Packaging machineryAccording to the supply mode of packaging materials and packaging materials, it can be divided intoAutomatic packaging machineryAnd semi-automaticpackerMachinery;According to the scope of use of packaging materials, it can be divided intoUniversal packaging machine, dual-use packaging machine andSpecial packaging machine；According to the type of packaging, it can be divided into individual packaging machines, internal packaging machines and external packaging machines.Packaging machinery for processing packaging materials and containers includescompound materialProcessing machinery, bag making machinery, plastic hollow container processing machinery, etc.
Packaging equipmentMachinery and equipment including manufacturing, printing and container forming of synthetic packaging materials are used to convert raw materials intoPackaging containerMachine.Most of these equipment are complete production lines, which are closely related to process and raw materials.
type
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Machinery industryIts main products include the following 12 categories:
9. For the transmission gear exposed outside and on the top of the fuselagepulley. Flywheel, lever and other transmission parts shall be equipped with protective shield;
The foot pedal operating device adopts the foot pedal, which is used for electrical switch control and can reset automatically;
11. The upper part and both sides of the foot pedal shall be provided with protective covers, and the pedal shall be anti-skid;
The stamping equipment must be safe to prevent hands from entering the closed area of the moldProtective measuresThe user unit shall adopt automatic feeding and unloading, install safety protection devices, safety molds, and use fetching and feeding according to different conditions such as the type of stamping equipment and the shape of production productsSpecial toolsAnd other pressing operationsSafety measures。
Boiler refers to the enclosed equipment that uses various fuels, electricity or other energy sources to heat the liquid contained to a certain parameter and bear a certain pressure. Its scope is specified as pressure bearing equipment with a volume greater than or equal to 30LSteam boiler；Outlet water pressure is greater than or equal to 0.1MPa（Gauge pressure）, andRated powerGreater than or equal to 0.1MWPressure hot water boiler；Organic heat carrier boiler。
Pressure vessel refers to the closed equipment that contains gas or liquid and bears a certain pressure, and its scope is specified as the highestworking pressureGas that is greater than or equal to 0.1MPa (gauge pressure) and the product of pressure and volume is greater than or equal to 2.5MPa · LLiquefied gasAnd Highestworking temperature Higher than or equal toStandard boiling pointLiquidStationary vesselandMobile container；AttirenominalGas cylinders with working pressure greater than or equal to 0.2MPa (gauge pressure) and product of pressure and volume greater than or equal to 1.0MPa · L, liquefied gas and liquid with standard boiling point equal to or lower than 60 ℃;Oxygen chamber, etc.
Pressure pipeline refers to the tubular equipment used to transport gas or liquid under a certain pressure. Its scope is defined as gas, liquefied gas, steam medium with the maximum working pressure greater than or equal to 0.1MPa (gauge pressure) or liquid medium that is flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, and with the maximum working temperature higher than or equal to the standard boiling pointNominal diameterPipes larger than 25mm.
Elevator refers toPower drive, using boxes running along rigid guide rails or steps (steps) running along fixed lines to lift or transport people and goods in parallelelectromechanical equipmentIncluding passenger (cargo) elevatorEscalator、Moving sidewalkEtc.
Hoisting machinery refers to the electromechanical equipment used for vertical lifting or vertical lifting and horizontal moving of heavy objects. Its scope is defined asRated lifting capacityLifts greater than or equal to 0.5t;Cranes with a rated lifting capacity of more than or equal to 1t and a lifting height of more than or equal to 2m and fixed load bearing formsElectric hoistEtc.
Passenger ropeway refers to power driven, flexible rope traction box, etcMeans of deliveryElectromechanical equipment for transporting personnel, including passenger transportoverhead cableway, passenger cable car, passenger towing cableway, etc.
Large amusement facilities refer to the facilities used for business purposes and carrying passengers' amusement, and their scope is specified as the designed maximum operationLinear velocityLarge scale amusement facilities with passengers whose operating height is greater than or equal to 2m/s, or whose operating height is higher than or equal to 2m from the ground.
Special motor vehicles in the yard (factory) refer toroad traffic Except for agricultural vehiclesTourist attractionsSpecial motor vehicles used in specific areas such as amusement parks.
structure
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Mechanical equipment can cause collision, pinch, shearing, entanglement and other injuries.The main dangerous parts are as follows:
(1) Composition of rotating partstangentThe joints between moving parts, such as power transmission belt and pulley, chain and sprocketrackAnd gears, etc.
⑶. Rotating bump and hole.Rotating parts containing bumps or cavities are very dangerous, such as fan bladesCam, flywheel, etc.
(4) Engagement of opposite rotating parts, such as gears, mixing rollers, etc.
(5) Engagement between rotating parts and fixed parts, such as spoke handwheel or flywheel and machine bed, rotating mixer and unprotected opening shellMixing deviceEtc.
Through coating construction, the paint can form a solid and continuous coating on the surface of the coated object to play its role in decoration, protection and special functions
2. Painting elements
The key of coating engineering is: coating process and equipment, coating materials, operating environment, and coating management.The quality of the coated material is to obtain high-quality coatingBasic conditions。Coating process, equipmentPainting environmentIt is to give full play to the performance of coating materials, obtain high-quality coatings, and reduceproduction costsAnd improveeconomic performanceOfnecessary condition。Coating management is an important condition to ensure the implementation of the established process, to ensure the stability of coating quality, to achieve the purpose of coating and the best economic benefits.
The purpose of pre-treatment is to remove foreign matters from the coated parts, such asOxide scale, rust spots, grease, etc., to provide a good substrate suitable for coating requirements, such as phosphating, oxidation, passivation, to ensure that the coating has good anti-corrosion performance andDecorative performance。
5. Pretreatment equipment is mainly divided into physical formula and chemical formula.
Physical formula:
① . Remove the impurities attached to the steel plate surface, and usediluentRemove grease and other dirt. ②if there besulfateOr corrosivesaltShould be washed with clean water and dried with compressed air.
③ On the steel plate pretreatment lineShot blastingorSand blastingMethod: remove the oxide scale, rust and other impurities, and then usevacuumClean the steel surface with a vacuum cleaner or purified compressed air.
The ideal painting environment should meet good lighting, appropriate temperature, humidity andCleanlinessAir, good ventilation, fire and explosion protection requirements.
The function of the paint spraying equipment is to limit the overspray paint mist in a certain area and filter it, so that the operator can get a working environment that meets the sanitary conditions and safety specifications.
In addition, construction conditions with certain temperature, humidity and cleanliness shall be provided.
Wet type: through gas and waterMixed actionTo separate the paint mist particles from the air.
（3）Water supply system: Ensure the normal circulation of water required by the wet paint booth.
(4) Ventilation system: composed of air supply and exhaust, it provides air with a certain temperature, humidity and cleanliness to the equipment to ensure that the indoor air islaminar flowStatus.
Electrophoretic painting equipment, electrophoretic painting: under the action of an external electric field, ionized paint particles dispersed in water are passed throughElectrophoretic mobilityIt is applied on the working surface to form a protective coating.Powder electrostatic spraying equipment, powder coated withEconomyGood, no environmental pollution, high efficiency, one time spraying can make the coating thickness more than 50 μ m.Powder electrostatic spraying equipment mainly includesPowder spraying room, high-voltage electrostatic generatorElectrostatic powder gun, powder feeder, powderrecovery unit Etc.
The drying equipment is mainly classified and composed. There are various types of drying equipment, which can generally be classified into convection drying, radiation drying, convection+radiation drying according to the production organization mode, room shape, energy use, heat transfer mode, indoor air circulation mode, etc;It can be divided into:
Through type, bridge typehalf-bridge Type, dead end type, double-layer typeП font, etc.
Main components:
1. Room body: make the circulating hot air not overflow, and keep the indoor temperature within a certain range;
The role of mechanized equipment is to organize the whole painting production lineCoordination role。
Equipment test
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(1) Drying equipment mainly tests the uniformity of furnace temperature, which is usually controlled at ± 5 ℃thermodetectorA maximum of 6 positions can be tested at one time.
(2) Paint spraying equipment mainly tests illumination, temperature, humidity andAverage wind speed: For painting equipment with high requirements, the illumination shall be 800~1000Lx, and the temperature shall be 23 ± 2 ℃,relative humidity55 ± 5%, average wind speed 0.45-0.55m/s.
General basisMaterial handling systemThe main parameters are determined according to the requirements of, various conditions of the material loading and unloading place, relevant production process and material characteristics. ①Conveying capacity: Conveying capacity of the conveyor refers to the amount of materials transported per unit time.During conveyingBulk materialIs calculated by the mass or volume of materials transported per hour;When conveying into pieces, it is calculated by the number of pieces transported per hour. ②Conveying speed: Increasing the conveying speed can improve the conveying capacity.In theConveyor beltWhen it is used as a traction part and the conveying length is large, the conveying speed increases day by day.But high-speedBelt conveyorPay attention to vibration, noise, starting, braking and other problems.For the conveyor with chain as the traction part, the conveying speed should not be too high to prevent increasing the dynamic load.The conveying speed of the conveyor for process operation shall be determined according to the production process requirements. ③Component dimensions: the component dimensions of the conveyor include belt width, strip width, hopper volume, pipe diameter, container size, etc.The dimensions of these components directly affect the conveying capacity of the conveyor. ④Conveying length and inclination: the length and inclination of the conveying line directly affect the total resistance and required power of the conveyor.
Maintenance
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1. To ensure that mechanical equipment is always in good technical conditionPut into operation, reduce downtime and improveMechanical integrity rate、Utilization, decreaseMechanical wear, prolong the service life of machinery, reduce the cost of machinery operation and maintenance, ensureSafe production, we must strengthen theMaintenanceWork;2. The machinery maintenance must implement the principle of "paying equal attention to maintenance and repair,Prevention first”The principle of regular maintenance, mandatory maintenance, correct handling of the relationship between use, maintenance and repair, do not allow only use without maintenance, only repair without maintenance;3. Each team must do a good job in the maintenance of all kinds of machinery according to the machinery maintenance procedures and types, without undue delay. In special cases, the maintenance can be postponed only after the approval of the special engineer in charge, but generally not more than half of the specified maintenance interval;4. The maintenance of machinery shall ensure the quality, and shall be carried out item by item according to the specified items and requirements, without omission or non maintenance.The maintenance items, quality and problems found during maintenance shall be recorded and reported to the special engineer of the department;5. The maintenance personnel and the maintenance department should achieve "three inspections and one handover" (self inspection, mutual inspectionFull time inspectionAnd the first handover is qualified), constantly summarize the maintenance experience and improve the maintenance quality;6、Asset Management DepartmentRegularly supervise and inspect the mechanical maintenance of each unit, regularly or irregularly spot check the maintenance quality, and reward the good and punish the bad.
Energy saving speed regulation
Mechanical equipmentPower deviceMainly fromalternating current dynamoWhen the motor is started, the current will be 5-6 times higher than the rated current, which will not only affect the service life of the motor but also consume more power. The system will leave a certain margin in the selection of motor in the design. The speed of the motor is fixed, but in the actual use process, it will sometimes run at a lower or higher speed.In this case, SAJ frequency converter is generally installed to realize the motorSoft start. By changing the equipmentInput voltage frequencyAchieve the purpose of energy-saving speed regulation, and provide overcurrentOvervoltage, overload and other protection functions.
Main hazards
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Hazards of mechanical equipment
The hazards of machinery include hazards of moving parts, static hazards and other hazards.
1. Hazards of moving parts
This hazard mainly comes from the dangerous parts of mechanical equipment, including:
(1) Rotating parts, such as rotating shafts, bumps and holes, rotating connectors, mandrels, rotating tool holders, fan blades, flywheel, etc.
(2) Engagement between rotating parts and tangent moving parts, such as power transmission belt and itsDrive wheel, chains and sprockets, etc.
⑶ Engagement between the same rotating parts, such as gearsRolling mill, mixing wheel, etc.
⑷ The joint between the rotating parts and the fixed parts, such as the rotating mixer and the mixer device without protective opening shell.
(5) Reciprocating or sliding dangerous parts, such as hammer body of forging hammer, slide block of pressure machinery, blade of shearing machineBand saw machineEdge teeth, etc.
(6) Hazards between rotating parts and sliding parts, such as mechanisms on the surface of some flat-panel printing machines, textile mechanisms, etc.
2. Static hazard factors
Having staticCutting toolWith the blade, protruding mechanical parts, sharp edges and rough surfaces of blanks, tools and equipment, as well as the worktable plane that causes slipping and falling.
3. Other hazard factors
Flying tools, fixtures, mechanical parts, flying cutting or workpieces, striking or rolling of moving workpieces, etc.
modernindustrial production Machinery used inEquipment typeThey are various and have their own characteristics, but also have many commonalities.Therefore, the design, manufacturing and inspection of mechanical equipment can be carried out;Installation and use;Maintenance;Strengthen the prevention of mechanical injury accidents in all aspects of the operating environment:
Mechanical equipment manufacturing enterprises should design and manufactureProduction equipmentDesign, manufacture and installation at the same timeSafety protection device, reach mechanical equipmentIntrinsic safety, do not leave questions to users.The specific requirements are:
The requirement is that the plane of the operator's operating position shall be taken as the benchmarkDrive belt, shaftDrive chain、Coupling, pulleygear, flywheelSprocket、electric sawAnd other dangerous parts and dangerous parts must be equipped with protective devices.
Requirements for protective devices:
A · Firm installation, reliable performance, and sufficient strength and rigidity;
C. Durable, without affecting equipment adjustment, repair, lubrication and inspection;
D. The protective device itself shall not cause harm to the operator;
E. When the machine is abnormal, the protective device shall have the function of preventing danger;
F. The electrical, electronic and mechanical components of the automatic protection device are required to act accurately, have stable performance, and have a method to check whether the line performance is reliable.
⑵ The convenience of inspection and maintenance must be considered in the design of machinery and equipment.If necessaryEquipment supplySpecial inspection and maintenance tools or devices.
⑶ In order to prevent the machine equipment or parts in operation from exceeding the limit position, reliable limit devices shall be equipped.
⑷ The machine equipment shall be provided with reliablebrake riggingTo ensure effective braking when approaching danger.
(5) Gas and liquid of machine equipmentTransmission machineryIt shall be equipped with devices to control overpressure and prevent leakage.
(6) The parts that are easy to throw out when the machine and equipment are running at high speed shall be designed with anti loosening device and equipped withprotection coverorProtective netetc.Safety devices。
(7) When the operating position of machinery and equipment is more than 2m above the ground, it shall be equipped withOperation console, railings, handrails, hoardings, etc.
(8) Mechanical equipmentcontrol device It shall be installed at the operating position where the operator can see the whole equipment, and cannot see thecontrol equipment The emergency switch must be installed at the appropriate position of the equipment.
(9) Anti noise measures must be taken in the design of all kinds of machinery and equipment to make the machine noise lower than that specified by the stateNoise standard。
(11) When designing machinery and equipmentSafety color。The parts prone to danger must haveSafety signs。Safety colors and signs shall be kept bright, clear and durable.
(12) High temperature, extremely low temperature and strongRadiation lineAnd other parts shall be provided with shielding measures.
(13) All machines and equipment with electrical appliances should be well grounded (or connected to neutral) to prevent electric shock, and pay attention to anti-static.
(2) Safety and health“Three simultaneities”In principle, necessary safety protection devices, such as protection, shall be provided when installing machinery and equipmentFence, safety console, etc.
(3) The equipment supervisor or relevant department shall prepareEquipment Operating ProceduresSafety operation procedures and equipment maintenance system shall be implemented.
3. Strengthen maintenance
(1) Daily maintenance requires operators to carefully check and wipe all parts of the machine and equipment before and after work;Refueling on time and according to quality;Keep the equipment clean, lubricated and in good condition.Strictly followOperating ProceduresUse machinery and equipment, timely eliminate faults, and do a good job in shift handover.
(2) First level maintenance, mainly operators, with the cooperation of maintenance workers, to carry out partial disassembly and inspection of machinery and equipment;Clean the specified parts;cleanOil filter, oil separator and oil pipeOil hole、asphalt felt, oil lines, etc., to make the oil lines unblocked,Oil pointerStriking;Adjust the fit clearance of each part of the equipment and firm each part.
⑶Secondary maintenance, mainly maintenance workers, with the participation of operators, carry out targeted local disassembly inspection, repair or replacement of worn parts of the equipment to restore local accuracy;Cleaning and inspectionlubrication systemReplace the aging oil;Check and repair electrical systems, safety devices, etc.
4. Improve the working environment
⑴WorkplaceThe ground should be flat and clean, and there should be no pits, ditches, holes, etc;There shall be no water stain or oil stain to prevent tripping and slipping.
(2) Necessary space and passageway shall be reserved around the machine tool equipment, and the distance between them shall meet the corresponding requirementsMinimum safety distancerequirement.The minimum safety distance can refer to the following figures: when there is no working ground between the side of the machine tool and the wall or column, the distance is 400-500mm;When there is a working place, the spacing is 1000-1200mm;When there is no working ground between machine tools, the spacing is 800 mm;When there is a working place on one side of the machine tool and pedestrians regularly pass through, the spacing is 1200mm;When there are working grounds on both sides of the machine tool, the spacing between the machine tools is 1500 mm;When there are working places on both sides of the machine tool and pedestrians pass through, the spacing is 1800mm;Arranged at 15 degreesAutomatic machine toolThe spacing is 600-800mm.
