Cofactor of enzyme

Non protein compounds or metal ions required for enzyme to play a catalytic role

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The cofactor of enzyme is the non protein Of, in Enzymatic reaction It mainly plays the role of hydrogen transfer, electron transfer and transfer of some chemical groups. Common cofactors of enzymes include metal ion And some small molecular weight Organic compound 。

Chinese name: Cofactor of enzyme
Foreign name: cofactor
Alias: Cofactor

Essence: It's protein
Can be divided into: Pure and conjugated enzymes
Role: Catalysis

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The essence of enzyme is protein, which can be divided into Simple enzyme (simple economy) and Conjugating enzyme (combined economy) two types. Binding enzyme is composed of protein part and non protein part, the former is called Enzyme protein （ apoenzyme ）, the latter is called Cofactor (cofactor), the complex formed by the combination of enzyme protein and cofactor is called Holoenzyme Only full enzyme Catalysis 。

The cofactors of the enzyme are catalytic activity Necessary, small molecular weight, loosely bound with enzyme protein Organic matter Or some metal ions.

In addition to the protein part, some enzymes also contain some inorganic or organic components directly related to their functions, which are collectively referred to as enzyme cofactors. If these components are missing, the enzyme will not show activity.

Cofactor It is a non protein compound or metal ion required by the enzyme to play a catalytic role. Cofactors can be considered as "auxiliary molecules" that help biochemical transformation.

Cofactors can be divided into two categories: Inorganic ion And are called coenzyme Complexity of Organic molecule 。^[1] Coenzyme mainly comes from a small amount of vitamins and other organic essential nutrients.

Coenzymes are further divided into two types. The first is called "prosthetic group", which consists of a coenzyme, which is closely related to protein (even Covalent ）And permanently combined.^[2] The second type of coenzyme is called "cosubstrate", which combines with protein instantaneously. The co substrate may be released from the protein at some time, and then recombined. Cofactor It has the same function as the co substrate, that is, it promotes the reaction of enzyme and protein. Inactive enzymes without cofactors are called Apoenzyme The complete enzyme with cofactors is called holoenzyme.

Some enzymes or Enzyme complex Several cofactors are required. For example, Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle At junction Multienzyme complex Pyruvate Dehydrogenase [6] Five organic cofactors and one metal ion are required: loosely bound Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP), covalently bound thiamine and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), co substrate Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD +) and coenzyme A (CoA), and metal ions (Mg2+).

Organic cofactors are usually vitamins or made from vitamins. Many contain nucleotide Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as part of its structure, e.g ATP Coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+. This common structure may reflect that RNA Ribozyme Coevolution Origin. It was proposed that the AMP part of the molecule can be considered as a "handle" through which enzymes can "catch" coenzymes and switch between different catalytic centers.^[3]

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Common enzyme cofactors

Including metal ions and some small molecular weight Organic compound 。

Common metal ions include Zinc ion (Zn(2+))、 magnesium Ion (Mg (2+)) iron Ion (Fe (3+)) Copper ion (Cu (2+)), etc., such as Alcohol dehydrogenase contain zinc 、 Argininase Manganese, but polyphenol oxidase Then contains copper Etc.

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