muscle cells

The general term for contractile cells in animals

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Muscle cell is also called muscle cell muscle fibers ）。 It is active in animals Contractility The generic term for the cells of.

Chinese name: muscle cells
Foreign name: muscle cell

Alias: Musculus prolis
Type: animal in vivo shrink Sexual Cells Of General

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brief introduction

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Muscle cells are also called muscle cells. It is active in animals Contractility The generic term for the cells of. Muscle cells are thin and long, also called muscle fibers, but different from connective tissue Fibers in. The muscle cells contain Myofibril , forming longitudinal lines seen under the microscope. Muscle cells can shrink, relax and relax, which is different from all other tissues. They are the power source of body organ movement.

Structural characteristics

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muscle cells

The structural feature of muscle cells is that there are a lot of Myofilament It has the characteristics of contractive movement and is the power source of body and limb movement and physiological activities such as digestion, respiration, circulation and excretion in the body. Matrix scale in muscle cells“ Myoplasm ”, myocytic Endoplasmic reticulum call Sarcoplasmic reticulum , myocytic cell membrane Scale“ Sarcolemma ”。 muscle fibers A small amount between connective tissue , blood vessels lymph gland And nerves Muscle tissue The shape of muscle cells is generally Fusiform Even fibrous, especially called muscle (meat) fiber. Sponge animal Although lacking muscle tissue, silicon horn sponges are flat on the body surface epithelial cells In addition to being somewhat contractive, there are muscle cells around the outflow holes on the body surface（ myocyte ）Length of Spindle Contractile cells. In addition, Calcareous sponges The small pore cells also have contractility. These and some protozoan The whole cell can contract to form the budding shape of muscle cells. Develop to coelenterate , Hydroid Ectoderm In the cell layer, there are Skin muscle Cells can be considered as true myofibrils. Here, the most common cylindrical epithelial cells, namely pillar cells, are elongated at the base to form a spindle. Only this part has myofibrils, which are the shape in the process of differentiation from epithelial cells on the body surface to muscle cells. As for jellyfish type, it has completely become spindle shaped muscle cells. Flatfish The above animals have obviously differentiated into skin muscle layer, organ muscle and so on.

systolic function

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muscle cells

Various forms of human movement are mainly completed by the contraction of some muscle cells. For example, various movements and breathing movements of the body are determined by skeletal muscle Shrink to complete; The ejection activity of the heart is completed by the contraction of the myocardium; some Hollow organ For example, the movement of gastrointestinal, bladder, uterus, blood vessels and other organs is determined by smooth muscle To complete. Different Muscle tissue They have their own characteristics in function and structure, but at the molecular level, all kinds of contraction activities are related to the Contractile protein , mainly related to Myosin It is related to the interaction of myofibrin; There are also some similarities in the control of the contraction and relaxation processes. The most sufficient skeletal muscle is the focus, indicating the contraction mechanism of muscle cells.

Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, accounting for about 40% of the body weight. With the cooperation of bones and joints, through the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles Higher animal Of Somatic movement 。 Skeletal muscle is composed of numerous bundles muscle fibers Each muscle fiber is a muscle cell. Adult muscle fibers are slender and cylindrical, with a diameter of about 60 μ m and a length of several millimeters or even tens of centimeters. In most muscles, muscle bundles and muscle fibers are arranged in parallel, and both ends of them are connected with connective tissue Tendons are fused, and the latter is attached to bone, usually of limbs skeletal muscle stay Attachment point At least one joint must be crossed between them. Through the contraction and relaxation of muscles, it may cause the flexion and extension of limbs. People's productive labor , various physical activity And so on are the results of the activities of many skeletal muscles. each Skeletal muscle fibers Is an independent function and Structural unit , they accept at least one Motor nerve endings And in vivo skeletal muscle fibers are only nerve fiber yes Nerve impulse It can be contracted only when it is transmitted. Therefore, all skeletal muscle activities of the human body are central nervous system Completed under the control of.

Generatin gene

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muscle cells

Myogenin (MyoG) gene is myogenic Determinants ， gene family In all skeletal muscle Genes that can be expressed in cell lines are essential factors for skeletal muscle differentiation, and their functions cannot be generated by other muscles Regulatory factor Instead, by controlling Myoblast Integration and muscle fibers It plays a key role in the differentiation of muscle. As a myocyte specific transcription factor, MyoG gene has the following three functions:

① Regulate the expression of self genes;

② Interact with other myogenic factors to regulate the expression of each other's genes;

③ Regulate the expression of muscle specific genes.

The research on MyoG gene has attracted attention at home and abroad. It is believed that through the joint efforts of a large number of researchers and through the in-depth horizontal and vertical research on this gene, the research results obtained will not only help us understand animals skeletal muscle Growth and development Of molecular biology The mechanism provides a new theoretical basis.

Capacity increase strategy

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muscle cells

about Bodybuilding Member, the best cell Compatibilizer yes creatine 、 Glycogen Plasma expander（ glycerol ）And water.

1. Creatine: Maintenance phase 3-5 g per day (250-500 mg of ALA can be added per day)

2. Tangyuan: 40 grams per hour carbohydrate To increase the content of endogenous glycogen and reduce the volume of carbohydrate after training.

3. Plasma expander: take 10 g glycerin with 30 g water. Note: It is only used occasionally, such as before competition, to increase the blood vessel degree.

4. Water: 8 ounces per day flower receptacle 8 cups or more (2 quarts in total), plus 4 ounces of water for every 15 minutes of exercise.

5. Special secret method for cell volume enlargement. Take 3 g creatine, 50 g carbohydrate, 10 g after training glutamine 20 grams of protein and 1-2 liters of water, lasting for 1-2 weeks, can achieve the purpose of cell compatibilization.

Myocyte volume natural state The following is by creatine 、 Muscle glycogen And water maintenance. Research shows that muscles Internal water The accumulation of can make Subjects Adding several pounds of muscle moisture in a few days seems to be a short-term effect, because it is not Muscle protein 。 But scientists believe that muscle cell volume increase can be transformed into a long-term synthetic process of muscle volume increase. In other words, this short-term effect can lead to long-term effects, which is the ultimate goal of every bodybuilder.

Injection technology

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In the past, many serious heart disease Patients can only place their hope of cure on heart transplantation. There is a new treatment method that combines the patient's own Regenerative capacity The technology of injecting 20% of muscle cells into the heart to reactivate the necrotic heart cells has brought hope to heart patients.

The process of this muscle cell injection technology is to first extract some dormant cells with the ability to regenerate muscle cells from the thigh muscles of patients, and then culture these cells. This process takes about 21 days, and then directly inject about 800 million to 900 million cultured cells into the necrotic part of the heart, so that the function of the necrotic part of the heart can be restored. General Weeks later The patient's condition has improved significantly. The patients who have safely performed heart surgery with this technology have not found any rejection.

gene therapy

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muscle cells

Muscle cells are gene therapy The ideal of Target cell One is that the research is relatively late and has made rapid progress, which has become a very promising target cell. Muscle is one of the commonly used tissues for drug injection Tolerance ， Muscle tissue Large quantity and easy access; Myoblast (Muscle Precursor cell ）Easy Isolation culture , and susceptible to viruses Gene transfer ； Gene transferred myoblasts are easy to be transplanted back into muscle, and easy to be in situ muscle fibers Fusion, and has already had the safe experience of myoblast transplantation in patients with pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy; There are abundant blood vessels at the transplant site, which can Gene product Transport to the whole body.

In 1991, Barr and Blau respectively growth hormone Gene (hGH) transfer to mice In myoblast C2C12, hGH was expressed in mouse muscle and plasma for more than 3 months, thus the idea of gene therapy via myoblast was proposed. There are many expressions foreign gene Direct injection of mouse myoblasts into mice can obtain sustained expression of these genes, including Galactosidase Gene, human Coagulation factor Ⅸ Genes, multi drugs Drug resistance gene Etc.

In 1993, Vincent et al. recombined the gene containing human dystrophin adenovirus Direct injection to Duchenne Muscular dystrophy In the muscles of mdx mice muscle fibers Normal generation in protein For 6 months, and alleviated the symptoms of mdx mice. Muscle cells are also the most common way of vivo metastasis Target cell and Target tissue 。 Will be exposed DNA Direct injection into mice skeletal muscle , can be directly implemented Gene transfer 。 In 1990, Wolff et al. injected plasmids containing gene galactosidase gene and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene into mouse skeletal muscle and myocardium for the first time, and the exogenous gene lasted for one year, showing a new way for gene therapy.

adopt intramuscular injection The gene therapy research implemented by the pathway has entered clinical trials. In 1999, University of Pennsylvania High and Mark cooperated with Avigen Company of the United States to carry out Adeno associated virus The clinical trial of gene therapy for hemophilia B by the pathway. In 1999, Electric pulse DNA transfer The technology has achieved amazing success. This technology marks an important breakthrough in the gene delivery system. The most convenient target organization of this system is Muscle tissue 。 except skeletal muscle In addition, myocardium can also be used as gene therapy Target cell , gene therapy Cardiovascular disease Provides possibilities. At present, the strategy of directly injecting DNA into myocardium has been successfully applied coronary heart disease 、 miocardial infarction And other cardiovascular diseases, and has achieved remarkable results.

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