Green environmental protection refers to an action taken by human beings to protect nature.Green hereEnvironmental protection signsIt means that the sign is composed of three parts, namely, the green and environmental protection at the bottom, the left and right leaves and the centralBud, symbolNatural ecology。The color is green, symbolizing life, agriculture and environmental protection.The figure is a regular circle, which means protection.
In 2005, a "environmental storm" blew up in the mainland of Chinatotal investmentThe State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) has suspended the projects under construction amounting to more than 117.9 billion yuan, including three projects of the Three Gorges Corporation, which is also a ministerial unit.The reason is that these projects have notEnvironmental Impact Assessment, which belongs to illegal projects built before approval.environmental deteriorationNo way out Chineseenvironmental problemsIt doesn't start today.As early as the 1990s,environmental pollutionThe problem is already very serious.asHuaihe River Basin。In the 1990s, the five types of water quality accounted for 80%Huaihe RiverIt is like a huge sewage ditch all the year round.In 1995, the economic losses caused by environmental pollution reached 187.5 billion yuan.According to the calculation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, environmental pollution andecological damageThe losses caused have accounted forgross domestic product15% of the total value, which means 9% economic growth on one hand and 15% on the otherLoss rate。The environmental problem is not only a problem of China's sustainable development, but has become a swallowEconomic achievementsThe devil of.Desertification land in China has reached 2.674 millionsquare kilometre；The cultivated land and homes of 471 counties in 18 provinces and regions and nearly 400 million people are threatened by desertification to varying degrees, and desertification is growing at the rate of more than 10000 square kilometers per year.
Green and environmental protection
None of the seven river systemsuse valueThe water quality has exceeded one third.More than 400 of 668 cities in China are in water shortage.Many of them are caused bywater pollutionCaused by.asZhejiangprovinceNingboCity, located inYongjiang River、Yao Jiang、Fenghua RiverAt the intersection of three rivers, due to water pollution, water trucks need to run day and night to transport water from rural rivers to various enterprises in the city when water is most scarce.China's average of 10000 yuanIndustrial added value330 m3 of water is needed and 230 m3 of sewage is produced;288000 tons of wastewater will be discharged for every 100 million yuan of GDP.There are a lot ofdomestic sewage。More than 80% of them are directly discharged into rivers without treatment. In less than 10 years, there will be no water available in China.1/3 of the countryurban populationBreathing heavily polluted air, 1/3 of the land isacid rainErosion.Acid rain in economically developed Zhejiang ProvinceCoverageIt has reached 100%.The frequency of acid rain is 11% in Shanghai and about 12% in Jiangsu.Central China And some southern cities, such asYibin、Huaihua、Shaoxing、Zunyi, NingboWenzhouThe frequency of acid rain exceeded 90%.In China, the maximum allowable limit for basically eliminating acid rain pollutionsulfur dioxideEmissions12 million to 14 million tons.In 2003, the national sulfur dioxide emissions reached 21.587 million tons, an increase of 12% over 2002, of which the industrial emissions increased by 14.7%.according toEconomic development speed。As well as pollution control methods and efforts, by 2020, the sulfur dioxide emissions from thermal power plants alone will reach more than 21 million tons, and the total emissions will exceedAtmospheric environmental capacityMore than one time, this pairecological environmentAnd public health will be a serious disaster.
On January 27,SwitzerlandDavos World Economic ForumSomeone predicted that if we don't rectify it, it will be sudden in human historyenvironmental crisisFor the economySocial systemThe biggest destruction of will probably occur in China in the near future.There is a saying that pollution control is in a dilemmaSimultaneous controlGood environment. The investment in environmental protection must reach more than 1.5% of GDP.But this is because environmental protection is already very good. In China, according to the experience of Shanghai, we should really and effectivelyControl environment，Environmental protection investmentIt must account for more than 3% of GDP.In the past 20 years, China's annual investment in environmental protection was 0.5% in the first half of the 1990s, and only a little more than 1%.Environmental protection is a kind of "luxury consumption", with large investment and small contribution to GDP. Therefore, some environmental protectionSpecial funds, which was also used for other purposes.China is in a dilemma on environmental issues: without governance, the future cannot be guaranteed;If we really want to govern, we need large-scale investment, and the current economy is unbearable.Some people have calculated that,YunnanDianchi LakeIn the past 20 years, the surrounding enterprises have created only a few billion yuan of output value, but it will cost at least tens of billions of yuan to initially restore the water quality of Dianchi LakeRMB, this is a year long event in Yunnan Provincerevenue。The smallPaper millThe cumulative output value in 20 years is only 50 billion yuan.But in order to control the pollution caused by it, 300 billion yuan will be invested even if the main stream reaches the minimum irrigation water standard.It will not only take a terrible number of years, but also at least 100 years to recover to the three types of water quality in the 1970s.
Low illegal cost and high law enforcement cost. In the past 20 years, the domestic manufacturing industry has been unable to rely ontechnical progressReduce energy consumptioncost reductionIn this case, we can only tap the potential in two aspects: wages and environmental protection.The simplest thing, such as cement production, to meet the minimum environmental protection requirements, each ton of cement needs to increase the cost by 8 yuan, accounting forEx factory price5%.textile industryThe wastewater discharged every year exceeds 1 billion cubic meters. If it needs to be treated, it will cost 1.2~1.8 yuan per ton.increaseproduction costs5%。The vast majority of enterprises are not so highprofit margin。Therefore, we can only guerrilla on environmental protection: or we will not build anyWastewater treatment facilities: Or it can be used as decoration after establishment. Sewage can be put into the treatment pool during the day and discharged into the river at night when no one is around, which can save a lot of costs.In the disordered market competition, the 5% cost.It often determines the profit and loss, life and death of an enterprise.However, China's two high and one low environmental law enforcement - high law-abiding cost, high law enforcement cost and low law-abiding cost also contribute to this trend.In general, the environmental protection department needs to spend 500000 yuan to obtain evidence for an illegal discharge event, but the final fine for illegal enterprises is only 50000 yuan, including the so-called "environmental storm" that is blowing hard.Some super large power station projects with billions of yuan of investment violatedenvironmental assessmentThe final fine for unauthorized construction was only 200000 yuan.A fine of 200000 yuan is a drop in the bucket for a project with an investment of more than 100 million yuan.Such punishment is rightillegal activitiesWhat is the deterrent power?So《Environmental protection law》It has always been called "Tofu Law".
An environmental storm will involve hundreds of thousands of enterprises, which will inevitably result in the bankruptcy of a large number of enterprises, the unemployment of a large number of people, the substantial increase of enterprise costsprice indexQuickly break through double digits.Therefore, whetherMacro cost, or micro costs, in fact, can not afford.There are four factors that hinder environmental governance from meeting the huge resistance of environmental protection departments in the process of law enforcement. Pan Yue, Deputy Director of the State Environmental Protection Administration, summed up four reasons: first, some places do not have a good understanding of the scientific concept of development and simply pursue itEconomic growth rate。somehigh energy-consumptionHeavy pollution small smelting, smallferroalloy, small chemical industry and other projects that are explicitly prohibited have shown a trend of spread in some places.
Secondly, some local governments are attracting investmentZizhong, one-sided emphasis on simplifying approval, and going through relevant procedures within a time limit.Regardless of whether there will be pollution in the project, the investment will be approved as long as it comesConstruction Projectenvironmental effectIllegal phenomena such as "the will of the head" and "getting on the train first, then buying tickets" exist in the approval.Thirdly, the quality of EIA needs to be improved urgently.Some EIA units do not insistScientific evaluation, dare not speak with objective facts and scientific data, and the evaluation conclusion is vague and ambiguousEnvironmental feasibilityWhether or not the conclusion is pushed to the approval department, or even very few EIA units practice fraud, fabricate or forge data, or conceal facts, which seriously affectsenvironmental impact assessing regimeThe implementation ofEnvironmental Impact AssessmentIt has become a mere formality and lost the basic scientificity andfairness。 last,Information disclosureandPublic participationInadequate work.China's environmental impact assessment system is government led. It is obviously inadequate to supervise a large number of construction projects with limited government power.In fact, the resistance encountered by the EIA method is more behindeconomic interestBe driven.To set off a real "environmental storm", China is a big country with little room for manoeuvre on the environment, and also a rising country after the global resources and markets are basically divided up.There is no possibility for China to wait until the environment is extremely bad, as some of the first countries did.But China is anotherdeveloping countryChina will inevitably follow the path of developing the economy first and then tackling pollution that others have followed.The history of countries around the world has shown that economic growth andenvironmental change There is a common rule: a country will have aenvironmental pollutionalong withgross domestic productA period of simultaneous rapid growth, especiallyHeavy chemical industryTime: But when GDP grows to a certain extentAdvanced industrial structure, and residential environmentWillingness to payEnhancements to.Pollution levelAfter reaching the turning point, it will suddenly decline with the growth of GDP until the pollution level returnsenvironmental capacityThis is calledEnvironmental Kuznets curveThe development process of Japan was just like this.There is no doubt that China is not likely to cross such an era of heavy and chemical industry.Because China's population is too large and the country is too big to be likeFinlandIn that way, in the domestic manufacturing industryunderdevelopedWith the help ofglobalizationDivision of labor, directly into the high-tech era.In the late 1990s, the author once returnedSouthern JiangsuIn my hometown, the scene when I was a child when I could reach the four villages and eight towns by boat with clear river water has gone forever.To my surprise, the main factor causing this situation is the most commondomestic garbage。In China, even without the development of industry, the pollution caused by population growth is enough to make the environment worse to an intolerable level. Even if such pollution is treated, it also requires a large amount of investmenteconomic base。 China has a long way to go in tackling pollution. It needs to act in accordance with the law, stop vicious environmental incidents and slow down the pace of environmental degradation.
So we must pay attention to environmental protection.
Pollution type
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air pollution
1. Pollution status
According to《China Environmental Status Bulletin》It shows that in 1997, cities in Chinaair qualityIt is still at a relatively heavy pollution level, and the northern cities are heavier than the southern cities (see Figure 3-1).The annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide ranges from 3 to 248 μ g/m3, and the national average is 66 μ g/m3.More than half of the northern cities and more than a third of the southern cities have annual average values exceeding the national level II standard (60 micrograms/m3).The average annual value of northern cities is 72 μ g/m3;The annual average value of southern cities is 60 μ g/m3.withYibin、GuiyangCities in southwest high sulfur coal area and northern energy represented by ChongqingConsumptionShanxi, Shandong, HebeiLiaoning、Inner MongoliaThe urban sulfur dioxide pollution in Henan and Shaanxi is relatively serious.
2. Source of pollution
Energy use.With the rapid growth of China's economy and the peopleliving standardEnergyrequirementRising.
The emission of sulfur dioxide in China is growing rapidly.This is the main reason for the longest and most harmful acid rain pollution in southwest China.
vehicle emissions 。The number of motor vehicles in major cities in China has increased significantly, and vehicle exhaust has becomeUrban air pollutionAn important source of.
According to the China Environmental Situation Bulletin and the report of the water conservancy department, in 1997, the groundwater in seven major river systems, lakes, reservoirs and some areas in China was polluted to varying degrees,stream pollutionCompared with 1996,Dry seasonPolluted river length increased by 6.3Percentage point，Wet seasonIt increased by 5.5 percentage points. Among the 50000 km river sections evaluated, 42% of the rivers are polluted, of which 12% are seriously polluted.
The water quality of the seven major river systems continued to deteriorate.67.7% of the river sections monitored are Class III and superior to Class III water quality, and there is no river section with water quality exceeding Class V.
The Yellow River is facing the dual pressure of pollution and flow cutoff.66.7% of the monitored river reach is Class IV water quality.The main pollution indicators areAmmonia nitrogen、Volatile phenol, permanganate index andBiochemical oxygen demand。
Pearl RiverThe main stream is less polluted.62.5% of the river sections monitored are Class III and superior to Class III water quality, 29.2% of the river sections are Class IV water quality, and the rest are Class V and above Class V water quality. The main pollution indicators are ammonia nitrogen, permanganate index and total mercury.
The water quality of Huaihe River has improved, especially in the highly polluted river sections in previous years.The water quality of the main stream is mainly of Class III and IV, and the pollution of the tributaries is still serious. The main pollution indicators are non ammonia and permanganate indexes.
seaLuanhe River systemThe pollution is serious and the overall water quality is poor.50% of the river sections monitored are Class V and above Class V.The main pollution indicators are permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand.
largeLiaohe RiverThe overall water quality of the water system is poor and the pollution is serious.50% of the monitored river reaches have water quality exceeding Class V.The main pollution indicators are ammonia nitrogen, total mercury, volatile phenolBiochemical oxygen demandAnd permanganate index.
Songhua RiverThe water quality has improved compared with previous years.70.6% of the monitored river reach is Class IV water quality.The main pollution indicators are permanganate index, volatile phenol and biochemical oxygen demand.
Municipal domestic sewage.Although the discharge of industrial wastewater has declined year by year in the past decade, the total amount of domestic sewage has increased.
Solid waste pollution
1. Pollution status
In 1997, the national industrysolid waste The output is 1.06 billion tons, including 400 million tons of solid waste generated by township enterprises, accounting for 37.7% of the total output,Hazardous wasteThe output is 10.77 million tons, accounting for about 1.0%.In 1996, 16.9 million tons of industrial solid wastes were discharged, of which 1.3% were hazardous wastes.The accumulated storage of industrial solid waste in China has reached 6.5 billion tons, covering an area of 51680 hectares, of which hazardous waste accounts for about 5%.Municipal domestic wasteThe output is about 1.4 billion tons, and two-thirds of cities in China are surrounded by garbage.Over the years,Plastic packagingThe consumption of materials increased rapidly“white pollution”The problem is prominent.
2. Source of pollution
Industrial solid waste.Municipal domestic waste.
noise pollution
1. Pollution status
According to the China Environmental Status Bulletin, in 1997, most of China'scity noiseIt is at a medium pollution level, among which,Living noiseThe scope of influence is large and tends to expand.traffic noise It has the strongest impact on the environment.
National Road Traffic Noise EquivalentSound level67.3~77.8 decibels, nationwideaverage value71 dB (lengthweighting）。49 under monitoringUrban RdAmong them, 54.9% of the total monitoring length is sound level over 70 dB.
Urban areaambient noiseThe equivalent sound level is between 53.5 and 65.8 decibels, and the national average is 56.5 decibels (area weighted).Among the 43 cities in the statistics, 33 have sound levels exceeding 55 decibels, of which,da tong、Kaifeng、LanzhouThe equivalent sound level of the three cities exceeds 60 decibels, causing heavy pollution.
The noise in various functional areas generally exceeds the standard.Over standard citypercentage 57.1% for special residential areas;ResidentsCultural and educational district71.7%；80.4% of residential, commercial and industrial mixed zone;21.7% in industrial concentration area;50.0% for trunk roads.
Environmental protection means that human beings consciouslyProtect natural resourcesAnd make reasonable use of it to preventnatural environmentContaminated and damaged;The polluted and damaged environment must be comprehensively treated to create an environment suitable for human life and work.Environmental protection refers to human beings' efforts to solve real or potential environmental problems, coordinate the relationship between human beings and the environment, and ensure economic and social securitysustained developmentThe general term of various actions taken.The methods and means areEngineering technologyOfadministrative managementThere are also legal, economic, publicity and education.
protect the environment
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New China was foundedIn the past 60 years, especially since the reform and opening up, under the high attention of the Party and the government, China's environmental protection has developed rapidly from scratch, from small to large.Through unremitting efforts, the environmental legal system has been further improved,environmental pollutionWe have gradually stepped up efforts to improve the ecological environment,Pollution controlInvestment increased steadilyenvironmental qualityThe trend of serious deterioration has been basically controlled, and environmental protection has developed rapidly.
Steady development of environmental protection
Chineseenvironmental protectionThe cause began in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s, it started out in difficulty and began to take the right path of development.Since the reform and opening up, China's environmental protection has developed steadily.Issued in 1979《Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (for Trial Implementation)》The environmental protection work has stepped into the legal track and accelerated the development of environmental protection.The second national environmental protection work conference held in 1983 formally identified environmental protection as one of the nationalBasic state policyAnd formulated "economic construction, urban and rural development andEnvironmental constructionTo plan, implementSynchronous development, doeconomic performance、social results、environmental benefitThe guideline of "unification" has been clarified“Prevention first, combination of prevention and control "," who pollutes, who governs "and" strengthen environmental management "Three major policies。During the Eighth Five Year Plan period, especially in 1992United Nations Conference on Environment and DevelopmentSince then, China has taken the lead in the world in proposing the "Ten Countermeasures for Environment and Development", which is the first time to explicitly propose the transformation of traditionDevelopment modeAnd take the path of sustainable development.During the Ninth Five Year Plan period, the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress deliberated and adopted the Ninth Five Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of the Long term Goals for 2010, and the State Council issued the Decision on Several Issues of Environmental Protection to implement《Total emission control plan of pollutants》And Cross Century Green Project Planning.During the "Tenth Five Year Plan" period, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed the importance of establishing a scientific outlook on development and building a harmonious societystrategic thinking。In 2002, the first book in ChinaCircular economy legislation——The promulgation of the Cleaner Production Promotion Law marks that China's pollution control model has changed fromEnd treatmentStart to shift to whole process control.During the 11th Five Year Plan period, the state further strengthened environmental protection, which greatly promoted the further development of China's environmental protection cause.
Store green capital
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In order to live in peace, people will save food and money;In order to carry out production smoothly, enterprises will store funds and resources;To maintainecological safety , you want to store“Green capital”。 Because green is not only a symbol of life and health, but also a symbol of civilization and environmental protection. It is also the basic color of the environment on which we live.If there is no green, it will threaten our human survival and development, and the earth will also faceExtinction of species。Therefore, the coexistence of "green capital" has become the response of all countries in the worldecological crisisConsensus and responsibility.
To store "green capital" is to plant trees to protect green and expand greening.To store more "green capital", the most effective direct method is afforestation.Afforestation can not only beautifyenvironment, prevent water and soil loss, and reduce the earth more effectivelyozone layerOfcarbon dioxideTo provide clean and fresh air for human beings, improve the ecological environment and regulate the climate.Humans have realized the importance of storing "green capital". Many countries in the world have set up Tree Planting Day for this purpose. Through activities such as planting trees to protect the green, people's awareness of environmental protection and greening is enhanced, and people's passion for planting trees to protect the green is promoted, so as to achieve the purpose of storing "green capital" and maintaining ecological balance.
However, the storage of "green capital" cannot be done well with a gust of wind and a few slogans of the "Arbor Day". China is still a country with few forests and fragile ecology, and the storage of "green capital" still has a long way to go.
The storage of "green capital" begins with education and practice, and focuses on planning and governance.Storage is a long-term accumulation process, we must plant trees and protect greenpopular science knowledgeIt should be compiled into the textbooks of primary and secondary school students. From childhood education, primary and secondary school students should cultivate "the morality of loving labor", "the interest of caring for nature" and "the awareness of improving the environment", and actively guide them to participate in various greening practice activities to reverse the conscious new trend of "I want to foreste" into "I want to foreste".At the same time, the greening and forestry departments at all levels should carry out scientific planning of afforestation and greening according to the climate and soil of each region, the time suitable for planting trees, the species suitable for planting, the ecological environment and other factors, put an end to the phenomenon of random planting and "show off", and strive to build a green zone with diversified levels, reasonable structure and scientific functions.And timely follow up the launch of publicity, supervision and inspection, evaluation and commendation, and latermaintenance management To expand, protect and consolidate the greening achievements.
To store "green capital", it is important to inherit culture and create brand.One tree and one scene jumping on the paper is a picture. Storing "green capital" is a dynamic picture implied in life. It is a living art piece by piece, and also a new kind of artGreen culture。Therefore, if we want to store "green capital" for the benefit of future generations and generations, we need to require all regions to create "green" brands everywhere, and consciously give the cultural connotation inherited from the evolution of local history to "afforestation", so that it has its ownvalue system And unique personality quality to create moreadded value。Only in this way can we store the "green capital" and let the earth settle down.[1]
3. Notice on Printing and Distributing Regulations on Cleaner Production Audit Procedures of Key Enterprises
4. Notice on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Rules of Beijing Interim Measures for Cleaner Production Audit (JFG [2006] No. 364)
5. Notice on Printing and Distributing the Measures of Beijing Municipality for the Use of Funds to Support Cleaner Production Jing Cai Cai Yi [2007] No. 156
6. Notice on Issuing the Interim Measures of Beijing Municipality on Cleaner Production Audit and Acceptance and the Administrative Measures of Beijing Municipality on Cleaner Production Audit Consulting Institutions (Interim) (JFG [2007] No. 1379)
7. Notice on Printing and Distributing the Interim Measures of Beijing Municipality on the Management of Special Funds for Supporting the Development of Small and Medium sized Enterprises Jing Cai Cai Yi [2005] No. 412
8. Notice on Printing and Distributing the Interim Measures of Beijing for the Administration of Cleaner Production Experts (JFG [2007] No. 1760)
9. Notice on Issuing the List of Beijing's Third Batch of Cleaner Production Audit Consulting Institutions JFG [2007] No. 791
Energy contract management:
1. Beijing Energy Contract Management Project Support Measures (Trial) (JFG [2009] No. 1171)
2. Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Beijing Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Special Fund to Support Energy Management Contract Projects (Trial) (JJCI [2009] No. 1189)
3. Public Selection Results of Energy Conservation Audit Institutions for the First Batch of Energy Contract Management Projects in Beijing 2009-11-02
4. Results of Public Selection of Energy Conservation Service Organizations for the First Batch of Energy Contract Management Projects in Beijing 2009-11-02
2. The Measures of Beijing Municipality for the Implementation of the Energy Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China came into force on December 1, 1999
1. Implementation Opinions of Beijing on Strengthening Energy Statistics and Monitoring 2008-06-12
2. Detailed Rules for Beijing to Implement the Administrative Measures for the Identification of the Comprehensive Utilization of Resources Encouraged by the State (JFG [2008] No. 1101)
3. Notice on Printing and Distributing the Interim Provisions of Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission on Government Investment Management (JFG [2004] No. 2423)
