The Pacific Ocean is the largest, deepest, marginal sea andislandsThe largest ocean.It is located inAsia、Oceania、AntarcticaSouth and NorthAmericabetween.The maximum length from north to south is about 15900 kilometers, the maximum width from east to west is about 19000 kilometers, the total area is 181.344 million square kilometers, the average depth is 3957 meters, and the maximum depth is 11034 meters.[1]
The word "Pacific" first appeared in the 1620s, and was developed by great navigatorsMagellanAnd its fleet first named.On September 20, 1519,NavigatorMagellanleadAn expedition of 270 sailors fromSpainSail to the westAtlantic, they holdtempestuous wavesAfter suffering a lot, he reached the southern tip of South America and entered a strait.This channel later named after Magellan is more dangerous and full ofStrong wind and wavesAnd dangerous reefs and shoals.After another 38 days of hard work, the fleet finally arrivedMagellan StraitHowever, there are only three ships left in the fleet, and the team memberslossHalf.
After another three months of hard sailing, the fleet crossed from South AmericaGuam, comingthe Philippinesarchipelago.This voyage never encountered a storm again, the sea was very calm, the original fleet has enteredEquatorial calm zone。The crew member who suffered from the previous monstrous waves said happily, "This is really the Pacific Ocean!" Since then, people have called this ocean between America, Asia and Oceania the "Pacific Ocean".
Historical evolution
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the pacific ocean
There were many important events in the Pacific region in prehistoric timesmigrateThe most significant one was the migration of the South Island people (more specifically Polynesians) from the coast of Asia to Tahiti, then to Hawaii and New Zealand, and later toEaster Island。
Europeans saw the Pacific Ocean in the early 16th century, and the earliest one was crossing itIsthmus of PanamaSpanish navigatorBalvoya(Vasco N úñ ez de Balboa) (1513) and later Magellan (1519-1522) who crossed the Pacific Ocean in a round the world voyage.
The name of the Pacific originates from the Latin "Mare Pacificum", which means "calm ocean", and was named by Magellan, a Portuguese navigator employed in Spain.Magellan led five ships to find a southwest exit from the Atlantic Ocean (later called Magellan Strait) in October 1520 and sailed westward after 38 days oftempestuous wavesAfter arriving at a calm ocean, he called it the Pacific Ocean.
Pacific, northBering Strait, 65 ° 44 'north latitude, southAntarctica, 85 ° 33 'south latitude, 151 ° cross latitude.East to west longitude 78 ° 08 ', west to east longitude 99 ° 10', across 177 longitudes.The length from north to south is about 15900 kilometers, and the maximum width from east to west is about 19900 kilometers.From the Colombian coast of South America to AsiaMalay PeninsulaThe longest distance from east to west is 21300 kilometers.The volume including the subordinate sea is 714.41 million cubic kilometers, and the volume excluding the subordinate sea is 696.189 million cubic kilometers.The average depth including the subordinate sea is 3939.5m, and the average depth excluding the subordinate sea is 4187.8m. The maximum known depth is 11033mMariana TrenchInside.The northern part is bounded by the Bering Strait, which is only 102 kilometers wide, and the southeastern part passes through the Drake Strait between Tierra del Fuego in South America and Graham Land in AntarcticaAtlanticcommunicate;The boundary between the southwest and the Indian Ocean is: fromsumatrathroughJavatotimor, via the Timor Sea to the Cape of Londonderry in Australia, and then from the south of Australia viaBass Strait, byTasmaniaStraight to the Antarctic continent.
climate
The Pacific Ocean has a vast area, uniform water body and favorable climatePlanetary wind systemEspecially in the South Pacific.The situation in the North Pacific is different, and there is a great disparity between the east and the westRussiaThe harsh winter on the east coast contrasts most sharply with the mild winter in British Columbia, Canada.The trade wind belt is located between the center of the subtropical high and the equatorial calm belt in the eastern Pacific Ocean between 30 °~40 ° north and south latitudes.
Hawaii Island, the Pearl of the Pacific Ocean
Mid latitude regions, westerlies andPolar easterliesThe convergence forms the sub polar low pressure zone.The temperature and humidity of the two wind belts are very different. The front of the polar easterly belt is very fierce, especially in winter.In the western Pacific (5 °~25 ° north latitude), on the sea surface east of the Philippines, the South China Sea and the East China Sea, between summer and autumn, under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity, an ultra low pressure center is generated, forming a violent tropical storm, namely typhoon.In summer, the Asian continent is low pressure, and the North Pacific air current moves towards the continent. In winter, the situation is completely opposite, forming a vastMonsoon climate zone。The temperature of seawater in the North Pacific is higher than that in the South Pacific, because the waters in the South Pacific are wider and affected by icebergs and cold water masses in the Antarctic.The salinity of sea water in the trade wind zone is lower than that in the equatorial zone.The salinity near the equator is less than 3.4%;The salinity of the northernmost sea area is the lowest, less than 3.2%.The Pacific Ocean current moves from east to west under the influence of trade winds, forming the south and north equatorial warm currents.
The opposite equatorial countercurrent is generated on the central axis between the south and north equatorial warm currents, flowing from the east coast of the Philippines to the west coast of Ecuador.The North Equatorial Warm Current turns north near the Philippines and flows to the east of Japan, which is known as the Kuroshio;The tributary of the North Equatorial Warm Current enters the Sea of Japan through the Paima Strait, called the Paima Warm Current.The Kuroshio turns eastward near 160 ° east longitude, which is called the North Pacific Warm Current.The North Pacific Warm Current moves eastward and turns southward to the west coast of North AmericaCalifornia Cold Current。Thus, the North Pacific circulation is formed.In addition, the Bering Sea current flows southward, known as the Kamchatka Cold Current, also known as the pro tide, and flows to the east of Honshu Island, Japan, where it meets the Kuroshio near 36 ° north latitude.South Equatorial Warm CurrentAfter arriving at Solomon Islands, it flows southward to become the East Australian Warm Current, turns eastward and gets involved in the westerly drift. It is divided into two branches to the west of South America near 45 ° south latitude, and one branch flows eastward into the Atlantic Ocean via Drake Strait;The other branch flows northward, namelyHumboldt Current 。This forms the South Pacific circulation.
topographic features
Andesite lineThe andesite line is the most important dividing line in the Pacific geomorphology, which separates the deeper igneous mafic rocks in the central Pacific basin from the semi sunk pyrogenic greisen on the continental margin.The andesite line goes directly to New Zealand along the islands at the western end of California, the southern end of the Aleutian Islands, the eastern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, the Japanese Islands, the Mariana Islands, and the Solomon Islands;It also extends northeast to the western end of the Andes, South America and Mexico, and then turns back to California.Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, New Guinea, New Zealand and other Australian mainland and the eastern extension of the Asian mainland are all outside the Andean Line.
land
The largest land in the Pacific Ocean is New Guinea - the second largest island in the world.Almost all the smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean are located between 30 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees south latitude, extending from Southeast Asia to Easter Island;The rest of the Pacific Ocean is almost completely covered with water.
The Polynesian Triangle, which connects Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand, encircles many islands, including Cook Islands, Marksas Islands, Samoa Islands, Society Islands, Tokelau Islands, Tonga Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Tuvalu Islands and Wallis and Futuna Islands.
There are many small islands in Micronesia to the north of the equator and to the west of the international date line, including the Caroline Islands, the Marshall Islands and the Mariana Islands.
At the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean is Melanesia, led by New Guinea.Other important islands in Melanesia include Bismarck Islands, Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and New Hebrides Islands.
There are various types of islands in the Pacific Ocean. There are four types of islands: continental islands, alluvial islands, coral reefs and volcanic islands.The land side islands are located outside the andesite line, including New Guinea Island of New Zealand, Philippine Islands, Taiwan Island, etc. These islands are connected to the nearby mainland.Volcanic islands, such as Bougainville Island, Hawaii Island and Solomon Islands, have many active volcanic activities.
islands
There are about 10000 islands in the Pacific Ocean, with a total area of more than 4.4 million square kilometers, accounting for about 45% of the total area of the world's islands.Continental islands are mainly distributed in the west, such as the Japanese Islands, Kalimantan Island, New Guinea Island, etc;There are many scattered ocean islands in the middle（island、coral island）。
There are many Pacific islands, mainly distributed in the western and central waters, which are divided intoContinental islandandOcean IslandTwo categories.Continental islands are generally connected with the mainland in geological structure, such asJapan Islands、Taiwan Island、the philippine islands、Indonesian IslandsAnd the second largest island in the worldNew GuineaEtc.Ocean islands are divided into volcanic islands and coral islands.There are three major islands from west to east: Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.amongMelanesiaThe islands are mostly continental islands,polynesiaArchipelagichawaiian islandsIt is a famous volcanic island. Micronesia is almost a coral island.
Submarine topography
It can be divided into middle deep water area, edge shallow water area andcontinental shelfThree major parts.Deep sea basins below about 2000 meters account for about 87% of the total area, marginal parts between 200 and 2000 meters account for about 7.4%, and continental shelves within 200 meters account for about 5.6%.There is a huge basin in the north half, several islands in the west, and deep trenches outside the island arc.There is a wide continental shelf in the northern and western marginal seas, and the depth of deep water in the central part is more than 5000 meters.The Hawaiian Islands and the Lane Islands separate the central deep-water area into the Northeast Pacific BasinSouthwest Pacific BasinNorthwest Pacific Basin and Central Pacific Basin.There are many volcanic cones on the sea floor.The water depth of shallow marginal waters is more than 5000 meters, and the sea basin area is small.
Volcanic earthquake
About 85% of the active volcanoes and 80% of the earthquakes in the world are concentrated in the Pacific region.The Cordillera Mountains in the Americas on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean and the colorful islands on the western edge of the Pacific Ocean are the regions with the most intense volcanic activity in the world. There are more than 370 active volcanoes“Pacific Ring of Fire”It is called frequent earthquakes.
Current tide
The Pacific Ocean current is roughly bounded by 5~10 ° north latitude and divided into two major circulations: the northern circulation runs clockwise and consists of the North Equatorial Warm Current, the Japan Warm Current, the North Pacific Warm Current and the California Cold Current;The southern circulation runs counterclockwise and consists of the South Equatorial Warm Current, the East Australian Warm Current, the Westerly Drift and the Peru Cold Current.Between the two major circulations is the equatorial countercurrent, which runs from west to east with a velocity of 2 kilometers per hour.
The tide is mostly irregular semidiurnal tide, and the tidal range is generally 2-5m.
The temperature of the Pacific Ocean varies with latitude, approaching the freezing point near the poles, and about 25-30 ℃ at the equator.The salinity of seawater is higher in the middle latitude: the water near the equator has sufficient rainfall throughout the year, and the water near the polar region has less evaporation due to cold, so the salinity of these two places is low.On the whole, the Pacific Ocean is warmer than the Atlantic Ocean.In the northern hemisphere, the Pacific surface water flows mainly in a clockwise direction (the North Pacific vortex), while in the southern hemisphere, it flows in a counterclockwise direction.North Equatorial Warm CurrentAlong 15 ° N, driven by the trade wind, it pushes westward, turns northward near the Philippines, and joins the Japanese Ocean Current (also known as Kuroshio).
At about 45 ° N, the Kuroshio divides into two branches.A group headed south returnsNorth Equatorial Current 。The other branch forms the Aleutian Current in the north, which pushes the current in the Bering Strait counterclockwise when it approaches North America, and becomes the cold and slow California Current in the south.
The southern equatorial current flows westward along the equator, turns southeast in New Guinea, and turns due east at about 50 ° S.The current flows along the South Pacific from the west in this section, which is part of the Antarctic circumpolar circulation.When it reached the coast of Chile, the current was divided into two branches: one flowed into the Atlantic Ocean through Cape Horn, and the other became the Peruvian current northward.
Ocean formation
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Lunar separation theory
The formation of the Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largestTectonic unit, and the Atlantic, Indian andarctic oceanIn contrast, it has many unique and distinctive evolutionary histories, such as the earthquakes around the Pacific OceanVolcanic zoneWidely developedisland arc- The remarkable differences in the geological structure history of the trench system and the two sides of the ocean... This makes many people believe that the Pacific Ocean may have its unique origin.For a long time, scientists have put forward many hypotheses about the origin of the Pacific Ocean, the most striking of which was in the middle of the 19th century,George Darwin (1879).
DarwinIt is believed that the earth was in a semi molten state in its early stage, its rotation speed was much faster than now, and tides would occur under the action of solar gravity.If the vibration period of the tide and the earth'snatural vibrationThe same period will occurResonance phenomenonSo that the amplitude becomes larger and larger, which may eventually lead to local rupture, making some objects fly away from the earth and become the moon, and then the left pits developbecomethe pacific ocean.Due to the density of the moon (3.341g/cm³）And the density of shallow earth materials (includingmantleTop ofPeridotiteInsidelithosphereThe average density is 3.2~3.3g/cm³）It is also observed that the rotation speed of the earth is faster and earlierphenomenonThis enabled George Darwin's "Moon Separation Theory" to gain the support of many people.However, some researchers pointed out that to make objects on the earth fly out, the earth's rotation speed should be faster than 4.43 radians/hour, that is, the time of a day and night should not be more than 1 hour and 25 minutes.Did the earth ever rotate so fast in its early days?This is obviously hard to believe.Moreover, if the moon does fly from the earth, its orbit should be on the equatorial surface of the earth, which is not the case.Moreover, most of the moon rocks have much older ages (4 billion to 4.55 billion years), while the oldest rocks found on the earth are only 3.8 billion years old, which obviously contradicts the theory of flying out.Finally, people abandoned this view.Since the 1950s and 1960s, due to the progress of astrogeological research, people have found that——Moon、Mars、Venus、MercuryMeteorite impact craters are widely developed and some of them are quite large.This cannot help but make people think that the earth may also suffer from the same impact.[2]
Meteor impact theory
In 1955, the Frenchman Timochel first proposed that the Pacific Ocean might beAlpineIt was struck by a meteor.And he thought that this meteor might have been a satellite of the earth, with a diameter almost twice that of the moon.Unfortunately notproposeSufficient evidence.As we all know, there is no active tectonic activity on the moon, and meteorite impact isLunar shellThe main driving force of evolution.Moon SeaIt is a nearly circular depression formed by the violent bombardment of small bodies at the early stage of the moon, and its bottom is darkmare basalt Filled.The largest moon sea——Storm oceanIt covers an area of 5 million square kilometers.Comparing the Pacific Ocean with the lunar sea, we can see the following common features:
1. The distribution of the lunar sea on the moon is uniform, concentrated in the northern hemisphere on the front of the moon;The Pacific Ocean is also off to the Earth, which reflects the randomness of early impact.
2. The moon sea has a round outline, and is 2-3 kilometers lower than the moon land on average;The Pacific Ocean is also roughly circular, 3 to 4 kilometers lower than the mainland on average.
3. The earth's continent is composed of older and less dense silicoaluminate rocks, while the ocean is composed of lighter and more dense basalt rocks. The same is true for the moon, and the moon sea is also composed of youngerbasaltform.
4. The earth's crust is thick, ranging from 30 to 50 kilometers,Oceanic crustThin, generally 5-15km;The moon has a similar situation,LunaThe shell is generally 40-60 km thick, while the lunar sea shell is generally less than 20 km thick.
5. The gravity survey proves that the moon sea has obvious positive anomaly;The situation in the Pacific Ocean is more complex, but it has a higher gravity value than the surrounding continents.
6. The Moon Sea is surrounded by mountain chains, and the Pacific Ocean is also surrounded by mountain chains.
7. Marginal and central ridges are found at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, and dike shaped uplifts can also be seen in some large lunar seas.Distributed onMoon SeaCenter and edge.
8. The eastern Pacific hasisland arc, marginal sea, and the transition area from oceanic crust to continental crust. The so-called“Moonlike Sea”The transition zone of.Of course, compared with the moon sea, the Pacific Ocean also has some other things that the moon sea does not havefeatures。Such as tectonic magmatic activity, reflectingSeafloor spreadingIn addition, there are obvious polycyclic fold structures and granitic magma activities on the mountain chains around the Pacific Ocean, but not on the moon.
Experts believe that such differences are due to the fact that the earth has a much larger mass and volume than the moon.To sum up, the Pacific Ocean was in the early stage of the EarthformationA huge impact basin.But in the long geological history period, it has undergone many transformations.[2]
partition
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1. Eastern region: AmericaCordillera(Cordillera) mountain system starts from northern Alaska and extends southward to Tierra del Fuego, except for the islands along the northernmost and southernmost fjord coast and those deep into the mainlandGulf of CaliforniaIn addition, the coast is flat and straight, the continental shelf is narrow, and there are Acapulco Trench in the north and Peru Chile Trench in the south.
2. Western region: Asia has a complex structure and a tortuous coast. There are prominent peninsulas on the eastern edge of the continent and a series of island arcs off the coast, forming numerous marginal seas.From north to south, there are Bering SeaSea of Okhotsk、Sea of Japan, Yellow SeaThe East China SeaandSouth China Sea。There are a series of trenches on the outer edge of the island group, and the Kamchatka trenchThousand Island Trench、Japan Trench, Nanyoutonga trench , Kermadec Trench, etc.
3. The central Pacific Ocean is a broad sea basin, the most stable area of crustal structure, and the depth of seawater is generally about 4570 meters.To the east of 150 ° west longitude is the East Pacific Basin. To the south of the line from the Central American Isthmus through the Cocos Ridge to the Galapagos Islands is the Peru Chile Basin and the Southeast Pacific Basin.The Pacific Antarctica basin is the one that crosses the Southeast Pacific Rise southward.The area between this basin and 150 ° west longitude is the Pacific Antarctica Ridge.150 °～ 180 ° west longitude, from east to west, there are the Pacific Central Basin, the Mariana Basin and the Philippines Basin;Between New Zealand and East Australia is the Tasman Basin, and to the south is the Macquarie Ridge, the underwater boundary between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
natural resources
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Economic characteristics
The Pacific Rim region is rich in natural and economic diversity. In terms of economic development, there are the top three countries in the world in terms of GDP, the United States, China and Japan, which are very dynamic up to now.Japan, Korea andWest Coast of the United StatesIt is an important source of technology;russian far east Canada and Australia are rich in natural resources;China, Mexico and Brazil are rapidly on the road to industrialization;China has rich human resources;The United States, Chile and New Zealand have high productivity agriculture, and Australia and New Zealand have developed animal husbandry.Economists predict that in the future, the economic center of the world will shift from the traditional Europe and eastern North America to the Pacific Rim.
ocean resources
Animals and plants growing in the Pacific, whetherphytoplanktonOr sea bottom plants, fish and other animals are more abundant than other oceans.
Fisheries The area of the Pacific shallow sea fishing ground accounts for about 1/2 of the total area of the world's ocean shallow sea fishing grounds, and the marine catch accounts for more than half of the world's catch. Peru, Japan and ChinaZhoushan IslandsThe northwest coast of the United States and Canada are world famous fishing grounds.It is rich in herring, cod, salmon, mackerel, trout, bonito, sardine, tuna, beefish, etc.In addition, the hunting and crab hunting of sea animals (seals, walruses, sea bears, sea otters, whales, etc.) also occupy an important position.
Mineral resources The offshore continental shelf is rich in oil, natural gas and coal. The deep-sea basin is rich in nodules (containing four minerals of manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper whose metal reserves are dozens to thousands of times more than those on land). In addition, the seabed placer tin, rutile, zirconium, titanium, iron and platinum are also rich in reserves.
The Pacific Ocean is vast and contains extremely rich natural resources. The main areas that have been developed and utilized areAquatic resourcesAnd mineral resources.There are nearly 100000 kinds of animals and plants in the Pacific Ocean, which mainly live in the surface of the ocean, especially in the marginal zone. The animals and plants that exist in the waters below 2000 meters only account for 4% to 5% of the total. There are only 800 kinds of animals and plants that live in the waters below 5000 meters, only 500 kinds of animals and plants in the waters below 6000 meters, 200 kinds of animals and plants in the waters below 7000 meters, and only 20 kinds of animals and plants in the waters below 10000 meters.At the same time, the species of marine organisms decrease with the increase of latitude, but the distribution density of each kind of animal and plant is higher in the high latitude area than in the low latitude area, and there are many dominant species in the high latitude area.They breed in large numbers on the surface of the oceanPlanktonic algaeAnd zooplankton.Offshore undersea plants, which are found in temperate zoneAntlerAlgae and Kunxike algae (mainly kelp), brown algae, green algae and a variety of fine algae in the tropics.There aremangrove。Many algae provide sufficient feed for coastal animals, breed a variety of molluscs, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, corals, etc., and produce a large number of fish and crabs.It is the habitat of seabirds on islands and coastal zones.There are many beasts in the ocean, such as whales, seals, dolphinsSea bear, seals, sea otters, etc.
Since the mid-1960s, the fishery production in the Pacific Ocean has always ranked first in the world's oceans.In 1980, the output was 35.45 million tons, accounting for more than half of the world's total catch (64.576 million tons).There are two main fishing grounds: one isNorthwest PacificFishing ground;The other is the Southeast Pacific Fishing Ground.The Northwest Pacific Fisheries includeBering SeaPartSea of Okhotsk、Sea of Japan, Yellow SeaThe East China SeaandTaiwan Strait。Fisherycontinental shelfIt covers an area of 2.19 million square kilometers. The sea water is shallow, and sunlight can penetrate into the bottom layer. Many rivers bring a lot of inorganic salts, as well as cold and warm currents bring cold and warmplankton, providing suitable conditions for plankton to nourish and fish to grow, and becoming one of the world's major fishing grounds.In 1980, the fishing yield was 18.78 million tons, ranking first among the major fishing areas in the world, including JapanHokkaido Fishing GroundIt mainly produces herring, salmon, trout and other fish.The Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk are mainly used for hunting sea animals, most of which are whales.Kamchatka PeninsulaCoastal areas are the world's largest crab farms.Coastal ChinaZhoushan IslandsLarge yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, hairtail, pomfret, eel and squid are mainly caught in the area.Southeast Pacific fishing grounds include Peru, ChileEcuadorFishing ground, herecontinental shelfNarrow, only 160000 square kilometers, but due to the strongHumboldt Current Under the environmental conditions such as flowing through and coastal upwelling, inorganic salts are also quite abundant and suitable for plankton reproduction, and fish are very abundant, becoming an important fishing ground.
fishing ground
The Pacific Ocean is richer in animals and plants, whether phytoplankton or undersea plants, fish and other animals than other oceans.
The area of the shallow sea fishery in the Pacific Ocean accounts for about 1/2 of the total area of the shallow sea fishery in the world's oceans, and the marine catch accounts for more than half of the world's catch. Peru, Japan, China's Zhoushan Islands, the northwest coast of the United States and Canada are all world famous fishing grounds.It is rich in herring, cod, salmon, mackerel, trout, bonito, sardines, tuna, flounder and other fish.In addition, the hunting and crab hunting of sea animals (seals, walruses, sea bears, sea otters, whales, etc.) also occupy an important position.
The exploration and development of mineral resources are mainly focused on oil and gas on the continental shelf, coastal placers, and deep sea basinsPolymetallic noduleAnd so on.The main oil producing areas include the coastal areas of California, Kukawa Bay, the western continental shelf of Japan, the continental shelf of Southeast Asia, the coastal areas of Australia, the western coast of South America, and the coastal continental shelf of China.The distribution range of coastal placers is as follows: gold and platinum sands are mainly distributed along the coast from Oregon to California on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean, and along the coast of the Bering Sea and Alaska;Tin ore is mainly distributed along the coast of Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand and Indonesia;The coasts of India and Australia are the sea areas with the most abundant diamonds, rutile and ilmenite;There are more than ten placer belts along the coast of China, with diamond, gold, zircon, rutile and other placer resources.In addition, there are submarine coalfields on the continental shelf of Japan, China and Chile.There are abundant polymetallic nodules in the deep-sea basin area, which are mainly concentrated in the vast area of southeast Hawaii.The total reserves are estimated to be 1700 billion tons, accounting for half of the world's total reserves.
Transportation
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ocean shipping
There are also many important straits in the Pacific Ocean, such as the Bering Strait, Zonggu Strait, Jinqing Strait, Korean Strait, Taiwan Strait, Bashi Strait, Balintong Strait, Makassar Strait, Sunda Strait, Longmu Strait, Malacca Strait, etc.The waterway network composed of the Malacca Strait, Bering Strait, Magellan Strait and Panama Canal connects the Pacific Ocean with the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, forming many important international routes and maritime strategic channels.
There are three main routes across the Pacific in the north, middle and south of the Pacific: the first is the North Pacific route, which is the route from the west coast of the United States and Canada to the north of the Pacific through the Bering Strait to China, Japan and other countries. The route is concentrated in the north of 40 ° north latitude to the Aleutian Islands, which is the shortest route across the Pacific, with a voyage of about 4200~4500 nautical miles.The second is the Central Pacific route, which is from the west coast of the United States to China, Japan and Southeast Asia via the Hawaiian Islands and Guam. The route is concentrated between 20 ° and 25 ° north latitude, and the voyage is about 6000 to 8000 nautical miles.The third is the South Pacific route, which extends from the west coast of South America through New Zealand and Australia to Southeast Asia, with a voyage of about 10000 nautical miles.In addition, there are also several routes from north to south (mainly along the eastern waters of Asia) in the western Pacific (one of which is connected to the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait). These routes are reconnected with the three trans Pacific routes, and through different straits and islands, they go westward through the waters of the North Indian Ocean or along the southern edge of the South Asian subcontinent,It is connected to the Middle East or the Eurasian route (Suez Canal route) to Europe and other places.Specifically, there are East Asia North America, East Asia Guam Panama Canal, East Asia Southeast Asia Panama Canal, East Asia Australia, Australia North America, Australia Panama Canal and other international routes.
The longitude of 180 ° running through the Pacific Ocean is“international date line"If a ship crosses the line from west to east, the date will be subtracted by one day; otherwise, the date will be added by one day.Submarine cableThe first submarine cable in the Pacific Ocean was laid by Britain in 1902.
The Pacific Ocean is rich in resources.Western PacificSea of Japan、Sea of OkhotskIt is an important fishing ground, producingherring、Codfish、tunas, crabs, etc.Columbia River on the west coast of North AmericasalmonFamous.There are a large number of manganese nodules on the sea floor. Sea saltbromine、magnesiumEtc.The continental shelf is one of the areas with the richest oil resources in the world, such as the southern waters of California, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, Indonesia, Southeast Australia and other sea areas.The western Pacific coast has long been a highly cultural area.But Europeans did not begin to explore this ocean until the 16th century.They sought Australia, the so-called "land of the south", to enter the Pacific islands.In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the Spanish occupier, saw the vast Pacific Ocean at the top of Darien Mountain in the Isthmus of Panama.Later, Portuguese navigatorsMagellanSail around the world and across the Pacific Ocean.In the 17th century, the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman discovered thatTasmania、New ZealandandFiji。In the 18th century, the British navigator Cork, the French navigator Louis Antoine de Bougainville, and other navigators explored the Pacific Ocean.In the 19th century, Charles Darwin, a British naturalist, sailed around the world on the Beagle from 1831 to 1836. He made great contributions to natural science by investigating the Pacific Ocean.
Pacific Island
The Pacific starts from Antarctica in the south and ends at the northarctic, west to Asia and Australia, east to South and North America.It accounts for about one third of the earth's area and is the largest ocean in the world.Its area, excluding the adjacent sea area, is about 165.25 million square kilometers.It is twice the area of the Atlantic Ocean, the second ocean, and more than twice the water capacity.The area exceeds the total land area of the earth including Antarctica.The average depth (excluding the subordinate sea) is 4187.8m.There are many generic seas in the western Pacific Ocean, including the Bering Sea, the Okhotsk SeaSea of Japan、Yellow Sea、The East China SeaandSouth China Sea。East Asia RiverHeilongjiang、Yellow River、Yangtze River、Pearl RiverandMekongAll are injected into the Pacific Ocean through the sea.The ocean floor east of 150 ° west longitude is more gentle than that in the west.
In some places, the western Pacific ridge above 600 meters underwater forms islands.The Aleutian Ridge in the Northwest Pacific extends southward to the Kuril Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Mariana, Yapu and Palau;Extending eastward from Palau to Bismarck, Solomon Islands and Santa Cruz;Finally, from Samoa to Tonga, Kemadek, Chatham and Macquarie in the south.Because the proportion of land and sea in the north is higher than that in the south, and because of the impact of the Antarctic land ice sheet, the water temperature in the North Pacific is higher than that in the South Pacific.The salt content of the sea water in the calm zone and the variable wind zone near the equator is lower than that in the trade wind zone.The cold water generated around the Antarctic continent has the greatest impact on the Pacific vertical current.The dense seawater around the polar region sinks and then spreads northward to form most of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.Deep cold water flows northward from Antarctica to Japan in the western Pacific Ocean with a relatively distinct current.The tributaries of the deep-sea mainstream carry cold water to the east and then to the poles in both hemispheres.The deep sea circulation is affected by the sinking of the surface water near the convergence area of ocean currents.In the Pacific tropics, the convergence zone is between 35 ° and 40 ° north and south latitude respectively. The farther away from the equator, the deeper the sea water sinks. The most important convergence zone is between 55 ° and 60 ° south latitude.
the measure of area
181.344 million square kilometers
Average depth
3957m
Maximum depth
11034m
Maximum width
19000km
Maximum length
15900 km
coastline
135663 km
Annual evaporation
114 cm
Annual exchange volume
13cm
Annual land water inflow
6cm
shipping
The Pacific Ocean is of great significance in international transportation.There are many important sea and air routes connecting Asia, Oceania, North America and South America passing through the Pacific Ocean;Easternpanama canalAnd the Strait of Malacca in the southwest, which is a shortcut to the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean and a major channel in the world.
The shipping routes mainly include East Asia North America West Coast, East Asia Caribbean Sea, North America East Coast, East Asia South America West Coast, East Asia Coastal, East Asia Australia, New Zealand, Australia, New Zealand North America East and West Coast, etc.There are many ports along the Pacific coast.
The 180 ° longitude line across the Pacific Ocean is the "international date change line", and ships cross this line from west to east, and the date minus one day;On the contrary, a day is added to the date.And began to use artificialCommunication satelliteContact.
Communication facilities
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The first submarine cable in the Pacific Ocean was laid by Britain in 1902, and the United States also laid submarine cables in the Pacific Ocean in 1905.There are submarine cables from Canada to Australia, from the United States to the Philippines, Japan and Indonesia, from Hong Kong to the Philippines and Vietnam, and from coastal countries in South America.The use of satellite communications over the Pacific began.[3]
Main ports
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(From north to south, anticlockwise, bold is an important port)
the republic of korea(Korean: 민민민 in English: South Korea):Seoul(Korean: 서울 English: Seoul)、Incheon(Korean: 인; English: Incheon)、Shuiyuan(Korean: Mian 원 시), HuachengTangjin、hills(English: kunsan)Mupu(Korean: container, English: Mokpo)Shuntian、Mashan(Korean: payment)Zhenhai(Korean: 진해 equipment)Busan(Korean: Ho Ho, English: Busan)、Qingzhou(Korean: Vnyeongju; English: Gyeongju)Jiangling(English: Kangleung)
Vietnam?(English: Vietnam; Vietnamese: Vi ệ t Nam):coast defence(Vietnamese: Th à nh ph ố H ≮ i Ph ò ng/Hanyin: Cheng: Haiphong)、Qinghua(Vietnamese: Th à nh ph ố Thanh H ó a)Hue(Vietnamese: Th à nh Ph ốế Hu ế/Hanyan: Chengwei)Da Nang(Vietnamese: Th à nh ph ố)Đà N ẵẵ ng/Hanyan characters: City: Tuo 㶞, Hoi AnGuiren(Vietnamese: Qui Nhơn)、Nha Trang(Vietnamese: Th à nh ph ố Nha Trang/Hanan: Chengfu Nha Trang)、First round(Vietnamese: Th à nh ph ố VũNg T à uHo Chi Ming City(Vietnamese: Th à nh ph ố H ồ Ch í Minh/Hanyu: Ho Chi Minh City, Chengpu; English: Ho Chi Minh City)
The largest ocean in the world:The Pacific Ocean, the first ocean on earth, covers about 46% of the water surface of the earth and about 32.5% of the total area, with an area of 155.6 million square kilometers.(Guinness World Records)
