Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy (2 or more)aldehyde(Aldehyde) orKetones(Ketone) compound, which can become one of the above two after hydrolysisOrganic compound。
Chemically, because it consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygenElement compositionThe chemical formula is similar to the polymerization of "carbon" and "water", so it is also calledcarbohydrate。
People in prehistoric times have known that they can take sweet food from fresh fruits, honey and plants.Later, it developed into maltose from grain, and then developed into sugar canebeetChinese sugar, etc.The history of sugar production has roughly experienced early sugar productionhandicraft industryThere are three stages of sugar production and mechanized sugar production.
Early sugar production
China is one of the earliest sugar producing countries in the world.The early sugar mainly includes maltosesucroseMaltose occupies a more important position.
It is a great progress for human beings to use grains to make wine and sugar.ChinaWestern Zhou DynastyOf《The Book of Songs · Daya》There is a poem in the poem "Zhou Yuan's tea is as beautiful as tea", which means that Zhou's land is very fertilevioletandEndiveIt is as sweet as caramel.It means that caramel had existed as far back as the Western Zhou Dynasty.Maltose is believed to be the first sugar made in the world.MaltoseStarch sugarIt can also be said that starch sugar has the longest history.
Figure 1
Maltose is a kind of sugarmaltSugar that has been saccharified and boiled is viscous, commonly known asmalt dust。Since the creation of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been popular among the people and widely eaten.westZhou ZhiThere are records of maltose consumption and production in the history books of the Han Dynasty.Among them, Northern Wei DynastyJia SixieAuthored《Qi People's Essential Skills》(Chapter 89 "Xing") is the most detailed description.The book describes the methods, steps and key points of maltose production, which will be used by future generations for a long time.This kind of starch sugarSweetenerThere is still production and a good market, and it still has a certain position in the sugar industry.However, sugar production usually refers to sugar production from sugar cane and sugar beet.
Sugar production from sugarcane was first recorded in India in 300 BC《Vedas》And Chinese《Poetry of the South》。These two countries are the earliest sugarcane planting countries in the world, and also the two major origins of sugarcane sugar production.Made early in the worldHistory of sugarChina and India occupy an important position.
Zhou Dynasty to Han Dynasty
maltose
In China, the earliest record of sugarcane planting was in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.4th century BCthe warring statesDuring this period, there were records of preliminary processing of sugarcane.Qu YuanThere is such a poem in "Songs of Chu · Evocation": "There are some Zhe plasm in the turtle and the firecracker".The "zhe" here is sugarcane, and the "zhe pulp" is the juice obtained from sugarcane.Explain the Warring States Period,Chu StateIt has been able to carry out the original processing of sugarcane.
Western Jin DynastyChen ShouIn the Annals of the Three Kingdoms · Wu Shu · Biography of Sun Liang, it is said that "Liang ordered the Yellow Gate to be covered with silver valonia, and the Central Tibetan officials took itJiaozhouThe description of the "sugar cane..." presented by Jiaozhou is in the area of Guangdong and Guangxi today. Jiaozhou is in the south of China with the Chu State mentioned above. It is the earliest area for sugar production from sugar cane. Sugarcane is a kind of liquid sugar, which is stickySugar cane juiceConcentrate and process to a higher concentration (viscous) for easy storage and consumption.The processing technology here has been greatly improved.
Eastern Han DynastyZhang HengIn the book "Seven Differentiations", there is a sentence of "Shayi Stone Honey".The word "Shayi" here means that the sugar produced has tiny crystals, which can be regarded as the embryonic form of granulated sugar.
Written by Tao Hongjing in the 6th century《Other records of famous doctors》It said: "Sugar cane grows in the east of the Yangtze River, and there are also some good ones in Luling. In Guangzhou, it grows for several years, all as big as bamboo, more than ten feet long, and the juice is taken as granulated sugar, which is very beneficial." The sugarcane planting area described here has become wider, and the technology of sugarcane planting has also been improved, and granulated sugar has been produced.The granulated sugar is the sugar with honey by concentrating the sugarcane juice until it crystallizes naturally.It is a step higher than the previous processing technology of sugarcane.
Tang and Song Dynasties
In the stage of handicraft sugar production, since the Warring States Period when sugarcane pulp was obtained from sugarcane, sugarcane planting has become increasingly prosperous, and sugar production technology has gradually improved. After nearly a thousand years of development, by the Tang and Song dynasties, a large-scale workshop sugar industry had been formed.
In 647,Tang TaizongSend people to India to learn how to boil sugar.Ouyang Xiu、Song QiWritten《New Tang Dynasty Book》It is recorded that in the 21st year of Zhenguan period, envoys were sent to communicate with the Son of Heaven to offer balsam trees and poplar trees.TaizongDispatch envoys to take the sugar boiling method, that is, to call all sugarcane in Yangzhou, Zha Shen is like a medicine,Color and tasteThe farther west, the farther away. "It shows that in the frequent cultural, scientific and technological exchanges between China and India, there is also an exchange of experience in sugar technology.
Since the formation of handicraft sugar production in the Tang and Song Dynasties, sugar production technology has gradually developed, and some new technologies and processes have emergedCrystal sugarSome new varieties have also appeared, and some theoretical works on sugar production have also been produced.
In 674 AD, China invented the drip method for extracting white sugar.In this method, a set of funnel shaped pottery, equipped with earthenware vats and other small facilities, is used to boil the sugarcane juice to a certain concentration and then pour it into the tile (funnel shaped pottery), pour yellow mud from the topAdsorption decolorizationPrepare native sugar.The appearance of white sugar indicates that sugar production technology has reached a new height.This indigenous sugar production has been used in China for more than 1000 years.
Dali Period of Tang Dynasty (766-779), SichuanSuiningSugar cane is used to make rock sugar.The production of rock sugar adds unique products to the sugar industry.
Sugar handicraft industry flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the variety and quality of sugar produced reached a very high level.Sugar products are not only sold all over China, but also exported to Persia, Rome and other places, promoting international trade.The sugar handicraft industry, which is widely emerging, has expanded to many regions of the country, such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan and other places today.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of people from Fujian and Guangdong immigrated to Taiwan, and at the same time, they also brought the technology of sugarcane planting and sugar production.Because Taiwan's climate is suitable for planting sugar cane, the sugar industry has developed rapidly and become one of the major sugar production bases in China.
In the middle of the 8th century, Chinese sugar technology was introduced to Japan.Around the 13th century, it was introducedJava, becoming the origin of the island's sugar industry.During the 15th and 16th centuries, Chinese expatriates alsothe Philippines, Hawaii, etc.
In the long-term practice of sugar production, many sugar production methods have been gradually summarized.Northern Song DynastyWang ZhuoIn 1130, he wrote China's first monograph on sugar production -《Frosting spectrum》。The book is divided into 7 chapters, which are rich in content, respectively recording the history of sugar production in ChinaPlanting methodSugar production equipment (including crushing andScouring Equipment)Process、icingNature, taste, use, sugar economy, etc.Ming Dynasty published at the beginning of 1637Song YingxingWritten by《Tiangong Kaiwu》Volume VI (Gan Yi) describes various methods of sugarcane planting and sugar production《Frosting spectrum》A book is more systematic and detailed.These methods were used by Chinese people until the 20th century.The method described in the book is to press the juice for many times with a bullock stone roller (or a wooden roller)（Squeezing method）, similar to the modern multiple crushing principle of sugarcane.In terms of cane juice clarification, the book summarizes the lime clarification process for the first time, and its principle is still used in the modern sugar industry.The systematic handicraft sugar production processes, such as squeezing juice, lime clarification, concentration and boiling, summarized in "Ganyi", have become the technological basis of modern mechanized sugar production.
The spread of sugar making in India
When China's sugar production technology from sugarcane spreads to the outside world, India, another birthplace of sugar production from sugarcane in the world, also continues to spread sugar production technology from sugarcane to other countries.In the 7th century, the Arabs took Indian sugarcanePlanting technologyIntroduced to SpainItaly。Since then,mediterranean seaSugarcane planting began along the coast, and then the planting technology was introducedNorth AmericaSome countries.At the end of the 15th century, Columbus introduced sugar production technology from sugarcane toWest IndiesSoon spread to CubaPuerto Rico。In the 1920s and 1930s, sugar production technology from sugarcane was introduced successivelyMexico, BrazilPeruSoon, the sugar cane industry will be in the north and southAmericaAll developed.
Mechanized sugar production stage From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the success of sugar beet production greatly promoted the development of sugar industry, and directly led to the mechanization of sugar industry.
For a long time, the main raw material for sugar production has been sugarcane, which can only grow in the tropicsSubtropicalRegion,Cold regionYou cannot plant sugarcane to make sugar.At the end of the 18th century, a new raw material for sugar production --beetIt was finally discovered, bringing a major breakthrough to the development of sugar industry.
In 1747, German chemist AMagrafDiscover beetsroot tuberIt contains sucrose, but has not received much attention.In 1786, FK. Ahard is hereBerlinThe trial planting of sugar beet in the suburbs was successful, which realized the extraction of sucrose from sugar beet and started the selection and breeding of sugar beet.In 1799, Ahard published a paper declaring that sugar could be made from beets.In 1802, AhardEastern EuropeSilesiaThe world's first beet sugar factory was built in nearby Kunern.In the same year,RussiaA beet sugar factory has also been built.In 1811, another beet sugar factory was built in France.Since then, European countries have built factories one after another, and the sugar beet industry has quickly risen.In 1810, there were 10 beet sugar factories in Russia.In 1824,UkraineBegan to establish sugar beet factories, which have grown to 67 in the following 15 to 20 years, and Ukraine has become the main sugar producing area in Russia.
Sugar production chain in Brazil
The rapid rise and development of sugar beet industry in Europe has important political and economic reasons.At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon imposed a blockade on the British Isle, while Britain imposed a blockade on the British Isle from the seaContinental EuropeimplementEconomic blockade, Europesea transportBecause of this, some urgently needed materials and food, such as sugar cane, could not be transported to the European continent by sea, which objectively promoted the rapid development of sugar beet industry in Europe.Soon, the technology of beet sugar production passedAtlantic, spread to America, and then spread toAsia, all over the world.
The development of mechanized sugar industry The origin and production of beet sugar are mainly in Europe, and in the 19th century, EuropecapitalismIn the era of development, advanced industry and advanced science and technology have provided many favorable conditions for the mechanization of sugar industry.Most of the modern mechanized sugar production processes and equipment began in the sugar beet industry in Europe.The period from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s was mechanizedSugar industryDuring the main formative period of the, many new technologies and equipment for sugar production continued to emerge.During this period, the beet sugar industry has completed the exudation juice extraction and sugar juice ash adding twicecarbonic acidFull and cleanMultiple effect evaporationVacuum boiling, crystallization and centrifugationNectar separationSugar forming, etcBasic technology。
In the early 19th century, goodAdsorbentanimal charcoalIt has been applied to decolorize sugar beet juice and achieved good results.In 1821, Dongbale cut the beet root into thin pieces and soaked it with hot water to extract sugar, which changed the early practice of squeezing beet juice and became the leader of exudation method.By 1830, Dongbale had invented the exudation method.However, because no ideal clarification method has been found, the obtained sugar juice is not easy to be clarified.In 1840, Kurman inventedcarbon dioxideThe saturation method has made breakthrough progress in clarifying sugar juice.In 1843, the invention of the multi effect evaporation tank made the sugar juice evaporate.At the same time, the high-efficient centrifugal molasses separation process is used to completely separate the sugar crystal and molasses in the syrup, and the sugar obtained is no longer the sugar with honey, but clean granulated sugar.In 1849, Rousseau invented the process of making sugar by carbonation.1849, Applicationsulfur dioxideBleached sugar juice replaces bone charcoal with high cost, and the purification technology of sugar juice is further improved.In 1859, Perrier and Posetz improved the carbonation method to the bicarbonation method, which significantly improved the clarification effect, but it was still difficult to remove the precipitated particles of sugar juice.Invented by Denik in 1864filter So that the precipitates of sugar juice can be separated.In the same year, J. Robert, an Austrian, made a batch type exudation tank group, which was widely used after it was combined with the double carbonation purification process.In the 20th century, the continuous diffuser was developed and gradually replaced Robert's diffuser.So far, a relatively complete process of sugar production by carbonation has basically taken shape, becoming the leader of modern sugar production technology.
Since most of the sugar beet production processes are also applicable to sugar cane production, they were quickly adopted by the sugar cane industry. However, sugar cane production and sugar beet production are quite different in clarification processes.In terms of juice extraction, cane sugar mills still basically adopt the method of squeezing juice. At the end of the 18th century, three rollers were used in sugar production from sugarcanepress。
In the early 19th century,Vacuum crystallization(Boiling sugar) can is successfully made.Medium term, already in usesteam engineDrive the press and start using centrifugationHoney separator。Since then, the sugar industry has entered the stage of large-scale industrial production with the maturing of sugar production technology and the continuous emergence of equipment suitable for industrial production.
History of mechanized sugar production in China
The period from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century was the brewing and exploration period of China's mechanized sugar production.In the 1930s, there was a boom in mechanized sugar production in China, but there was no industrial system for mechanized sugar production, and the sugar industry was still in the stage of handicraft industry.After 1949, it has continuously developed into a complete modern sugar industry system.
In 1878, British businessmenJardine MathesonSet up China in Hong KongRefined sugarThe machine of the company was purchased from the UK, and refined sugar was produced with native sugar as raw material. It can process 4000 loads of native sugar every day.In 1880, Jardine Matheson was in Guangdong againShantouCorner stone opened a branch factory.In addition, British businessmen in Hong KongTaikoo YanghangIt also founded Taikoo Sugar Refining Company.Following the United Kingdom, businessmen from the United States, Japan and other countries also came to China to establish mechanical sugar factories. Sugar processing technology, technology and equipment were introduced from abroad.Due to social unrestOperation managementThese sugar factories failed to survive for a long time due to poor performance and other reasons.
In 1905, planting began in Northeast ChinaSugar beet。In 1908, a sugar beet factory with a daily processing capacity of 350 tons was built（Acheng Sugar Factory）。
In 1915, another beet sugar factory (Hulan Sugar Factory) with a daily processing capacity of 350 tons of beets was built.
In 1916, the Japanese established "South Manchuria Sugar Manufacturing Co., Ltd." in Northeast China, andShenyangSet up a sugar beet processing plant in the suburb with a daily processing capacity of 500 tonsFengtianSugar factory was put into operation in 1917.In 1922TielingTieling Sugar Factory was built, and both sugar factories stopped production in 1926.
In 1920, Beijing Puyi Company built Puyi Sugar Factory in Jinan, Shandong Province, which was put into operation in 1921 and stopped production in 1929.
Before the 1930s, whether it was a sugar beet factory, a sugar cane factory, or a sugar refinery;Whether it is set up by foreign capital orcapital of the national bourgeoisieThe sugar factories that were founded were not successful. China's mechanized sugar industry was not formed, and it was still in the stage of handicraft sugar production.The old sugar making method of pressing sugar cane with cattle drawn stone rollers is still popular,Native sugar dumpling, soilSugar houseSmall workshops of sugar making are widely distributed in urban and rural areas.The output and quality of sugar are inferior to those of advanced countries.A large amount of imported sugar is still needed.In 1929, the import of sugar reached the peak (740 million kg), worth one million taels of silver, ranking first in ChinaImported goodsThe second place of.
Since the 1930s, China has restricted the arbitrary import of foreign sugar to protect the development of domestic sugar industry.From 1929 to 1933, the capitalist world broke out seriouslyeconomic crisisMany companies and businessmen are eager to promote unsalable goods and overstocked equipment.China becomes themexport of capitalA big market of.For example, the Honolulu Iron Factory in the United States,Czech RepublicSkoda factory arrived at this timeGuangdong, selling their backlog of sugar making equipment.Guangdong ProvinceThe warlords ofpolitical statusAnd strongly support and set up mechanized sugar industry.Guangdong has a long history of sugar production and rich sugar raw materials (sugarcane), which is also conducive to the development of sugar industry objectively.From August 1933 to January 1936, under the contract of Honolulu Iron Factory and Czech Skoda Factory, the market headShunde、Dongguan, newHuiyang、Jieyang6 mechanized sugar factories.The designed total production capacity is 7000 tons of sugar cane per day and 700 tons of white sugar per day.machinery equipmentAll are imported from foreign countries,Process technologyThe scale of equipment is unprecedented.Guangdong has thus become an important base for the national mechanized sugar industry.
The upsurge of setting up mechanized sugar industry in Guangdong has also affected other provinces that can use sugarcane to make sugar, followed by the establishment of mechanized sugar factories.However, due to the turmoil of the current situation and the weak industrial foundation, these new mechanized sugar factories failed to develop and prosper, and many sugar factories were forced to close or close down.
Since the 20th century,TaiwanThe mechanized sugar industry in Sichuan has developed rapidly.The earliest mechanized sugar factory was established in 1901. By 1945, there were 42 mechanized sugar factories in the province.From 1934 to 1943, Taiwan's sugar industry developed rapidly, with a sharp increase in sugar output and a large number of exports.During the sugar production period from 1938 to 1939, the output of machine-made sugar reached 1.37 million tons.
After 1949, the sugar industry in mainland China has been developing continuously.The sugar cane industry is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Hainan, Sichuan and other places.Sugar beet industry is concentrated in HeilongjiangInner Mongolia, Jilin, Xinjiang, etc.The yield ratio of sugar cane to sugar beet is about 4:1.In the 1980s, China has become one of the major sugar producing countries in the world.
After more than 50 years of construction since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, China's sugar industry has achieved tremendous development.National sugarseeded areaIt expanded from 1862000 mu in 1949 to 24855000 mu in 2003.Among them, sugarcane increased from 1623000 mu to 21135000 mu,beetFrom 239000 mu to 3.72 million mu.It is worth noting that sugar beets in Chinaplanting areaThere is a shrinking trend. In the northeast, it competes with grain, that is, soybeans and corn for land.2004Price of agricultural productsAs a result of the overall increase, many sugar farmers switched to other crops, it was difficult for sugar beet mills to obtain orders, leaving a lot of pressing capacity idle.
The per mu yield of sugarcane increased from 1.6 tons in 1949 to 4.27 tons in 2003, and that of sugar beet increased from 0.8 tons to 1.67 tons.On the whole, the sugar yield per mu has been relatively stable in the past 20 yearsUpward trend。The highest sugarcane yield per mu is in Guangxi, with 4.6 tons per mu;The area with the highest sugar beet yield per mu is Xinjiang. Due to the rapid popularization of sugar beet varieties, the yield per mu has reached 3.12 tons.With the increase of popularization speed of high sugar varieties, the per mu yield of sugarcane and sugar beet is expected to further increase.
The output of sugar and sugar fluctuates synchronously with the area of sugar.National sugar output increased from 1949/1950Squeeze seasonThe output of sugar cane increased from 240000 tons to 9.406 million tons,Beet sugarThe output increased from 20000 tons to 1.241 million tons).The output of sugarcane sugar in China has risen all the way, reaching the highest level of 9.44 million tons in the 03/04 pressing season;However, the output of beet sugar has declined, and now it is only 590000 tons, accounting fortotal outputIts share is only 5.9%, which is equivalent to 36% of the historical highest level in 1991.
sucroseConcentrate production in advantageous areas
Since the 1990s, the regional distribution of sugarcane production in China has undergone dramatic changes.Because Southeastcoastal areasIndustrial structure upgradingAnd agricultureStructural adjustmentThe sugarcane production bureau was gradually transferred to the western region.Sugarcane origin such as GuangdongHainanThe planting area in Fujian has declined significantly in the past decade.The sucrose production in Guangdong and Fujian decreased by 46% and 77% respectively.National sugarcane production is further concentrated in advantageous areas.The largest sugar base in Guangxi has more than 10 million mu of planting area, accounting for more than 45% of the total area of the country;Produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan and XinjiangSugar content9.6 million tons, accounting for 96% of the total sugar production in China, of which Guangxi and Yunnan account for 58% and 19% of the total sugar production in China.
Sugar manufacturing enterprises in China have also achieved considerable development.The number of national machine-made sugar factories increased from 3 in 1949 to 539 in 2000.In 2000, China's sugar industry carried out an unprecedented structural adjustment, and the country spent more than 12 billion yuan to close and bankrupt 150 sugar manufacturing enterprises.After structural adjustment, we eliminated the backwardthroughputThe number of sugar mills across the country has been reduced from 539 to 359, with a reserved sugar production capacity of 7.8 million tons, including 340 sugar cane and 19 beet sugar mills, 6.95 million tons and 850000 tons respectively, which are mainly distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia andHeilongjiangAnd other provinces and regions.In the pressing season of 2002/2003, there were 213 sugar manufacturing enterprises (groups) and 315 sugar factories in operation, including 39 beet sugar manufacturing enterprises (groups) and 40 sugar factories;165 sugarcane sugar production enterprises (groups) and 266 sugar factories;Refining sugar9 enterprises.There are 20 sugar groups that produce more than 100000 tons of sugar, with a total sugar output of 6.7 million tons, accounting for 67% of the national sugar output.
There are more than 200000 industrial workers in the sugar industryagricultural populationNearly 40 million people;A system including sugar industry teaching, scientific research, design, equipment manufacturing and civil engineering installation has been built, which can independently carry out sugar industry research, development and construction.The comprehensive utilization of sugar plants has also achieved great developmentbagasse, Waste (vegetable) silk and waste honey as raw materials: paper, pulp board,Fiberboard, edible, medicinalFeed yeast, sugar beet granule meal,citric acid, MSG,molassesAlcohol, etc.According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 3000 varieties of food with sugar as raw material or auxiliary material in China.
Chemical classification
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Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, which can be divided intoaldose(aldose) andKetose（ketose）。
Sugar can also beAtomic numberDivided intoTriose（triose）, terose,Pentose（pentose）、Hexose（hexose）。The simplest sugar is triose（GlyceraldehydeandDihydroxyacetone）Since most carbohydrate compounds can use the general formula Cn（HtwoO）nThat is why people used to think that sugar is a compound of carbon and water, calledcarbohydrate。I found some sugar likeRhamnose（CsixHtwelveOfive）、Deoxyribose（CfiveHtenOfour）It does not conform to the general formula of carbohydrate;In addition, someOrganic compoundThe ratio of the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the molecule of is exactly 2:1, such asformaldehyde（CHtwoO）、acetic acid（CtwoHfourOtwo）, which meets the definition of carbohydrate, but is not carbohydrate.Therefore, it is not appropriate to call sugar carbohydrate, but it has been used for a long time and is still used by some people.
①sucroseIt is widely found in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of plants, especially sugarcane andbeetIt is named because it contains the highest content.Sucrose molecule is the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.
②malt dust, also called maltose, is about half as sweet as sucrose.Maltose molecule is formed by dehydration and condensation of two glucose molecules.
③lactose, because exists inmammalIt gets its name from its milk.The lactose molecule is composed of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide(Polysaccharide) is composed of hundreds or even tens of thousands ofmonosaccharideMolecular condensation generation, the general formula is (CsixHtenOfive）n. The most important are starch and cellulose.
according toWorld Health OrganizationThe standard formulated in 1990, the daily intake ofFree sugarIt should not exceed 10% of the total caloric intake of the day.The Guidelines on Sugar Intake for Adults and Children issued in 2015 willFree sugarTo further reduce the intake to less than 5% of the total energy intake (conditional recommendation)[3]To reduce overweight, obesity andTooth decayRisk.[2]
Endogenous sugarRefers to the sugar in fruits and vegetables, which consists of a layer ofPlant cell wallWrapping, digestion is slower, and the time required to enter the blood stream is shorter thanFree sugarLonger.[3]There is no evidence that it is harmfulhealthy.[2]
biological function
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(1) Provide energy.Plant starch and animal glycogen are both forms of energy storage.
The main function of sugar is to provide heat energy.Glucose per gram in human bodyinternal oxidationIt generates 4 kcal of energy, and about 70% of the energy needed by the human body is provided by sugar.In addition, sugar is also an important substance to constitute tissues and protect liver function.
Related research
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benefit
Many researchers have studied and confirmed that it is beneficial to the human body to grasp the best opportunity of delicious sugar as long as you take it in moderation.For example, when taking a bath, you need to sweat a lot and consume physical strength. You need to supplement water and heat. Eating sugar can preventCollapse；When exercising, you need to consume heat energy. Sugar can provide heat energy faster than other foods;When tired and hungry, sugar can be quickly absorbed to increase blood sugar;When dizziness and nausea occur, taking some sugar can increase blood sugar and stabilize mood, which is beneficialReturn to normal；Eating some sugar food after meals can make people energetic and energetic when studying and working.According to reports, American scientists conducted experiments on more than 1000 primary and middle school students, and found that only 2% of them dozed off after a meal in 1-2 classes in the afternoon, while 11% of the controls (who did not eat chocolate) did.In addition,logarithmThe test of 100 drivers found that when they were required to eat chocolate, dessert or sweet drinks at 2 p.m. every day, the number of accidents was much less.
Moderate consumption does not affect health
As more and more articles report the harm of sugar to human health, some one-sided public opinions make people have serious misgivings about eating sugar, and feel "terrible eating sugar".US Food and Drug AdministrationThe conclusion of the task force's research on sugar is that sugar causesdental cariesIn addition, there is no basis for causing other diseases.As part of a reasonable diet, eating sugar, like eating other things, will not harm your health as long as you eat a moderate amount.
Energy supply
Sucrose, glucose and maltose are familiar sugars, and they are also directly suppliedHuman energySubstances.Honey contains fructose and glucose.Fructose is the sweetest sugar.The ratio of fructose, sucrose and glucose is 9:5:4 according to the experimental determination.
Are all sugars sweet?noFor example, starch, glycogen and cellulose are sugar without sweet taste.On the contrary, is it sugar that tastes sweet?I can't say that.for exampleglycol、glycerolAlthough sweet, they are not sugar.The most common tasteless sugar is the starch in rice.
Synthetic sugar
August 15, 2023, Academic Journal《Scientific Bulletin》The latest research results published show that China has taken a key step in the process of accurately synthesizing sugar from carbon dioxide to sugar.[9]
British scientists found that eating a lot of sugar on an empty stomach will suddenly increase the blood sugar in the blood and damage the bodyacid-base balanceThe balance with various beneficial microorganisms in the body is not conducive tohuman health 。
Excessive consumption affects children's development
Eating too much sugar can affect the consumption of body fat, resulting in fat accumulation;Eating too much sugar can also affect calcium metabolism.Some scholars believe that if the sugar consumption reaches 16-18% of the total food consumption, it can make the calcium in the bodyMetabolic disorder, interfering with internalCalcification。According to a survey in Japan,Pediatric fractureThe rate has increased. They believe that too much sugar is caused byfractureImportant reasons.
Eating too much sugar will causeSatiety, poor appetite, affecting food intake, which leads to a variety ofnutrientThe lack of.Children's long-term high sugar diet directly affects children's boneGrowth and development, resulting inricketsEtc.Children eat more sugar, ifInattentionoral hygiene, which provides good conditions for oral bacteria to grow and reproduce, and is easy to cause caries andmouth ulcer。
To avoid dental cariesmyopia、Chondrosis, digestive tract and other diseases,world health organizationAppeal: parents should not let their children eat too many sweets.
Sugar is one of the important substances for human survival
Sugar is one of the three major nutrients of the human body and the main source of human energy.The heat energy supplied by sugar to the human body accounts for 60~70% of the total heat energy needed by the human body. Except cellulose, all sugars are the source of heat energy.
Sugar is the most abundant organic compound in nature.Sugar mainly exists in grains, cereals, potatoespeas and beansas well asRice NoodlesProducts, vegetables and fruits.It accounts for aboutDry matter80% atAnimal foodThere is little sugar, accounting for about 2% of its dry matter.
Excessive consumption is prone to related diseases
Long term high sugar diet will make people's bodyEnvironmental maladjustmentAnd then cause various hazards to human health.Because of the sugar genusAcidsEating too much sugar will change human bloodPH, acidic constitution, weaken the bodywhite corpuscleTo the outside worldVirusesThe ability to resist makes people vulnerable to various diseases.
People who have long been addicted to sweets are prone to various eye diseases.Relevant experts also proposed thatSenile cataractIt is also related to too many sweets.They investigated 50 casescataractThe patients found that 34% of them had the habit of loving sweet food. They believed that this was related to glucoseMetabolic disorderof
Harm of sugar
As for eating candy, some people like to hold a piece of candy for several minutes, which is actually a bad habit.Because there is a kind ofLactobacillus, can ferment sugar to producelactic acid。The longer the sugar is in the mouth, the more lactic acid will be produceddental cariesThe greater the opportunity.
Don't eat too much sugar
Generally, "sugar" refers toFree sugarThat is, sugar is added, including glucose, sucrose (granulated sugar, brown sugar), syrup, etc,Chemical structureOfmonosaccharideanddisaccharideClass.Each gram of sugar contains about 4 calories. If you eat too much and cannot consume it in time, the excess calories will be converted into fat.In addition, excessive intake of foods and drinks containing added sugar will make blood sugar rise rapidly, leading toinsulinIncrease;Insulin can make the body store fat more efficiently, cause obesity, and increase the risk ofchronic diseaseto one's likingvascular disease Risk.
According to the refining degree, source, shape and color of sugar, it can be roughly divided into the following categories:
sugar
1、 Refined white granulated sugar: granulated sugar for shortcrystal, according to the size of the crystalCoarse sand、Medium sandAnd fine sand.It is characterized by high purity, low moisture and few impurities.The content of domestic granulated sugar is higher than 99.45%, the moisture content is lower than 0.12%, and it can be divided into three grades: excellent grade, first grade and second grade according to the standard. All of them are applicable tobreadAnd pastry production.
2、 Coarse granulated sugar: unrefinedraw sugar, low purity, high impurities, high moisture content, light yellow color, such as domestic No. 2 sugar and importedBrazilSugarCubaSugar.
IIIfine white sugar: Fine and even crystal, white color, soft texture, purity lower thanWhite granulated sugar，sugar contentAbout 98%, and the moisture content is less than 2%. Because of the high cost, it is used for high-grade food.
5、 Brown sugar（Tablet sugar, brown sugar): It is generally squeezed by local method, with the most impurities and the lowest purity, but it has its special flavor and fast coloring in baking, and also has certain applications.
6、 Brown sugar powder: its purity is higher than that of brown sugar, and it is easy to weigh, which is more used than brown sugar.
VIICrystal sugarandBorneol sugar: It is not convenient to weigh, high cost, less application, and limited to high-grade food.
IXmaltBlock andMalt Syrup : barleyWheatThe finished product produced in China is generally called maltose.
Xgolden syrup : It consists of sucrose and water inhydrochloric acidIt is prepared by heating in the presence of.It is characterized by low viscosity and good transparency.YesCantonese-style mooncake Necessary raw materials for.
XIFructose syrup(Isomeric syrup): convert part of glucose in invert syrup into fructose under the action of glucose enzyme.Isomerization of fructose syrup produced in industryConversion rateAt 42%, the sweetness is equal to sucrose.If the conversion rate was increased, higher sweetness could be obtained.
12、 Honey: plantNectaryIts secretion and sweetness are high, 60%~80% of which are monosaccharides easily absorbed by human body and have special flavor.
13、 Molassesmother liquorThe impurities are the most.But it has a special fragrance and producesWhole wheat breadOften used.
XIVcaramelIt is a kind of sugar food. Boil white sugar at a temperature close to or above 115 ℃ to make it light yellowcoffeeAnd has a burnt flavor, which is caramel.Generally used asPuddingOnly when.Eating more is harmful.
As sweet substances, white sugar, brown sugar andCrystal sugarIt is often eaten for people.The sugar making method is not complicated, and the sugar cane or sugar beet is pressedJuicing, filter out impurities, and add appropriate amount ofLimewater, neutralize the acid contained therein, filter again, remove the precipitationcarbon dioxideFill in filtrate to make lime water precipitate intocalcium carbonateAfter repeated filtration, the filtrate obtained is the aqueous solution of sucrose.Put the sucrose solution in the vacuumVacuum evaporationAfter concentration and cooling, reddish brown slightly sticky crystals will be separated, which is brown sugar.To make white sugar, you must dissolve brown sugar in water and add proper amount ofBone carbonorActivated carbon, adsorb colored substances in brown sugar water, and then filter, heat, concentrate and cool the filtrateWhite crystal——White sugar appears.White sugar is more pure than brown sugar, but it still contains some water. Then heat the white sugar to an appropriate temperature to remove the water, and you will get colorless and transparent lumpscrystal——Rock sugar.It can be seen that rock sugar is the most pure and sweet.
Speaking of sweet substances, people naturally thinksaccharinSaccharin is not "the essence of sugar". It is not extracted from sugar, but is made from black and smelly coal tar as the basic raw material.A small amount of saccharin is harmless to human health, but excessive consumption of saccharin is harmful to human health.So saccharin can be eaten, but it can't be used more.
Proper consumption of white sugar helps to improve the absorption of calcium by the body;But too much will hinder the absorption of calcium.
