	two thousand four hundred and forty-three	four thousand four hundred and twenty-eight
platinum	silvery white	twenty-one point four five	one thousand seven hundred and seventy-two	three thousand eight hundred and twenty-five

Family IB

Physical properties of IB family elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
copper	Purplish red	eight point nine two	one thousand and eighty-four point six	two thousand five hundred and sixty-two
silver	silvery white	ten point five	nine hundred and sixty-one	two thousand one hundred and sixty-two
gold	golden	nineteen point three	one thousand and forty-six point six eight	two thousand eight hundred and fifty-six

Family IIB

Physical properties of IIB group elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
zinc	silvery white	seven point one four	four hundred and nineteen point six	nine hundred and seven
cadmium	silver gray	eight point six five	three hundred and twenty point nine	seven hundred and sixty-five
mercury	silvery white	thirteen point five nine	-38.87	three hundred and fifty-six point six

Group IIIA (boron group)

Physical properties of IIIA (boron group) elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
boron	black	two point three four	two thousand and seventy-six	three thousand nine hundred and twenty-seven
aluminum	silvery white	two point seven	six hundred and sixty	two thousand three hundred and twenty-seven
gallium	silvery white	five point nine zero four	twenty-nine point seven six	two thousand four hundred and three
indium	silvery white	seven point three one	one hundred and fifty-six point two	two thousand and eighty
thallium	silvery white	eleven point eight five	three hundred and eight point five	one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven

Group Ⅳ A (carbon group)

Physical properties of IVA group (carbon group) elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
carbon	Black (graphite, carbon black, etc.) or colorless (diamond)	two point two six seven	three thousand five hundred and fifty	four thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven
silicon	black	two point three three	one thousand four hundred and fourteen	two thousand and nine hundred
germanium	silvery white	five point three five	nine hundred and thirty-eight point two five	two thousand eight hundred and thirty-three
tin	silvery white	seven point two eight	two hundred and thirty-one point eight nine	two thousand two hundred and sixty
lead	silvery white	eleven point three four three seven	three hundred and twenty-seven point five zero two	one thousand seven hundred and forty-nine

Group V A（ Nitrogen group ）

Physical properties of VA group (nitrogen group) elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
nitrogen	colourless	zero point zero zero one two five zero six	-209.86	-195.8
phosphorus	Yellow white (white phosphorus)	one point eight two eight	forty-four point one	two hundred and eighty point five
phosphorus	Dark red (red phosphorus)	two point three four	two hundred and eighty	five hundred and ninety
arsenic	Gray black (gray arsenic)	five point seven three	eight hundred and seventeen	614 (sublimation)
antimony	silvery white	six point six nine seven	six hundred and thirty point six three	one thousand five hundred and eighty-seven
bismuth	Silver white, because the oxide film is often colored	nine point seven eight	two hundred and seventy-one	one thousand five hundred and sixty-four

Ⅵ Group A（ Oxygen group ）

Physical properties of VIA group (oxygen group) elements
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
oxygen	colourless	zero point zero zero one four three	-217.65	-182.95
sulfur	canary yellow	two point zero seven	one hundred and fifteen point three six	four hundred and forty-four point six
selenium	Red (red selenium)	four point eight one	two hundred and twenty-one	six hundred and eighty-five
tellurium	silvery white	eight point two four	four hundred and forty-nine point six five	nine hundred and eighty-eight
Polonium	silvery white	nine point four	two hundred and fifty-four	nine hundred and sixty-two

Ⅶ Group A (halogen)

Physical properties of VIIA (halogen) element
Elemental substance	colour	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
fluorine	Light yellowish green	zero point zero zero one seven	-219.52	-188.12
chlorine	green	zero point zero zero three two one	-100.84	-34.04
bromine	Brownish red	three point one one nine	-7.1	fifty-eight point eight
iodine	Purplish black	four point nine three	one hundred and thirteen point five	one hundred and eighty-four point three
Astatine	black	ten	three hundred and two	three hundred and seventy

Group O (noble gas)

Physical Properties of Group O (Noble Gases)
Elemental substance	colour	Color of light after power on	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
helium	colourless	violet	zero point zero zero zero one three	-272.98 (pressurized)	-268.93
neon	colourless	gules	zero point zero zero zero nine	-248.45	-246.08
argon	colourless	sky blue	zero point zero zero one seven eight	-189.19	-185.95
krypton	colourless	Light red	zero point zero zero three seven four	-157.22	-153.22
xenon	colourless	white	zero point zero zero five eight nine	-111.7	-108.12
radon	colourless	gules	zero point zero zero nine seven three	-71	-61.7

notes Because rare gas has the characteristic of emitting color light when it is powered on, it can be made into neon lights.

radioactive element

Physical properties of radioactive elements
Atomic number	Elemental substance	Density (× 10 ³ kg/m ³)	Melting point (℃)	Boiling point (℃)
forty-three	Technetium	eleven point four eight seven	two thousand one hundred and fifty-seven	four thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven
sixty-one	Promethium	seven point two two	nine hundred and thirty-one	three thousand
eighty-four	Polonium	nine point four	two hundred and fifty-four	nine hundred and sixty-two
eighty-five	Astatine	ten	three hundred and two	three hundred and seventy
eighty-six	radon	zero point zero zero nine seven three	-71	-61.7
eighty-seven	Francium	one point eight seven	twenty-seven	six hundred and seventy-seven
eighty-eight	radium	five	seven hundred	one thousand seven hundred and thirty-seven
eighty-nine	Actinium	ten point zero seven	one thousand and fifty	three thousand one hundred and ninety-eight
ninety	thorium	eleven point seven one	one thousand seven hundred and fifty-five	four thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight
ninety-one	Protactinium	fifteen point three seven	one thousand and six hundred	four thousand and twenty-seven
ninety-two	uranium	nineteen point zero five	one thousand one hundred and thirty-two	four thousand one hundred and thirty-one
ninety-three	Neptunium	twenty point zero five	six hundred and forty	four thousand
ninety-four	plutonium	nineteen point eight six	six hundred and forty	three thousand two hundred and twenty-eight
ninety-five	Americium	thirteen point six seven	nine hundred and ninety-four	two thousand six hundred and seven
ninety-six	Curium	thirteen point five seven	one thousand and sixty-seven	three thousand one hundred and ten
ninety-seven	Berkeleton	fourteen point seven nine	nine hundred and eighty-six	three thousand seven hundred and ten
ninety-eight	Californium	fifteen point one	one thousand six hundred and fifty-two	three thousand and nine hundred

notes : ① The hardness of most radioactive elements is unknown;

② The properties of elements after californium are unknown;

③ Bismuth radioactivity Too weak to be included in the last table.

Element Naming

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IUPAC nomenclature

Many people have noticed that the last few elements of the periodic table often start with Uu, which is actually a temporary naming rule called IUPAC element system Nomenclature 。 In this nomenclature, elements that have not been found and elements that have been found but not yet Officially named Take a temporary western character name and specify a substitute for Element symbol , using Latin The number head is named after the atomic order of the element. This rule is easy to understand and use, and it solves the problem of preemptive naming of newly discovered elements Vicious competition The problem provides a basis for naming new elements. as ununquadium It consists of four elements: un (one) - un (one) - quad (four) - ium Radical Combined, representing "element 114". The element 114 is named flerovium（ Fl ）, in memory of Soviet Union atom physical scientist George Flyorov (1913-1990); Ununhexium is a combination of the four radicals of un (one) - un (one) - hex (six) - ium (element), representing "element 116". The element 116 is named livermorium (Lv), which is named after the city of Livermore where the laboratory is located.

periodic table of ele ments

Positional relationship

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Atomic radius

(1) Except for the first cycle, other cycle elements（ Noble gas Except elements) Atomic radius along with Atomic number Increase and decrease;

periodic table of ele ments

(2) Elements of the same family, from top to bottom, follow Number of electronic layers The atomic radius increases with the increase. (between five and six weeks Accessory family Except)

Elemental valence

(1) In addition to the first cycle, the highest positive price of elements in the second cycle is from left to right in the same cycle alkali metal +1 increases to nitrogen+5 (fluorine has no positive valence, oxygen has no maximum positive valence), and the maximum positive valence of other periodic elements increases from alkali metal+1 to+7, Nonmetallic element The negative valence increases from C-4 to - 1.

(2) Identical Main family The highest positive valence and the lowest negative valence of the elements of are the same. （O、F、 18 families Except)

Melting point of single substance

(1) Elements in the same period increase with atomic number, Element composition Of Metal element The melting point of, Non metallic simple substance Melting point of; (The melting point of sub group reaches the highest in VIB group, and then decreases in sequence)

(2) From top to bottom of the same group of elements, the melting point of metal elements decreases, while the melting point of non-metallic elements increases. (irregular subfamily)

Metallicity of elements

(1) Elements in the same cycle from left to right Metallicity Decreasing, Nonmetallic Increasing;

(2) Identical Main family elements From top to bottom, the metallicity increases, while the nonmetallic property decreases.

Hydrate acid-base property of the highest valence oxide

The stronger the metallicity of the element, the Maximum price oxide The stronger the alkalinity of hydrates; The stronger the nonmetallic nature of the element, the stronger the acidity of the hydrate of the highest valence oxide. (except F and O)

Non-metallic gas

The stronger the nonmetallic element, Gaseous hydride The more stable. The stronger the nonmetallic property of nonmetallic elements in the same period, the stronger the acidity of their gaseous hydride aqueous solution is generally; The stronger the non-metallic property of the same main group of non-metallic elements, the weaker the acidity of their gaseous hydride aqueous solution.

Oxidation of simple substance

The stronger the metallicity of general elements, the more Reducibility The stronger, the cation The weaker the oxidation; The stronger the nonmetallic nature of the element, the more Oxidizability The stronger, the monatomic anion The weaker the reducibility of.

Element position inference

1. The number of periods of the element is equal to the number of electron layers outside the nucleus;

2. The ordinal number of the main family element is equal to Number of outermost electrons ；

3. To determine the number of families, we should first determine whether it is the main family or the sub family. The method is to use the atomic number to gradually subtract the number of elements in each cycle, which can be determined by the final difference. The last difference in the first to fifth cycle Less than or equal to The 10 hour difference is Family ordinal , when the difference is 8, 9 and 10, it is family VIII; when the difference is greater than 10, then subtract 10, and the final result is the family ordinal number; In the sixth and seventh cycle, the time difference is 1: Ⅰ A family, the difference is 2: Ⅱ A family, and the difference is 3~17: Lanthanide or Actinide series , difference between 18 and 21: minus 14, difference between 22 and 24: VIII family, difference greater than 25: minus 24, the corresponding main family;

According to the types of elements contained in each cycle, subtract the number of elements contained in each cycle from the atomic number. When the result is "0", it is Zero family ； should be Positive number Is the vertical row from left to right in the periodic table. If it is "2", it is the second vertical row from left to right in the periodic table, that is, the IIA family; When it is negative, the ordinal number of its main family is 8+. Therefore, remember the number of elements in each cycle, that is, 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32. For example: ① The position of element 114 in the periodic table is 114-2-8-8-18-18-32-32=- 4, 8+(- 4)=4, that is, the seventh cycle, the fourth family A. ② The position of element 75 in the periodic table 75-2-8-8-18-18=21, 21-14=7, that is, the sixth cycle, the seventh Family B 。

Noble gas element

Noble gas Also called inert gases, their chemical property Very stable, not easy to occur with other substances chemical reaction 。 Stable noble gases are: helium （He）、 neon （Ne）、 argon （Ar）、 krypton （Kr）、 xenon （Xe）、 radon （Rn）、鿫（ Og ）。

Remember the atomic number of noble gas element: 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86, 118, and locate an element with a known atomic number through the position of noble gas.

For example, to infer the position of element 33, because it is between 18 and 36, it must be in the fourth cycle, numbered from 36 to the left, and should be in family VA.

Secondary Periodicity

In the periodic table, from top to bottom Element of area p The change law of is not a strictly increasing curve, but a zigzag curve. There are two on the curve Inflection point : Second cycle and fourth cycle. according to Relativistic effect The third inflection point will appear in the sixth cycle.

English periodic table

Irregularity of the second cycle

Cause of formation is the second cycle Inner electron Less (only 1s two ）， Atomic radius Especially small, so the bonding mode and type of elements in the second period are very different from those in the following periods. for example Nitrogen group element (Ⅴ A), the fifth of the third to sixth cycle chloride All have Made, but NF five Does not exist, let alone NCl five Wait for molecules. Another example is the maximum of carbon and silicon coordination number Different, resulting in carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide crystal structure Is different.

Irregularity of the fourth cycle

The elements in the p region of the fourth cycle have just passed through the d region, so the atoms Radius ratio Compared with the third cycle of the same family, there is little change. Therefore, many compounds of elements in the fourth cycle are unstable, such as HClO four And HIO four It was made very early, but HBrO four It was made in 1967, and its oxidizing property is perchloric acid (except for perfluoric acid, because thermodynamics Unstable).

Irregularity of the sixth cycle

The atomic radius of the element in the sixth period is too large, and the 6s electron cloud spacing is very large, so it is not easy to bond. Except that Tl (Ⅲ) is relatively stable, the other elements in the sixth cycle p zone are difficult to show their group valence. For example, Bi two O three Reduction ratio Sb two O three Much worse, Bi two O five Oxidation ratio Sb two O three Much stronger, and Po (VI) and At (VII) are not expected to exist.

Memory Skills

Announce

edit

Valence memory method

①

Potassium sodium hydrogen fluoride silver barium oxide calcium magnesium zinc

Trialuminium, tetrasilicon, pentavalent phosphorus, ditetrahexasulfide, ditetracarbon

One, two, copper, mercury, two, three, iron, five, seven, chlorine should be recorded clearly

②

One copper, potassium, sodium hydrogen, silver, two copper, magnesium, calcium, barium, zinc

Trialuminium, tetrasilicon, tetrahexasulfide, tetra, tetra, penta, nitrogen, tri, penta, phosphorus

Pentaheptyl chloride, triphenyl iron, tetraheptyl manganese is positive

There are positive four and positive two for carbon, remember the negative price again

Negative monobromine iodine and fluorine chloride Negative dioxy sulfur triazophos

③

Normal silver hydrogen and potassium sodium Normal dicalcium magnesium barium zinc mercury and copper

Aluminium trisilicon tetra ferrous tetra ferrous tetra

Chlorine at the last negative univalent oxygen sulfur last negative bivalent

Never forget that the single quality price is zero

④

Hydrogen positive oxygen negative two

Potassium sodium silver divalent barium magnesium zinc calcium

Variable price of trivalent aluminum iron

Copper mercury bivalent is the most common

⑤

Potassium sodium hydrogen silver dicalcium barium magnesium zinc

Aluminum positive trioxide negative dichloride common negative one

Sulfur negative two positive four six iron positive two three

One, two, copper, two, four, carbon, and single substance will return to zero forever

⑥

Potassium, sodium, silver, hydrogen+1, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine - 1;

Calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc+2, usually oxygen is - 2

Diferric iron, Ditetracarbon, Trialuminium tetrasilicon pentavalent phosphorus;

1357 positive chlorine, 246 manganese sulfide and 47;

Copper mercury bivalent is the most common, simple substance Valence Is zero.

⑦

Potassium sodium silver hydrogen chloride monovalent, calcium oxide barium magnesium zinc bivalent, aluminum tetrasilicon pentavalent phosphorus;

Two three iron, two four carbon, two four six sulfur to remember all;

Copper mercury bivalent is the most common, and the single value is zero and never changes.

⑧

Potassium sodium silver hydrogen chloride monovalent, calcium oxide barium magnesium zinc bivalent,

Three aluminum, four silicon, five nitrogen and phosphorus, copper one two, iron two three;

Atomic cluster Also remember that hydrogen, oxygen, and ammonium are negative and positive,

Acid radical All valence is negative, mononitrate, disulfide, carbon and phosphorus.^[17]

Soluble memory formula of salt

①

Potassium and sodium ammonium salt Nitrate ，

Complete dissolution is not difficult.

Acid dissolution Silicic acid ，

Soluble alkali, potassium, sodium, barium and ammonia.

hydrochloric acid Dissolution Silver salt ，

sulphuric acid Insoluble It's barium lead.

carbonic acid Potassium phosphate Sodium ammonium,

All bicarbonates have been dissolved.

Note: This pithy formula only includes the contents within the scope of middle school, such as Potassium tetraphenylboron 、 Potassium perchlorate 、 Chloroplatinic acid Potassium Ammonium chloroplatinate , rubidium chloroplatinate, cesium chloroplatinate, potassium perchlorate Potassium fluosilicate 、 Potassium fluorozirconate 、 Potassium fluotitanate 、 Potassium hydrogen tartrate 、 Nitrite Cobalt and potassium Sodium tartrate 、 Sodium perchlorate 、 Sodium titanate 、 Sodium bismuth Slightly soluble or insoluble, sodium bicarbonate High concentration is precipitation（ Hou's soda process ）， Beryllium carbonate , potassium berylliate is soluble.

②

Potassium, sodium and ammonium salts are soluble; salt made from earth containing a comparatively high percentage of sodium chloride No trace of water entering shadow

sulfate Medium barium insoluble; Silver in chloride is insoluble;

carbonate Only potassium, sodium and ammonium are dissolved in the solution.

Alkali soluble potassium sodium calcium barium ammonium

③

Potassium and sodium Ammonium nitrate Dissolve,

Hydrochloric acid removal Amalgam 。

carbonic acid phosphate ，

Soluble potassium, sodium and ammonium.

And sulfate,

Insoluble with barium and lead.

Finally, alkalis,

It can dissolve potassium, sodium and barium.

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periodic table of ele ments

catalog

development history

Element area

Contents of periodic table

Element List

Basic physical properties

Element Naming

Positional relationship

Atomic radius

Elemental valence

Melting point of single substance

Metallicity of elements

Hydrate acid-base property of the highest valence oxide

Non-metallic gas

Oxidation of simple substance

Element position inference

Noble gas element

Secondary Periodicity

Irregularity of the second cycle

Irregularity of the fourth cycle

Irregularity of the sixth cycle

Memory Skills

Valence memory method

Soluble memory formula of salt