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Mining machinery

Machinery for mineral mining and enrichment

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Mining machinery is a kind of machinery directly used for mineral mining and enrichment operations. include Mining machinery and Beneficiation machinery 。 Prospecting machinery Work of principle The structure and mining machinery used for mining similar minerals are mostly the same or similar. In a broad sense, prospecting machinery also belongs to mining machinery. In addition, a large number of Crane 、 Conveyor 、 ventilator And drainage machinery.

Chinese name: Mining machinery
Introduction: mineral Mining and beneficiation Mechanics

Category: Mining machinery and Beneficiation machinery
Include: Prospecting machinery

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English definition: mining machinery

definition: Machinery directly used for mineral mining and other operations. include Mining machinery and Beneficiation machinery 。 Broadly speaking, Prospecting machinery It also belongs to mining machinery. In addition, a large number of Crane 、 Conveyor 、 ventilator And drainage machinery.

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Engineering drawing of mining machinery

The mining machinery industry is one of the important basic industries providing equipment for the mining and processing of solid raw materials, materials and fuels, serving the important industries of black and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal, building materials, chemical industry, nuclear industry, etc Basic industry Its products are also widely used in infrastructure construction of basic departments such as transportation, railway, construction, water conservancy and hydropower.

Chinese mines Machinery industry There are seven major categories, about 300 varieties and thousands of specifications. Since 2000, driven by the rapid development of domestic basic industry and infrastructure construction, the market demand for mining machinery products has been booming. In 2010, the sales volume of China's mining machinery industry exceeded 400 billion yuan. So far, China has surpassed North America, Japan and Western Europe, becoming the world's largest mining machinery market.

The mining machinery industry occupies a pillar position in the national economy, and plays an important role in economic construction. China's mining machinery industry is in the midst of a historic window, both from the perspective of market development status of China's mining machinery industry and from the perspective of global industrial operation. The next 5-10 years will be an important period for Chinese mining machinery enterprises to fully or deeply integrate into the world and develop together with the world. The industry has a good development prospect. It is estimated that by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan period, the sales volume of China's mining machinery industry will reach 900 billion yuan and the export volume will exceed 26 billion dollars.

Mechanical classification

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Crushing equipment

Crushing equipment It is the mechanical equipment used for crushing minerals.

Crushing operation is usually carried out as per Feeding And discharging particle size can be divided into coarse crushing, medium crushing and fine crushing. frequently-used Gravel equipment yes Jaw crusher 、 Counterattack crusher ， Impact crusher ， Composite crusher ， hammer crusher ， Vertical crusher ， Gyratory crusher 、 Cone crusher 、 Roll crusher 、 Double roll crusher , two in one Crusher , primary forming crusher, etc.

It can be divided into six categories according to the crushing mode and the structural characteristics (action principle) of machinery.

（1） Jaw crusher (Tiger mouth). The crushing action depends on the movable Jaw plate Periodically press the fixed jaw plate Ore block Crush.

（2） Cone crusher 。 The ore block is located between the inner cone and the outer cone. The outer cone is fixed, and the inner cone swings eccentrically to crush or break the ore block sandwiched in it.

（3） Roll crusher 。 Ore blocks in the gap between two opposite rotating round rolls are mainly subject to continuous crushing, but also with grinding and stripping. Toothed roll surface also has splitting effect.

（4） Impact crusher 。 The ore block is broken by the impact of fast rotating moving parts. Those belonging to this category can be divided into: Hammer crusher ； Cage crusher ； Counterattack crusher 。

（5） Mill 。 The ore is subjected to Grinding medium (steel ball, steel rod, gravel or Ore block ）Is crushed by impact and grinding.

(6) Other types of crushing mills.

Mining machinery

Stone processing mining machinery (5 sheets)

Mining machinery Direct mining Useful mineral and Mining preparation Mechanical equipment used for work, including: mining metal ores and Nonmetallic ore Mining machinery; Coal mining machinery for coal mining; For oil exploitation Petroleum drilling and production machinery 。 The first pneumatic disc Shearer By British engineers Walker It was designed and manufactured in about 1868. In the 1880s, hundreds of oil wells in the United States were powered by steam Percussion drill It was successfully drilled and chiseled in 1907 Blasthole drill Drilling oil well and natural gas gas well , and since 1937, it has been used in Open pit mine well drilling. With the progress of technology, new hydraulic fracturing technology is gradually facing the market. Hydraulic fracturing is also called Water bursting The technology of water bursting rock and concrete is a new technology of non blasting breaking rock mass, rock block and concrete structure (piece). It is a kind of engineering equipment that uses the huge expansion force generated by the work of pressure energy to separate the rock block from the rock mass or reduce the fragmentation by filling the tubular sealed elastic expander inserted into the borehole with high-pressure water.

Mining machinery

Mining machinery for underground and open pit mining: Drilling machine ； Used for mining and loading ore rock excavating machinery And handling machinery; Drilling patio , shaft and drift.

Drilling machine

Drilling machines are divided into rock drills and Drilling rig There are two types of drilling rigs: surface drilling rig and underground drilling rig.

① Drilling machine : It is used to drill blastholes with a diameter of 20~100mm and a depth of less than 20m in medium hard rocks. According to its power, it can be divided into pneumatic, internal combustion, hydraulic and electric rock drills Pneumatic rock drill The most widely used.

② Open pit drilling rig: according to different working mechanisms for crushing ore and rock, it can be divided into wire rope percussion drilling rig Down the hole drill 、 Blasthole drill and Rotary drill 。 The wire rope percussion drill has been gradually replaced by other drills due to its low efficiency.

Mining crushing machinery

③ Downhole drill : When drilling underground blastholes with a hole diameter of less than 150mm, a small diameter of 80-150mm can be used in addition to a rock drill Down the hole drill 。

Tunneling machinery

It is a mechanical equipment used to directly crush ore and rock by using the axial pressure and rotary force of the cutter to roll the rock surface. The knife used has disc shape Hob , wedge gear hob, ball gear hob and End mills 。 According to the different tunneling roadways Raise drill 、 Shaft drill Heping Lane Tunnel boring machine 。

① Patio drill, specially used for drilling patios and Pass , generally do not need to enter the patio for operation, use Cone bit First drill the pilot hole, and use the reamer composed of a disc hob to expand the hole upwards.

② Shaft drill It is specially used for drilling wells at one time derrick , drilling tool lifting system and Mud circulating system form.

③ Drift digger It is a comprehensive mechanized equipment that combines mechanical rock breaking with slag discharge and other processes and continuously excavates. It is mainly used for Coal lane Engineering tunnels in soft mines and medium hard ore rocks Drift driving 。

Mining machinery

Coal mining machinery

Coal mining has developed from semi mechanization in the 1950s to comprehensive mechanization in the 1980s. Comprehensive mechanized coal mining Widely used shallow cut double (single) drum combination Shearer (or coal plough ）Flexible scraper Conveyor And hydraulic self shifting Bracket And other equipment Stope face The crushing, coal loading, transportation, support and other links are fully mechanized. Double drum shearer It is a coal falling machine. Motor Cut part Reducer The power is transmitted to the spiral drum for coal falling, and the movement of the machine depends on the motor passing through the traction part transmission To achieve. There are basically two types of traction, namely, anchor chain traction and non anchor chain traction. Chain pulling Sprocket It is achieved by meshing with the anchor chain fixed on the conveyor.

Petroleum drilling and production

Petroleum drilling and production machinery

land Petroleum drilling and production machinery 。 Divided into Drilling machinery Oil production machinery, workover machinery and fracturing and acidizing machinery to maintain high production of oil wells. A complete set of mechanical equipment for drilling or drilling production wells for the development of oil or natural gas. Oil drilling rig, including derrick Winch , power machine Mud circulating system , pulley system, rotary table Wellhead equipment and electric control system 。 Derrick for device Crown block , swimming Pulley and Hook Lift other weights up and down Drill floor Suspend the drilling tools in the well for drilling.

Beneficiation machinery

Drying machine

Beneficiation is conducted in the Mineral raw materials , which is selected according to the differences in physical, physicochemical and chemical properties of various minerals Useful mineral Process. The implementation of this process is called Beneficiation machinery 。 The mineral processing machinery is divided into crushing, grinding, screening, separation (sorting) and dewatering machinery according to the mineral processing flow. Common crushing machines are Jaw crusher 、 Gyratory crusher 、 Cone crusher 、 Roll crusher and Counterattack crusher Etc. Grinding machine The most widely used is the drum mill, including Rod mill 、 Ball mill 、 Gravel mill and Ultra fine laminated autogenous mill Etc. Inertia commonly used in screening machinery Vibration sieve and Resonance sieve 。 Hydraulic grader And machinery classifier It is a grading machine widely used in wet grading operations. Sorting The flotation machine Commonly used devices are Full section air lift micro bubble flotation machine Dehydration machinery is famous for multi frequency Dewatering screen Dry discharge of tailings System. The more famous crushing and grinding system is the ultra-fine laminated autogenous mill.

Drying machine

Slime special-purpose dryer Is on Drum dryer A new type of special purpose product developed on the basis of drying equipment , can be widely used in:

1. Coal slime, raw coal and flotation in coal industry Clean coal , mixed clean coal, etc materiel Drying;

2. Blast furnace in construction industry slag 、 clay , Pengruntu, limestone sand 、 quartz Drying of other materials;

3. Various metals in mineral processing industry concentrate , waste residue tailings Drying of other materials;

Special dryer for slime

4、 Chemical industry wrong Heat sensitive materials Drying.

automation

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The automation equipment of mining machinery is a large complete set of equipment in the automation system, also called automation device. The process of automatically operating or controlling a machine or device according to specified procedures or instructions without human intervention. The application of automation technology can liberate people from heavy physical labor, part of mental labor and harsh and dangerous working environment. When using automatic equipment, our operators and equipment maintenance personnel need to be more careful with the machine, and do not damage the machine due to temporary negligence.

It is inevitable that some failures will occur in the use of automatic equipment of mining machinery. For example, due to the negligence of equipment maintenance personnel, some sensor positions may be wrong, such as not in place, sensor failure, sensitivity failure, etc. The sensing position and sensitivity of the sensor should be checked frequently, and the deviation should be adjusted in time. If the sensor is damaged, it should be replaced immediately. In addition, due to the vibration of the automation equipment, most sensors will become loose after long-term use, so it is necessary to frequently check whether the sensor position is correct and fixed firmly during daily maintenance.

working principle

According to the different types of mining machinery, their working principles also have their own characteristics. Drilling machine It is a machine used to drill holes with a diameter of 20~100 mm and a depth of less than 20 m in medium hard rocks. Open pit drills are divided into wire rope percussion drills Down the hole drill 、 Blasthole drill and Rotary drill , where Wire rope Impact drilling rig has been gradually replaced by other drilling rigs due to its low efficiency.

Tunneling machinery is a kind of roadway or well forming machinery that uses the axial pressure and rotary force of the cutter to roll the rock surface and directly crush the ore and rock. The knife used has disc shape Hob 、 Wedge hob , ball gear hob and milling tool Etc. It can be divided into Raise drill 、 Shaft drill Heping Lane Tunnel boring machine 。

centrifugal Concentrator It is a machine used to recover metal ore particles from micro slime, mainly composed of host and control mechanism. Tapered on the main engine drum High speed rotation centrifugal force In the field, heavy ore particles are deposited on the drum wall concentrate , light mineral particles are attached to the surface of the concentrate and receive flow film（ pulp Flow), discharge the drum and become tailings.

Mine crusher

Magnetic separator Is to use the magnetic differences of various minerals magnetic force And mechanical force to separate minerals. The magnetic separator is composed of magnetic system, separation device, ore feeding and ore discharging device. There are many kinds of magnetic separators, mainly Permanent magnetic drum separator Electromagnetic flat ring High-intensity Separators and High gradient high intensity magnetic separator Etc.

The flotation machine It is a machine for separating fine minerals by taking advantage of the differences in physical and chemical properties of the mineral particle surface. Ore particle flotation machine is attached with Flotation reagent , by compressed air or Mechanical mixing , so that the mineral particles that are not easy to be wetted by water attach to the bubbles (positive flotation method), rise to the liquid level, and use the ore discharging device as concentrate Discharged, mineral particles easily wetted by water remain in the tank as tailings Discharge.

The concentrate obtained by wet beneficiation needs to be dehydrated Mechanical treatment To separate solid and liquid. Dewatering machinery Can be divided into Thickener 、 filter 、 Centrifugal dehydrator And dryer.

Mechanical commissioning

Power unit of mining machinery

Before mining machinery is used in production, it must be debugged to avoid accidents in production. The following is the general commissioning method of mining machinery.

No-load test

(1) Host and Analyzer The steering is correct.

(2) The no-load test run of the main engine shall meet the steering requirements, and the running time shall not be less than 1h.

(3) When the main engine runs with no load a wire rope Fasten and avoid Grinding roll Contact with the grinding ring and strike. If there is no condition Grinding roller device disassemble.

(4) The no-load test run of the main engine shall be stable, and the maximum temperature of lubricating oil shall not exceed 800 ℃, temperature rise It shall not exceed 400 ℃.

(5) The large and small bevel gears of the Analyzer shall run smoothly without abnormal sound, and the oil path shall be smooth.

（6） Blower The rotation direction shall be observed and there shall be no abnormal sound and vibration, Rolling bearing The maximum temperature shall not exceed 700 ℃, and the temperature rise shall not exceed 350 ℃.

Load test

(1) The no-load test run can be carried out only after the no-load test run proves that all components can work normally.

(2) The load test run time shall not be less than 8h.

(3) The mining machinery shall work normally, and the transmission part shall be free from abnormal sound and shock vibration.

（4） Rolling bearing The maximum temperature of lubricating oil shall not exceed 800 ℃, and the temperature rise shall not exceed 400 ℃.

(5) Each flange There shall be no air leakage in contact.

(6) The mechanical output reaches the specified target.

(7) Adjustment Analyzer Rotate speed to control the particle size of finished products within the range of 0.44-0.125mm.

(8) After the empty load and load make the operation qualified, tighten the fasteners again, and then put into normal operation.

Operating Procedures

The machine can be officially put into production only after it has passed the test run. In order to ensure long-term safe operation of the machine, special attention should be paid to correct operation, routine maintenance and regular maintenance of the machine.

1. Preparation before machine operation:

The machine must be fully prepared and strictly inspected before normal operation and startup. All parts of the machine must be intact, and all fixing bolts and Anchor nut It shall be firmly tightened, and the machine accessories shall be free of things and sundries that hinder the operation.

2. Normal operation of the machine:

When the machine runs normally operator And relevant personnel must pay attention to the following matters:

(1) Whether all fixing bolts are broken or loose.

(2) Each Bearing lubrication Whether the condition is normal and whether there is oil leakage.

(3) Whether the seals are tight and whether there is oil leakage.

(4) Check whether the feeding quantity is excessive and whether the discharging particle size meets the requirements.

（5） roll And whether the gear operates normally.

3. Other precautions:

one
Do not change the direction of rotation of the machine.
two
In case of power failure during machine operation, the power supply shall be cut off immediately to avoid accidents caused by sudden power supply.

Maintain security

The maintenance of mining machinery is an extremely important regular work, which should be closely coordinated with the operation and overhaul of the machine, and should be checked by full-time personnel on duty.

(1) Bearing. The bearing of mining machinery bears all the loads of the machine, so good lubrication has a great relationship with the life of the bearing, which directly affects the service life and running rate of the machine. Therefore, the injected lubricating oil must be clean and the seal must be good.

(2) Newly installed Tyre Frequent inspection must be carried out for looseness.

(3) Check whether all parts of the machine work normally.

(4) Pay attention to check the wear degree of easily worn parts and replace the worn parts at any time.

(5) On the plane of the chassis of the movable device, dust and other matters shall be removed to avoid that the movable bearing cannot move on the chassis when the machine encounters unbreakable materials, so that Serious accident 。

(6) If the bearing oil temperature rises, stop the machine immediately to check the cause and eliminate it.

(7) Transmission gear If there is impact sound during operation, stop the machine immediately for inspection and eliminate it. Mining machinery Vibration sieve How to install and debug. Installation and commissioning of vibrating screens for mining machinery: there are many kinds of vibrating screens, including shaking screens Circular vibrating screen 、 Resonance sieve 、 Linear vibrating screen The structure is also different. Users should target different Screening machine Conduct reasonable installation, use and maintenance.

Vibration sieve

1. Preparation before installation of vibrating screen:

new Vibrating screen equipment Before installation, it should be carefully checked. Due to the long storage time of manufactured products, such as rusted bearings Sealing element Aging or damage during handling, etc., and new parts need to be replaced in case of these problems. Also, such as Exciter , which is rust proof before leaving the factory Antirust oil Replace with lubricating oil before formal operation. Before installation, carefully read the instructions and make full preparations.

2、 Vibration sieve Installation:

3. Test run of vibrating screen:

Screening machine After the installation is completed, the no-load test run shall be carried out to preliminarily check the installation quality and make necessary adjustments.

development direction

At present, the scientific and technological foundation of China's mining machinery industry is relatively weak. Since the reform and opening up, the mining machinery industry has taken the market for technology as the main way to improve the technical level of products. At the same time, it has to face the severe situation of foreign competitors investing in China.

Independent innovation

There are two problems in China's mining machinery industry: first, the comprehensive strength of mining machinery industry enterprises is not strong, and most enterprises' energy and capital investment in scientific research, new product development, technological transformation and enterprise management are at a standstill. The variety of domestic mining machinery products, especially the key equipment urgently needed for national construction, cannot meet the requirements, and the product technology content is low Product added value Low, unstable product quality Total labor productivity Low level problems. As a result, the growth rate of output value and profit of Chinese mining machinery manufacturing enterprises is extremely disproportionate. Second, there are problems in product variety, technology, quality and service, which leads to low actual contribution rate of domestic mining machinery industry to mines. Chinese mining machinery enterprises should analyze a series of problems such as poor quality, low efficiency, high energy consumption, and heavy pollution of traditional mining machinery, develop new mining machinery, innovate independently, overcome various difficulties, and make contributions to Chinese mining machinery!

Develop intelligence

With the continuous development and transformation of China's economy, "Made in China" is bound to“ Chinese intelligent manufacturing ”In transformation, mining machinery has gradually evolved from price competition to R&D competition Crusher 、 Milling machine etc. Mining machinery and equipment The trend of development is large-scale, digital intelligence and ecological energy conservation. Only with core manufacturing capability can we obtain corresponding technical added value, reflect high-end high income, gradually gather real competitive advantages, and then become respected global market competitors. On the road of the development of China's mining machinery, improving the ability of independent innovation will become an important support to improve the overall quality of mining machinery. We should strengthen technological innovation, integrate scientific and technological resources, rely on major scientific and technological projects, break through core and key technologies, and develop intelligence is the key. Accelerating integration and taking the road of high-end products through independent innovation are mining machinery Machinery industry The best way to adapt to the transformation of the current economic development mode is also the best direction for the continuous development of China's mining machinery!

Development trend

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Global scale production has become the mainstream of the development of major transnational corporations. Constantly Joint reorganization At the same time of expanding their competitive strength, major enterprises have also strengthened their investment and R&D in their main businesses, constantly improving the system's complete set capability and personalization, and diversifying their market adaptability.

First, the status is basic

Developed countries attach importance to the development of equipment manufacturing industry, which not only accounts for the proportion, accumulation, employment and contribution of their own industries, but also provides an important material basis for the development and production of new technologies and new products. It is an indispensable strategic industry for modern economies, even for industrialized countries that are marching into an "information society.", They also attach great importance to the development of machinery manufacturing industry.

Second, the development is extremely unbalanced and regional

In 2003, for example, almost the top 500 enterprises in the world with sales volume came from North America, Asia and Europe, accounting for 99%, which shows that the three continents have unparalleled dominance in the development of the world machinery industry.

Third, machinery manufacturing Cross border M&A exacerbate

Modern M&A no longer blindly emphasizes the main means to fight against competition and establish enterprises to gain competitive advantage. At this time, in the process of globalization of machinery manufacturing industry, large companies seek to survive and develop. And the market tends to be saturated. Increasingly fierce market competition. The increased risk of investment in plant construction also makes more enterprises start to adopt the means of joint mergers and acquisitions. On the premise of building a factory, optimize the product structure of the enterprise to improve production capacity, expand market share, and obtain Economies of scale The purpose of. The threat of technological innovation from industries with high-tech as their connotation has made multinational companies embark on the road of integration to form a strong technological innovation capability. Among large machinery manufacturing enterprises Strategic M&A , resulting in the reallocation of resources in the machinery industry. The competition pattern of the world machinery industry has become collaborative.

Fourth, the structural adjustment is further deepened, and the production mode and management mode are undergoing profound changes

Developed countries have increased the intensity of industrial transfer, and the products with low added value in mechanical products have been arranged to the market potential demand Production in developing countries: in order to adapt to changes in market demand, major manufacturers have adopted specialized production. "Single variety, large batch" has become a new feature of the production mode of many top 500 enterprises; At the same time, the production mode dominated by producers is gradually changing to the customized production mode dominated by consumers. Personalization of service becomes an important factor in the success or failure of competition

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