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National defense science and technology (hereinafter referred to as national defense science and technology) is the general term of science, technology, engineering, etc. directly used by the country for national defense purposes, an important part of national science and technology, and the key to national defense modernization.The fundamental task is to organize and implement the research and development of various weapons and military equipment, equip various national defense departments with modern weapons and technologies, and focus on equipping the standing army.All countries in the world first apply the achievements of science and technology to the military field, so national defense science and technology is characterized by technology intensive and rapid updating.The development direction of national defense science and technology is determined by the demand for national defense and the trend of world science and technology development.The development level of the national economy provides the material premise for national defense science and technology, and the development of national defense science and technology plays an extremely important role in driving and promoting the development of the national economy[1-2]。
National defense science and technology is a general term for natural science and various processes and technologies serving national defense.It mainly includes basic theory of national defense science and technology, development, test production, use and maintenance technology of weapons and equipment, national defense engineering technology, military system engineering, etc.National defense science and technology has gradually developed into a relatively independent and complete system, with a relatively complete system and scientific research institutions.According to the application field, there are weapon technology, aviation technology, aerospace technology, ship technology, nuclear technology, electronic technology and military engineering technology;Worldwide, the focus of national defense science and technology development has shifted to high technology.
national defenseScience and technology are componentsmilitaryOne of the important factors of strength is a significant symbol to measure the level of national defense modernization.It serves the national defense economy, especiallynational defense industryProvide advanced technologies and processes to develop and produce various new weapons and equipment, transform and improve the industrial structure and product structure of the national defense economy, and promote the development of the national defense economy;Andmilitary concept, strategy and tactics, and military building.EngelsHe once pointed out: "Once technological advances can be used for military purposes and have been used for military purposes, they will immediately almost force changes or even changes in the way of operations, often against the will of the commander."（《Complete Works of Marx and Engels》Volume 20, page 187) The progress of national defense science and technology has constantly promoted the development of weapons and equipment, which has led toWarfareChange of style;In turn, the new war style puts forward new requirements for weapons and equipment, thus further promoting the development of national defense science and technology.This constitutes a circular relationship among defense science and technology, weapons and equipment, and war style.
The development of weapons and equipment always follows the principle of spear and shieldLaw of unity of oppositesWhen an offensive weapon appears, the correspondingdefenseMeans;The emergence of new defensive means will inevitably promote the development of new offensive weapons.suchcontradictionThe campaign runs through the whole process of the development of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment.The development of national defense science and technology also depends on the country's economic strengthpolitical system、national defense policy, military theory andmanagement systemAnd other factors;The progress and achievements of national defense science and technologynational economyIn addition, the promotion and application of the technology will play a huge role in promoting the development of the economy and science and technology of the whole country.
Development history
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The development of national defense science and technology has gone through a long historical process.ChinaThere were brilliant achievements in ancient times.In 1975, Chinese archaeologistsHenanFound in Erlitou area, YanshiCopper daggerCopper Qi is the earliest metal weapon unearthed so far, more than 3500 years ago;Shang dynastyCopper smelting technology has been developed,Bronze weaponsIt has been widely used;the Spring and Autumn periodIron smelting technology andIron weapon；Qin DynastyLater, iron weapons gradually replaced the dominant position of bronze weapons.Weapons manufacturing technology was in the leading position in the world at that time.Before 808 AD at the latest, China inventedgunpowderAnd began to use gunpowder for military purposes in the early 10th century.Song dynastyThe "Thunderbolt Cannon" began to be used, and metal tubular firearms appeared in the Yuan Dynasty, which was the prototype of modern guns.(SeeOrdnance industry)
After the emergence of big industry in the 18th century, the focus of national defense science and technology development gradually shifted to the Westcapitalismcountry.Firearms, artillery, ammunitionsteam engineFor power plantArmored ship, withinternal-combustion engineFor power plantTank、Military aircraft, andchemical weapon, military communication equipment and other manufacturing technologies have developed rapidly.Firstthe Second World WarDuring the period, due to the need of war and weapons development, some countries organized a large number of scientists andEngineering techniciansThe development of weapons and the application of modern scientific and technological achievements in military affairs have made great progress in national defense science and technology.For example, inthe Second World WarMedium,britainTo cope withfascistGerman aircraft andsubmarine, Organization and developmentradarandsonar；GermanyDeveloped "V-1" and "V-2" for attacking BritainMissile；U.S.AdevelopmentAtomic bomb(i.e“Manhattan Project ”)；Soviet UnionConstantly develop and improve military aircraft, tanks, etc.Since the end of the Second World War, due to the intensification of the world arms race, national defense science and technology have reached a new level on the basis of the development of the new technological revolution;Hydrogen bomb, missilesnuclear-powered submarineAnd other new weapons and equipment have been successfully developed and equipped with troops, satellitesspacecraft、space shuttleAnd other space technologies have also made great progress;Moreover, not only developed countries vigorously develop national defense science and technology, but also some developing countries attach great importance to the development of national defense science and technology in order to consolidate national defense.
Overview of China
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The People's Republic of ChinaAfter its establishment, with the recovery and development of the national economy, the state has developed defense science and technology in a planned way, established defense research institutions and facilities, organized scientific and technological forces to tackle key problems, and adopted a series of measures to make defense science and technology develop greatly;Not only improved and developedconventional weaponsAnd has developed missilesnuclear weaponAnd a series of sophisticated weapons and equipment.China's first atomic bomb and missile nuclear weapon were successfully tested in 1964 and 1966 respectively;In 1967, the hydrogen bomb test was successfully conducted;The first one in 1970Artificial satelliteHe went to heaven and mastered the satellite recovery technology in 1975;1980 southwardthe pacific oceanThe sea successfully launched a long-rangeCarrier rocket；In 1982, a carrier rocket was successfully launched by a submarine.In 1990, it was successfully launched for international organizationsCommunication satelliteAerospace technology has entered the commercial stage.The above achievements mark that China has become one of the few countries in the world that have mastered nuclear and space technology.After the 1980s, with the reform of the economic and scientific and technological system and the further implementation of the policy of "military civilian integration, peacetime and wartime integration", national defense science and technology has entered a new stage of development, which is mainly manifested in the increasingly sound scientific research institutions, the growing scientific and technological team, the growing scientific and technological investment, and the development of nuclear, aviation, electronics, weapons, ships, aerospace and supporting chemicalspecial typemetallurgy、Non metallic materialsAnd other fields have achieved fruitful research results, providing the military with relatively advanced weapons and equipment.(SeeAerospace industry、Nuclear industry)
Development trend
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① With the deepening of the new scientific and technological revolution, national defense science and technology will progress faster.electronic technique、space technology, directional energy technology, laser technology, computer technologyPrecision guidance technology、Stealth technology, material technologybioengineeringAnd the development of military systems engineering will further cause major changes in military technology;High tech weapons will occupy an increasing proportion.
② Military and civilian integration is closer, and some military technologies even focus on military civilian integration at the beginning of research.Such as American“Star Wars”The plan and the "Eureka" plan proposed by France were based on the comprehensive development of military, economy, science and technology from the beginning;This combination will be further developed in the future.
③ In the field of research and application,outer space, deep-sea development, bioengineeringinformation systemAnd electronic technology will become the focus of development;These technologies have increasingly shown their leading role in the whole scientific and technological field, and have increasingly become the basis of high-tech industries.
④ The development of international cooperation will be a way to raise huge investment and an effective way to strengthen technical exchanges and make full use of the technological and industrial advantages of various countries.
