The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; English: Federal Republic of Germany), Germany for short, the capitalBerlin。be locatedEuropecentral section.East Neighborpoland、Czech Republic, south adjoinAustria、Switzerland, west boundaryNetherlands、Belgium、Luxembourg、France, northDenmark, on the verge ofthe north seaandthe Baltic。It covers an area of 358000 square kilometers, with a total land boundary of 3876 kilometers and a coastline of 2389 kilometers.It is located in the western European marine climate zone and the eastern continental climate zone.There are 16 states and 10786 towns.As of April 2024, the total population is about 84.7 million, mainly includingGerman。[37]The official language isGerman。[38]
Before BC, Germany was inhabited bygermanic peopleAnd gradually formed a country, in 962 AD, the German nation established the Holy Roman Empire.In 1871, byPrussiaEstablish unifiedGerman Empire。In 1914, provokedthe First World War。In 1919, it was establishedWeimar Republic Hitler came to power in 1933.From 1939 to 1945, Nazi Germany launchedthe Second World War。After the war, it was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union.On May 23, 1949, West Germany promulgated the Basic Law, establishingFederal Republic of Germany；On October 7 of the same year, East Germany was foundedGerman Democratic Republic。On October 3, 1990, Germany finally achieved national reunification.[38]
Germany is a highly developed industrialized country, the third largest economy in the world, the largest economy and market in Europe, and the third largest exporter in the world.It is a world leader in science and technology, education, medicine, industry, etc.The four pillar industries of automobile and accessories, machinery and equipment manufacturing, electronics and electrical, chemical and pharmaceutical industries occupy a leading position in the world market.Agriculture, tourism and transportation are very developed.It is an important member of the European Union, NATO and other international organizations.In 2023, the GDP will be 4.12 trillion euros.[37-38]
Chinese name
Federal Republic of Germany
Foreign name
Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German)(German) Federal Republic of Germany (English)(English)
GermanicThe word comes from LatinGermania，Julius Caesar The tribes on the right bank of the Rhine are called by Germania, which was recorded in AD 100《Germanic Records》。andGermanInGermany（Deutschland，German) from deutschold high german The word "diutisc" (popular, referring to "people" belonging to diot or diota) comes from, which was originally used to distinguish between Latin andRomansLocal dialect.The word diutisc comes fromPrimitive GermanicOfþIudiskaz (popular),þIudiskaz comes fromþeudō，þeudōAnd inherited fromProto-Indo-EuropeanTewt é h (person).
In 1157, this empire got the title of "Holy Empire".In 1254, the Empire began to use the title "Holy Roman Empire" for the first time. After the Cologne Empire Conference in 1512, an imperial edict was issued to use "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation", which was then used as an official name until 1806.
On July 12, 1806, through the signing of the Rhine Confederacy Treaty (German: Rheinbundakte), 16FranceUnder protection, includingLiechtenstein, Bavaria, Wuerttemberg andBadenInsideRhineThe southern and central western German states on both sides of the Straits have separated from the Holy Roman Empire and established a new political union“The Confederation of Rhine”。The ConfederacyFrankfurtA bicameral parliament is established and electedNapoleonTo protect people, Napoleon dominated the diplomatic and military affairs of the Confederacy.On August 6, he claimed thatAustriaImperialFranz I(that is, of the Holy Roman EmpireFranz II ）Forced to renounceHoly Roman Emperor's title,Holy Roman EmpireDestruction.Habsburg DynastyCan only ruleAustrian Empire (renamed in 1867Austro Hungarian Empire）。
At the beginning of the 18th century, Prussia has risen to compete with AustriaGermany。In the 19th century, with the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire, a unified modern society was establishednation-stateInstead, it seems more urgent.[3]According to 1815congress of vienna ，German Confederation Establishment.In 1848, revolution broke out all over Germany. Since then, Prussia has become the leading force of German unification,[4]Especially the Prime Minister of PrussiaBismarckHe led the arduous internal, military and diplomatic struggles.
1933HitlerCame to power to exercise dictatorship and establishedNazi Germany 。Germany launched in 1939the Second World War。stayAlliesUnder the attack, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.
The German army invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and later cooperatedSoviet ArmyThe Second World War began when Britain and France declared war on Germany.With the war going on, Germany and its allies quickly controlled the European continent and North Africa, but the plan to force Britain to surrender or stop the war failed.From 1939 to 1940, by launching the Blitzkrieg, they quickly occupied Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, and launched an air attack on Britain.
On June 22, 1941, Germany violatedSoviet-German Treaty of Non-AggressionAnd invaded the Soviet Union.Germany'sBlue ActionHaving suffered defeat and retreated from the eastern battlefieldBattle of Stalingrad。Italy, Germany's ally, surrendered in September 1943, forcing Germany to defend the Italian front.Battle of Normandy Later, the western front battlefield was added, and the Allied troops further entered German territory.
April 25, 1945Battle of BerlinThe Chinese Soviet army invaded Berlin City, and on April 30, the Soviet army completely occupied Berlin CityHitlerThe commander of the Berlin defense area planned to make a conditional surrender to the Soviet commander when he committed suicideSoviet UnionThe refusal of the German side led to the surrender of the Berlin Guards on May 2 after many unsuccessful negotiations. On May 8, Germany officially announced its unconditional surrender.
East Germany and West Germany
Graffiti on the Berlin Wall
the Second World WarAfter, according toYalta AgreementandPotsdam Agreement In August 1945, Germany was divided and occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union, and the four countries formed the Allied Control Committee to take over Germany's supreme power.Berlin is also divided into four occupied areas.
In June 1948, the German occupied areas of the United States, Britain and France were merged.
On May 23, 1949, the western occupied area of Germany after the merger was establishedFederal Republic of Germany(hereinafter referred to as: Federal Germany or West Germany).On October 7 of the same year, the Soviet occupied area in eastern Germany was establishedGerman Democratic Republic(hereinafter referred to as: Democratic Germany or East Germany).Germany has since officially split into two sovereign states.
In 1961, GDR builtBerlin WallPrevent East German residents from flowing westward.
In 1989, the situation in Democratic Germany changed dramatically.Since May of the same year, a large number of citizens have left the Federal Republic of Germany.At the beginning of October of the same year, demonstrations of different scales broke out in many cities, demanding relaxation of restrictions on overseas travel and media.October 18, President of GDRHoneckerAnnounce resignation.On November 9, the "Berlin Wall" was opened.On November 28, the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of GermanyColePut forward a ten point plan for the reunification of the two Germans.
Unification of Germany and Germany
1989Eastern European upheavalThe socialist regimes of various countries, including East Germany, collapsed one after another;
In 1990, with the consent of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union, East Germany and West Germany finally reached a treaty of reunification between the two countries.
From February 13 to 14, 1990, the Prime Minister of Democratic Germany Mordello paid his first visit to the Federal Republic of Germany.On March 18, the People's Assembly of Democratic Germany carried out free elections. After Demezier became Prime Minister, the pace of reunification between Germany and Germany was greatly accelerated.
On May 18, 1990,Federal GermanyAnd Democratic Germanybonn Signing national treaties on the establishment of monetary, economic and social alliances.
On August 31, 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Democratic Republic of Germany signed a treaty of reunification between the two countries in Berlin.
On October 3, 1990, GDR officially joinedFederal Germany。The Constitution, the People's Assembly and the government of Democratic Germany were automatically canceled. The original 14 regions were changed to 5 states to adapt to the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, and were merged into the Federal Republic of Germany. The two Germans split for more than 40 years were reunified.
On October 28, 2015, the Federal Republic of Germany was elected to the 70th sessionUnited Nations Human Rights CouncilMember, term of office from 2016 to 2018.[5]
On June 8, 2018, the United Nations General Assembly elected Germany as the year 2019 and 2020security councilNon permanent members.[6]
On October 11, 2022, he was elected asUnited Nations Human Rights CouncilThe new member will take office on January 1, 2023 (re-election).[24]
On the evening of April 15, 2023, the last three nuclear power plants in Germany will stop operationGermany's nuclear power production officially ended[27]。
On December 1, 2023 local time, citing the information on the official website of the German Agency in Russia, it was reported that the German Consulate General in Novosibirsk, Russia, had ceased operations.[29]
The terrain of Germany is changeable, with rolling mountains, plateau platforms, hills, beautiful lakes, and vast plains.The terrain of Germany can be divided into five regions with different characteristics: North German lowlands, middle mountain uplift, southwest middle mountain trapezoid, southern Alpine frontier and Bavarian Alps.
German topography
The lowlands in northern Germany are characterized by rolling hills, high dry land along the coast and clay platform, grassland, marsh and loess land stretching southward in front of the middle mountain uplift zone, and dotted with lakes.The uplift of the middle mountain range divides Germany into north and south.The trapezoidal belt of the middle mountains in the southwest includes the upper Rhine lowland and its marginal mountains.southThe AlpsThe frontier includes SchwabenBavarian PlateauAs well as in the hills and lakes in the south, the gravel plains, the lower Bavarian hills and the Danube depression.The Bavarian Alps include the AlpsBavariaThe Alps andBesitesgardenThere are picturesque lakes scattered in the Alps.There are six mountains in Germany.
Germany is low in the north and high in the south, and can be divided into four terrain areas:North German Plain, the average altitude is less than 100 meters;Sino German mountains are composed of highland blocks in east-west direction;The Rhine Rift Valley in the southwest is flanked by mountains with steep valley walls;The Bavarian Plateau and the Alps in the south, where Zuge Peak, the main peak of Bain Alps, is 2963 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in China.
Germany is in the east of the Atlantic OceanContinental climateIn the cool westerlies between, it is rare for the temperature to rise and fall sharply.Rainfall is distributed throughout the year.In summer, the average temperature of the lowlands in North Germany is about 18 ℃, and that of the mountains in the south is about 20 ℃;In winter, the average temperature of the lowlands in North Germany is about 1.5 ℃, and that of the mountains in the south is about - 6 ℃.The exceptions are the Upper Rhine Valley with mild climate, the Upper Bavaria with dry and hot southerly wind from the Alps, and the Harz Mountains with piercing mountain wind, cool summer and snow in winter, which form their own unique climate zone.Due to different geographical conditions in different regions, the highest temperature in Germany is between 20 ℃ and 30 ℃, and the lowest temperature is between 1.5 ℃ and 10 ℃.
The north of Germany isMarine climate, warmer than the south.The marine climate in the northwest is more obvious, and gradually transits to the continental climate in the east and south.The average temperature is 14~19 ℃ in July and - 5~1 ℃ in January.The annual precipitation is 500~1000mm, and more in mountainous areas.
natural resources
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Germany is a country with relatively poor natural resources, exceptHard coal、ligniteIn addition to the rich reserves of salt, it relies heavily on imports in terms of raw material supply and energy, and about 2/3 of primary energy needs to be imported.natural gasThe reserve is about 382 billion cubic meters, which can meet about 1/4 of the domestic demand.The proven reserves of hard coal are about 230 billion tons, and lignite is about 80 billion tons;The proven reserves of other mineral deposits are:sylviteAbout 13 billion tons,Iron ore1.6 billion tons,petroleum50 million tons.A small amount in the southeastUranium ore。The forest coverage area is 10.766 million hectares, accounting for about 30% of the national area.The water area is 860000 hectares, accounting for 2.4% of the national area.[1]
In 2012, Germany ranked the fifth in the world in terms of energy consumption, with 60% of the main energy relying on imports. The government policy is to promote energy conservation and renewable energy.
Germany fulfilledKyoto ProtocolAnd other treaties to promote biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, recycle resources, use renewable energy, and support global sustainable development.
German flagIt is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is 5:3.From top to bottom, it is composed of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, black, red and gold.The origin of the tricolor flag is controversial, which can be traced back to the first century ADAncient Roman EmpireLater in the 16th centuryGerman Peasant WarGermany in the 17th centurybourgeois-democratic revolutionIn China, the tricolor flag representing the republic also flew on the land of Germany.After the fall of the German Empire in 1918, the Weimar Republic also adopted black, red and gold flags as its national flag.In September 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was established, and the tricolor flag of Weimar Republic was still adopted;The German Democratic Republic, established in October of the same year, also adoptedTricolor flag, but in the middle of the flag are added the national emblem patterns including hammer, gauge, ear of wheat and so on to show the difference.On October 3, 1990, after the reunification of Germany, the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany was still used.The tricolor national flag can be hung at airports, hotels, banquets and other occasions.Federal government agencies and embassies abroad hang national flags with black eagle patterns.
The national color of Germany is the color of the badge, which is the same as the color of the badge of the Holy Roman Empire: the main shield is gold, the eagle body is black, and the beak and claws are red.During the German National Liberation War from 1813 to 1815, when the wave of German unification was gradually rising, they appeared on the uniforms of the Luzor Liberal Army (black coat, red trim and gold buttons on the hem).In 1848, the black red gold banner became the national flag of the German Federation. In 1867, it was replaced by the black white red banner until 1919;It was used again from 1933 to 1935.
German flag
The flag is composed of three parallel and equal stripes, black, red and gold, from top to bottom.The "shield of the federation" is in the center.The black eagle symbolizes strength and courage.Black represents diligence and strength, red represents national enthusiasm, and gold represents the importance of honor.
national emblem
German national emblem
German national emblemThe gold shield is used as the background. On the background is a black eagle. The eagle's beak and two claws are red.According to textual research, the origin of this eagle pattern can be traced back to the 12th century, when it once ruled Prussia and later became the German royal familyHohenzollern family 。Since ancient times, the German people's reverence for eagles has been devout and profound.As early asAncient RomeIn the era, the eagle was regarded as supremelordIt protects the descendants and believers of God from harm.God compares himself to an eagle. Whoever believes in it can fly like an eagle and constantly gain new vitality.At the same time, it is also the bird of the sun, whose sharp eyes can withstand the sun god's radiation.In the feudal dynasty, the eagle was a symbol of imperial power, and the emperors hoped to make the throne permanent.As early as the ninth century, the eagle has appeared in the picture.It is said that this pattern was created by the King of Frankcharles i From the Roman Empire to Germany.
national anthem
German National AnthemYes《Song of Germany》The third paragraph of the song was written in 1841 by Auguste Heinrich and Hoffman von Farlesraben (1798-1874), and the tune is "the father of symphony"Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809).In 1922, on the occasion of the third anniversary of the founding of Weimar Republic, the first president of the RepublicFriedrich AlbertThe "Song of Germany" was upgraded to the national anthem.In 1952, President Howes and Prime Minister of the FederationAdenauerIn a communication between them, the song was recognized as the national anthem again.Federal PresidentWeitzzekAnd the Federal Prime MinisterColeIn August 1991, the communication confirmed the traditional significance of the "German Song" for a unified Germany.
Guoshi
amber
amberThe English name of amber is Amber, which comes from the Latin Ambrum, meaning "essence".It is also said that it comes from the Arabic Anbar, which means "glue", because the Spanish call the buried gum arabic and amber amber amber.In ancient China, amber was regarded as "tiger spirit".
national flower
Cornflower
Cornflower, also known as Blue Lotus, Lychee Chrysanthemum and Turquoise Blue, belonging to Compositae.After years of German cultivation, this "flower on the field" has many colors, such as light blue, blue purple, dark blue, dark purple, snow blue, light red, rose red, white, etc.The head grows on the top of the slender stem, like a beautiful girl, praying for happiness and joy towards the "light of life" - the sun.The cornflower is a famous flower in Germany. Germans use it to symbolize the characteristics of patriotism, optimism, tenacity and frugality of the Germanic nation, and think that it has auspicious omens, so it is known as the "national flower".[7]
national bird
stork(Scientific name: Ciconia ciconia)Stork familyLarge wading bird of the genus Stork.In Europe, the white stork has been considered as the "bird that brings happiness" since ancient times, a symbol of good luck, an "angel" sent by God, and a special visit to lucky people.After the white stork was selected as the national bird, many German families specially built a platform on the chimney for them to nest.
population
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As of 2016, Germany has a total population of 82.67 million, which is the most populous country in the EU, with a population density of 226 people per square kilometer, making it one of the most populous countries in Europe.The main nationality isGerman, a few Danes andSorbs 。currencyGerman。In addition, there are 7.214 million foreigners, accounting for 8.9% of the total population, of which the largest number is Turks, totaling 1.61 million (data at the end of 2011, website of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany).29.2% (23.896 million) of the residents believe in Protestantism, and 30.2% (24.651 million) believe in Roman Catholicism (data at the end of 2012).
As of June 2022, Germany has a population of 83.22 million.Mainly German.[1]
On May 11, 2022 local time, the German Federal Institute of Population released a report that the number of newborn babies in Germany in 2021 was 228000 fewer than those who died, the highest number in the years after World War II.The report said that in 2021, the number of newborns in Germany will be about 796000, and the number of deaths will be 1024000.[22]
On January 19, 2023 local time, the data released by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany showed that, according to preliminary statistics, the total population of Germany by the end of 2022 would reach at least a record 84.3 million, an increase of 1.1 million compared with the end of 2021.[25]
On July 21, 2023, the data released by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany showed that the total fertility rate (the average number of children per woman) in Germany dropped to 1.46 in 2022, the lowest level since 2013.The number of newborns in Germany will be about 739000 in 2022, which will be about 57000 less than that in 2021.The total fertility rate of Germany in 2021 will be 1.58.[28]
Politics
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constitution
German Parliament Building
《Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 》Entered into force on May 23, 1949.The Basic Law defines five basic systems in Germany:republic、democracy 、federalismLegal state and social welfare system.Great changes were made in 1956 and 1968.In August 1990, the "Treaty of Unification" between Germany and Germany made adaptive amendments to some provisions of the Basic Law, which became applicable to all Germany from October 3.
The Basic Law stipulates that Germany is a federal country, and its diplomacy, national defense, currency, customs, aviation, post and telecommunications are under federal jurisdiction.countryregimebyParliamentary republic。The President of the Federation is the Head of State.The Parliament is composed of the Federal House and the Federal Senate.The Federal Parliament exercises legislative power, supervises the implementation of laws, elects the Federal Prime Minister, participates in the election of the Federal President and supervises the work of the Federal Government.The election of the Federal Parliament is usually held every four years, and the party or party coalition that wins the election will have the right to form a cabinet.Germany adopts a two vote electoral system.The Basic Law of Germany is the cornerstone of the law and politics of the Federal Republic of Germany.
On May 12, 2005, the German Bundestag voted《EU Constitutional Treaty》。In 2006, Germany passed the federal reform bill, adopting the "power for power" approach, readjusted and clarified the jurisdiction of the federal and federal states, delegated some legislative power to the federal states, and reduced the legislative participation and approval power of the federal senate, which mainly represents the interests of the states, thus improving the government's decision-making ability and legislative efficiency.
According to the German Electoral Law, all citizens with German nationality who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote, and each voter has two votes.The first vote is used to elect candidates for members of the constituency where the voters are located, and according to the principle of simple majority, the person who receives the most votes is elected.The voters' second vote is used to elect the political party.The number of the second vote of each party will determine the proportion of its seats in the Federal Parliament, which is of great significance to whether the party can take office.
parliament
The bicameral system consists of the Federal Parliament and the Federal Senate.The Federal Parliament exercises legislative power, supervises the implementation of laws, elects the Federal Prime Minister, participates in the election of the Federal President and supervises the work of the Federal Government.Each term is 4 years.On September 26, 2021, Germany held the election of the 20th Bundestag.On October 26, the 20th Bundestag of Germany held its first plenary session. B ä rbel Bas, a member of the Social Democratic Party, was elected as the speaker of the new Bundestag.The new Federal House of Representatives has 734 seats in total, and the seats allocated to each party are: 207 seats for the Social Democratic Party, 196 seats for the Alliance Party (CDU/CSU), 118 seats for the Alliance 90/Green Party, 91 seats for the Liberal Democratic Party, 77 seats for the Select Party, 28 seats for the Left Wing Party, 10 seats for the Wah Union, and 7 seats for members of the non party leagues.
The Federal Senate participates in federal legislation and exerts influence on the federal administration to safeguard the interests of the states.According to the proportion of the population of each state, it is composed of 3-6 state government members designated by each state government, with a total of 69 seats.The chairman of the Senate shall be held by the governors of each state in turn for a term of one year. If the president is unable to exercise his or her powers for some reason, he or she shall act as president.On November 1, 2023, Manuela Schwesig, the former governor of Mecklenburg Pomori State, will serve as the President of the Senate, and the term of office will expire on October 31, 2024.[35]
judicial
The Federal Constitutional Court is one of the German constitutional institutions, which is mainly responsible for interpreting the Basic Law, supervising its implementation, and deciding whether it is unconstitutional.There are 16 judges in total, 8 of whom are elected by the Federal Parliament and 8 of whom are appointed by the President. The term of office is usually 12 years.The President and Vice President are elected by the Federal Senate and the Federal Senate in turn.The current president, Stephan Harbarth, took office in June 2020.
In addition, there are federal courts (responsible for civil and criminal cases), federal administrative courts, federal financial courts, federal labor courts, and federal social courts.
The federal and state courts have corresponding procuratorates, but they are not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts and do not interfere with the trial work of the courts. Their main task is to investigate criminal cases and initiate public prosecutions.Under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice of the federal or state government, the procuratorate is relatively independent in the exercise of its functions and powers.The Federal Procuratorate is composed of the Federal Attorney General and several federal prosecutors. The Federal Attorney General Jens Rommel took office in March 2024.[35]
government
The current federal government is composed of the Social Democratic Party, the Green Party and the Liberal Democratic Party on December 8, 2021.Olaf Scholz (Social Democratic Party) was appointed as Prime Minister.Other key members of the government include: Robert Habeck, Vice Premier and Minister of Economy and Climate Protection (Green Party), Christian Lindner, Minister of Finance (Liberal Democratic Party), Nancy Faeser, Minister of Interior and Land (Social Democratic Party), and Annalena Baerbock, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Green Party),Marco Buschmann, Minister of Justice (Liberal Democratic Party), Hubertus Heil, Minister of Labor and Social Security (Social Democratic Party), Boris Pistorius, Minister of Defense (Social Democratic Party), Cem Ezdemir, Minister of Food and Agriculture (Green Party), family, elderlyLisa Paus, Minister of Women and Youth (Green Party), Karl Lauterbach, Minister of Health (Social Democratic Party), Volker Wissing, Minister of Digitalization and Transportation (Liberal Democratic Party), Steffi Lemke, Minister of Environment, Nature Protection, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (Green Party),Bettina Stark Watzinger (Liberal Democratic Party), Minister of Education and Research, Svenja Schulze (Social Democratic Party), Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development, Clara Geywitz (Social Democratic Party), Minister of Housing, Urban Development and Construction, Wolfgang Schmidt (Social Democratic Party), Minister of the Prime Minister's Office.[35]
party
Germany implements a multi-party system, mainly including the following political parties:
(1) Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands: "CDU" for short.Founded in 1945.Friedrich Merz, the party chairman.
(2) Christlich Soziale Union in Bayern e. V.Founded in 1945.According to the agreement reached with CDU, the party only develops organizations and carries out activities in Bavaria, and forms a coalition party parliamentary group with CDU in the Federal House of Representatives.Markus S ö der, the party chairman.
(3) Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands: "Social Democratic Party" for short.Founded in 1863, it is one of the earliest Workers' Party in the world.In 1878, it was declared illegal by the Bismarck government and regained its legal status in 1890.In 1933, the Social Democratic Party was banned by the Nazi regime and rebuilt after the war.In September 1990, the East and West German Social Democratic Parties merged.The party chairmen Saskia Esken and Lars Klingbeil.
(4) Alliance 90/Green Party (B ü ndnis 90/Die Gr ü nen): "Green Party" for short.The Green Party in western Germany was founded in January 1980.In May 1993, it merged with the Union 90/Green Party in the east.The party chairmen, Omid Nouripour and Ricarda Lang.
(5) The Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei): referred to as the "Liberal Democratic Party" for short.It was founded in 1948.Christian Lindner, the party chairman.
(6) Alternative f ü r Deutschland: the "Alternative f ü r Deutschland" for short.Established in 2013.Tino Chrupalla and Alice Weidel, the party chairmen.
(7) Die Linke: In 2007, it was merged by the Left Party Demokratische Linke PDS and the Wahlalternative Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit.The party chairmen Janine Wissler and Martin Schirdewan.
(8) B ü ndnis Sahra Wagenknecht – F ü r Vernunft und Gerechtigkeit: the "Sara Wagenknecht Union: For Reason and Justice" party: referred to as the "Wah Union" for short.Established in 2024.Sahra Wagenknecht and Amira Mohamed Ali, the party chairman.
(9) Deutsche Komunistische Partei: established in 1968, formerly the German Communist Party, which was banned in 1956.Patrik K ö bele, the party chairman.[35]
Dignitaries
presidentFrank Walter Steinmeier, was born on January 5, 1956 in Detmold, North Rhine Westphalia. He is an important figure in the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) and once served as German Foreign Minister.Elected on February 12, 2017President of Germany，[8]Officially sworn in on March 22, 2017.[9]
On October 26, 2021 local time, the President of GermanySteinmeierstayMerkel At the government's resignation ceremony, Merkel submitted a notice of the end of her term of office to Merkel, who officially stepped down as Chancellor.[18]
Speaker of the Federal HouseNorbert Lammert (Norbert Lammert), elected on October 18, 2005 and re elected on October 27, 2009.
The current German Prime Minister:
On the morning of December 8, 2021 local time, the candidate of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) for prime ministerOlaf Scholz Officially elected German Prime Minister.[19]
Economics
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Germany is a highly developed industrial country and the world's third largest exporter.Its economic aggregate ranks first in Europe and the third largest economy in the world.In 2023, Germany's GDP will be 4.12 trillion euros, down 0.3% year on year, and the per capita GDP will be 48800 euros.[35]
Germany is a major trading country in the world. It maintains trade relations with more than 230 countries and regions in the world. Nearly 1/3 of the employment in the country is related to exports.It was the world's largest exporter from 1986 to 1990 and from 2003 to 2008.In 2021, Germany's total foreign trade volume will be 2.58 trillion euros, including 1.38 trillion euros in exports, 1.2 trillion euros in imports, and 172.5 billion euros in surplus.The main export products include automobiles, machinery products, chemical products, communication technology, power supply and distribution equipment, and medical and chemical equipment.The main import products include chemicals, automobiles, oil and gas, machinery, communication technology and steel products.The main trade partners are western industrial countries, and more than half of their imports and exports come from or are sold to EU countries.[1]
Agriculture and animal husbandry
Agriculture is developed and highly mechanized.In 2023, the agricultural output value will be 76.3 billion euros.The employed population is about 938000.There are about 263000 agricultural enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and household enterprises.[1][35]
Industry
Industrial structure and characteristics: (1) Side heavy industry.Automobile and machinery manufacturing, chemical industry, electrical industry and other sectors are pillar industries. Other manufacturing industries such as food, textile and clothing, steel processing, mining, precision instruments, optics and aerospace are also very developed.(2) Highly extroverted.More than half of the products of major industrial sectors are sold abroad.(3) Small and medium-sized enterprises are the mainstay.About two-thirds of industrial enterprises have fewer than 100 employees.Many SMEs have strong specialization, high technical level and strong flexibility.(4) High degree of monopoly.Large enterprises with more than 1000 employees accounting for 2.5% of the total number of industrial enterprises account for 40% of the industrial employment and more than half of the turnover.[1]
In 2018, the total output value of industrial enterprises (excluding the construction industry) was 874.2 billion euros, accounting for 25.8% of GDP.In 2018, the number of industrial employment (excluding the construction industry) was 8.335 million, accounting for 18% of the total domestic employment (46.2 million).[1]
Germany is one of the eight largest industrial countries in the world.Germany's main industrial sectors include electronics, aerospace, automobile, precision machinery, equipment manufacturing, military industry, etc.German products are famous for their excellent quality, advanced technology and exquisite workmanship, but their costs are high.Germany's industrial products enjoy a high reputation in the world, and Germany is also the largest automobile producer in Western Europe.
Service industry
German service industry includes business, transportation, telecommunications, banking, insurance, housing rental, tourism, education, culture, medical and health sectors.In 2023, 34.6 million people will be employed in the service industry.[1][35]
tourism
The tourism industry is developed, and famous scenic spots include Cologne Cathedral, Berlin Parliament Building, Bonn Culture and Art Exhibition Hall, Rothenburg, Munich German Museum, Heidelberg Ancient Castle, New Swan Stone Palace, Dresden Gallery, etc.In 2023, there will be 490 million overnight tourists.Among them, 410 million domestic tourists stayed overnight;81 million foreign tourists stayed overnight.[35]
Investment attraction
Germany attaches great importance to foreign investment and investment promotion, as well as cooperation with other countries.Britain is the second largest exporter of German wine, and its export volume is only second to that of the United States.Since 2010, Germany has surpassed France and jumped to the second place in attracting foreign investment in Europe, and the first place in the UK.[10]
foreign trade
Germany is a major trading country in the world. It maintains trade relations with more than 230 countries and regions in the world. Nearly 1/3 of the employment in the country is related to exports.It was the world's largest exporter from 1986 to 1990 and from 2003 to 2008.In 2023, Germany's total foreign trade volume will be 2.96 trillion euros, including 1.59 trillion euros in exports, 1.37 trillion euros in imports, and 225 billion euros in surplus.The main export products include automobiles, machinery products, chemical products, communication technology, power supply and distribution equipment, and medical and chemical equipment.The main import products include chemicals, automobiles, oil and gas, machinery, communication technology and steel products.In 2023, Germany's top five foreign trade partners will be China, the United States, the Netherlands, France and Poland, and more than half of its imports and exports will come from or be sold to EU countries.[35]
finance
Major banks
（1）deutsche bundesbank Established in 1948, it is the central bank of Germany, which decides the national monetary policy, is responsible for currency issuance and manages foreign exchange gold reserves.
（2）Deutsche Bank AGFounded in 1870, it is the largest commercial bank in Germany.In November 1998, after the Bank acquired the Noble Bank, which ranked eighth in the United States in terms of total assets, its total assets reached 820 billion US dollars.
（3）Dresdner Bank: Established in 1872.In July 2001, Allianz increased its shareholding to 96%.The total assets at the end of 2007 were 500.2 billion euros.
(4) Bavarian Mortgage Union Bank (also known as German Yubao Union Bank): In July 1997, Bavarian Union Bank and Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank announced the merger, and their total assets reached 743 billion marks.In 2005, the bank was merged by UniCredit Bank of Italy, and its total assets reached 422.1 billion euros at the end of 2007.On September 1, 2008, Commerzbank announced its acquisition of the bank.
（5）CommerzbankEstablished in 1870, the total assets at the end of 2007 were about 616.5 billion euros.[2][7]
Financial budget
Germany's net new borrowing in 2014 should fall to 6.2 billion euros (8 billion dollars), the lowest level in 40 years, and the federal government may even achieve a small budget surplus in 2015.
In 2015, the federal budget will have a surplus of 200 million euros, which should increase to nearly 10 billion euros by 2017, so that Germany can begin to repay its debts.The German government said in May that it was possible that there would be no new debt from 2015.In 2013, Germany will raise the loan scale by 8 billion euros to finance a fund to help repair the losses caused by the worst flood in 10 years.Germany previously set a new debt target of 17.1 billion euros.
In 2019, Germany's GDP grew by 0.6%.This is the 10th consecutive year of German economic growth, but the growth rate is the lowest since 2013.
The German economy will grow by 1.1% in 2020.Germany's unemployment rate will remain at 5.0%, unchanged from 2019;The number of employees will increase by 190000 to a record 45.4 million;Exports and imports will grow by 2.0% and 3.2% respectively.[11]
In 2023, Germany's total public finance revenue will be 1.86 trillion euros, up 6% year on year, and its total expenditure will be 1.95 trillion euros, up 4% year on year. The total national budget deficit will be 91.873 billion euros.As of December 2023, the Federal Bank of Germany has about 3362 tons of gold reserves, worth about 221.2 billion euros, ranking second in the world;As of March 2024, Germany's foreign exchange reserves are about 34.314 billion euros, and its share of special drawing rights in the International Monetary Fund is 49.281 billion euros.[1][35]
On December 13, 2023, the German ruling coalition concluded weeks of negotiations and reached an agreement on the 2024 federal budget.According to the announcement issued by the federal government, Germany will resume the implementation of the "debt brake" suspended for several years due to the COVID-19 epidemic and the energy crisis in 2024, and at the same time address the budget gap by reducing spending on climate transition projects.[30]
Culture
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literature
Goethe
Germany is historically known as the "Das Land der Dichter und Denker".
Many German painters' works enjoy high international popularity, and their creative forms are quite diverse.Carolinian architecture and Ottonian architecture from Germany promoted the development of Romanesque architecture, and laterGothic architecture, Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture.
Development of modernism architecture:walter gropius (founding Bauhaus Architecture School)Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (A famous architect in the 20th century proposed a skyscraper with full glass curtain)
music
Music is an indispensable part of German life.Germany has created music masters in different periods,Berliner Philharmoniker Dresden National Symphony Orchestra is even more famous in the world.Germany is the largest music market in Europe and the third largest in the world.
Philosophy
German philosophy can be said to lay the cornerstone of western philosophy.In the 21st century, Germany, together with France, Austria, Switzerland and Scandinavia, has continued to develop contemporary analytism.
other
Various concerts, art exhibitions, theatrical performances, international large-scale sports competitions, street celebrations and Christmas markets in Germany have also attracted countless tourists.There are many festivals in Germany, such asOktoberfest MunichChristopher Street Day in CologneKarneval der Kulturen (Karneval der Kulturen), Mainz CarnivalCologne Carnival They are folk festivals with a long history and international reputation.
Germany has 37 UNESCO certified world heritage sites.
The German society attaches great importance to gender equality and the rights of the disabled. The society and legislation are also quite tolerant of homosexuals. Gays can adopt their partners' own children and have recognized civil union since 2001.Germany has also changed its attitude towards immigrants. Since the mid-1990s, the German government and most people have welcomed the qualified immigrants.The global public opinion survey conducted by the BBC in 2011 shows that Germany has the highest positive influence.
Taboo
The number 13 is taboo.See Friday the 13th as unlucky.I don't like red, red and black and brown, especially dark green.Legal prohibitionnaziOr the symbol of its legion, hate chrysanthemums, roses (only for mourning) and bats.Walnuts are taboo.
It is forbidden to send chrysanthemums, roses and roses when sending flowers. The number of flowers and flowers cannot be 13 or even. Flowers need not be wrapped with paper.It is forbidden to send too personal items.Gift wrapping paper shall not be black, white or brown, nor shall it be wrapped with ribbons.
festival
Saturdays and Sundays are public holidays in Germany.[23]
Monday, the specific date is not fixed.Easter is the first Sunday after the full moon at the vernal equinox. If the full moon happens to be a Sunday, it will be postponed for one week
The highest goal of the national defense policy is to ensure the peace, freedom and independence of Germany. It also stipulates that the Federal Defense Force is a purely defensive force that implements necessary security precautions and does not master and seek weapons of mass destruction.
The key to building the army is to organize a rapid reaction force, formulate a new armament plan, reduce the size of the troops, and reduce weapons and equipment.
The main content of Germany's national defense policy is that the military strategy has shifted from local defense to crisis handling and prevention;Promote the establishment of an independent European defense force and make the EU and NATO equal partners in crisis management;Expand the German military capacity building, actively participate in operations outside the defense area and ensure that the German army quickly rebuild its local defense capability when needed.
In May 2003, Germany released a new National Defense Policy Guidelines, which clearly defined that the main task of the German army is no longer national defense, but to "prevent and deal with crises" globally, including combating international terrorism, and to assist the police in carrying out counter-terrorism tasks at home when necessary.
In January 2004, Germany announced its military reform plan: layoffs and spending cuts.
In October 2006, the German government issued the White Paper on German Security Policy and the Future Development of the Federal Defense Force, which defined the security strategic idea of "precaution", accelerated the process of military transformation, and increased its participation in overseas military operations.[1]
national defense force
The Bundeswehr was established in November 1955.In peacetime, the military is led by the Minister of National Defense, and in wartime, the Federal Prime Minister is the supreme commander.The Inspector General of the Federal Defense Forces is the highest commander of the military. The current Inspector General is Carsten Breuer.
After the escalation of the crisis in Ukraine, Germany announced a substantial increase in defense spending, including the creation of a special defense fund of 100 billion euros to accelerate the process of military modernization.In 2024, Germany's defense budget will be 51.95 billion euros, up 3.65% year on year.As of February 2024, the total strength of the German Defense Force is about 181000, including about 62000 troops in the army, 16000 in the navy, 27000 in the air force, and the rest are functional forces such as the central health service, joint support and network and information space forces.[35]
After becoming a member of NATO, the Bundeswehr assumed the obligation to defend Central Europe.Article 87 (a) of the German Basic Law stipulates that the activities of the Bundeswehr are limited to defence and rescue matters.
Since 1990, great changes have taken place in the international political situation, and the Federal Defence Force has therefore changed its scope of operations.In 1994, the Federal Constitutional Court held that the "defense" stipulated in the Basic Law was not only to defend the German border, but also to prevent international disputes and crises.Accordingly, the German Bundestag agreed that the Bundeswehr should participate in NATO's overseas activities. The Bundeswehr began to be active in some international affairs, such as theKosovo War , and also participated inCambodia、Bosnia and Herzegovina、Afghanistan、Ethiopia、Eritrea、Somalia、SudanandDemocratic Republic of the CongoMilitary activities and peacekeeping missions.
On June 25, 2018, France, Germany and other EU 9 defense ministers signed in Luxembourg“European Intervention Initiative”The letter of intent promised to form a European joint military intervention force.[12]
Military service system
The compulsory military service system in Germany has lasted intermittently for nearly 200 years. The last time the compulsory military service system was restarted was in 1957.
Since July 1, 2010, the German military service time has been reduced from 9 months to 6 months.According to the Compulsory Military Service Law up to 2014, all men of the right age who have reached the age of 18 must serve in the Federal Defense Forces for six months, while those who do not want to serve in the military must go to nursing homes, orphanages and other social institutions to participate in civil service.
In December 2010, the German Federal Government adopted a proposal to abolish compulsory military service from July 1, 2011.The Bundeswehr will consist of full-time soldiers, part-time soldiers and voluntary military service.
On the evening of February 26, 2022 local time, according to German media reports, the German government changed its previous position of not providing weapons to conflict areas that day and decided to provide 1000 anti tank weapons and 500 "Stinger" surface to air missiles to Ukraine.The German government also announced on the same day that it agreed to exclude Russian banks that had previously been sanctioned from the SWIFT system)。[21]
traffic
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highway
German road traffic is very developed.In 2020, the total length of roads in Germany will be about 830000 kilometers, including 230000 kilometers of intercity highway network.The federal highway is more than 13000 kilometers, accounting for 2% of the total highway mileage.In 2019, the road freight volume exceeded 3.2 billion tons.[23]
Railway
The German railway network is one of the cores of European traffic roads, ranking first in EU countries with a length of 38600 km, connecting all major cities and almost all small cities.In 2020, the railway passenger volume will be 1.78 billion person times and the freight volume will be 320 million tons.At present, there are 330 intercity express trains (ICE) in Germany, which will transport 55 million passengers in 2020.[23]
air transport
Munich Airport
Germany's civil aviation industry is developed, and Frankfurt Airport is one of the world's major airports.According to the German Federal Bureau of Statistics, in 2020, the throughput of German air cargo (including air mail) will total 4.5 million tons, down 4.1% year on year;57.8 million passengers were transported throughout the year, down 74.5% year on year.[23]
water transport
The German federal waterway network includes 7300km inland rivers and 23000km2 sea areas.35% of the river basins can pass freely, 41% have ship locks, and 24% are artificial canals.The total length of the main waterway network is about 4800 km, covering rivers (with waterway level above 4) including the Rhine River (including the tributaries of the Neckar River, the Maine River, the Moselle River and the Sal River), the Danube River, the Weser River, the Elbe River and other water transport trunk lines, as well as the connected canal system reaching the Oder River and the Danube River.In addition, there are more than 100 modern public seaports and river ports in Germany. Among 74 major cities and their affiliated areas, 56 cities are connected by waterway.
In 2020, the cargo throughput of German inland waterway shipping will be 188 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 8.3%;The port throughput was 276 million tons, down 6.4% year on year.Hamburg Port is the largest port in Germany. In 2020, the freight volume of Hamburg Port will be 109 million tons, followed by 46.6 million tons of Bremen Port, 22.8 million tons of Wilhelm Port and 20.1 million tons of Rostock Port.
China is the largest trade destination of Hamburg Port. In 2020, the total volume of maritime and railway container exchanges between Hamburg Port and China is about 2.4 million TEUs, far more than other European destinations.[23]
Sociology
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People's livelihood
In 2023, Germany's gross national income will be 3 trillion euros. In 2021, the average monthly household income will be 4979 euros, and the average monthly income of full-time employees will be 3136 euros.[35]
education
German education, culture and art are mainly in the charge of the states. The federal government is mainly responsible for education planning and vocational education, and coordinates the national education work through the joint meeting of the ministers of culture and education of the states.In terms of primary and secondary education, higher education, adult education and further education, the main legislative and administrative power belongs to the states.National cultural and artistic activities are funded by the federal government.Foreign cultural exchanges shall be coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Universities, middle schools, primary schools and vocational education are developed.12 year compulsory education will be implemented. Tuition fees for public schools will be completely exempted, and school supplies such as textbooks will be partially exempted.The primary school system is 4-6 years, and the secondary school system is 5-9 years. Institutions of higher learning enjoy a certain degree of autonomy. In principle, high school graduates are free to enroll, and quota restrictions are set for some disciplines.Vocational education implements the dual system of combining theoretical learning in vocational schools with practice in enterprises.Adult education and amateur education are very popular.Teachers are lifelong civil servants and must receive higher education.By December 2023, Germany has 32700 primary and secondary schools of all kinds, with 8.4 million primary and secondary students;As of March 2024, there are 427 colleges and universities with 2.87 million college students.[1][35]
In 2012, CHE, the German National Higher Education Center, selected 11 universities
In 2006, nine of Germany's most famous universities of science and technology formed a union of universities of science and technologyTU9
Germany has made remarkable achievements in science, and its investment in research and development is part of the overall economy.103 Germans were awardedNobel PrizeIn the 20th century, Germany had more Nobel Prize winners than other countries, especially in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine.
Albert EinsteinandMax Planck Werner Heisenberg and Max Born, the important founders of modern physics, further developed.Important physicists before that includeHermann von Helmholtz Joseph Fraunhofer, Gabriel Wallenheit.William Roentgen discovered X-ray and won the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.Otto Hahn was a pioneer in the field of radiation and radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission.Ferdinand Cohen and Robert Koch founded microbiology.German mathematicians includeJohann Carl Friedrich Gauss 、David Hilbert、Bernhard Riemann 、Gottfried Leibniz、Carl WeierstrassHerman Weier, Felix Klein, etc.German research institutions includeMax Planck Society Helmholtz Federation, Fraunhofer Association.The Gottfried William Leibniz Prize is awarded to 10 scientists or academic researchers every year, with a maximum prize of 2.5 million euros. It is one of the highest research grants in the world.
Germany also has many famous inventors and engineers, such as Hans Geiger who invented Geiger counter;Conrad Chutzer built the first fully automated digital computer.Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilindhal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolph Diesel, Hugo Junks and Carl Benz shaped modern automobile and air transport technology.The aerospace engineer Werner von Braun developed the first space rocket, and then developed the Saturn 5 carrier rocket at NASA, which made the Apollo program come true.Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves, which is very important for the development of modern telecommunications.
Germany is relatively mature in the development and application of environmental science and technology. Enterprises have invested more than 200 billion euros in the field of environmental science and technology. German environmental science and technology focuses on power generation, sustainable energy vehicles, raw material efficiency, energy efficiency, waste management, resource recovery and sustainabilityWater management。
medical care
Germany has the world's oldest universal medical insurance system, which began with the social security law of Bismarck in 1883.The German government provides a wide range of health insurance plans according to law. Specific people, such as lifelong employees, self-employed employees and high-income employees, can opt out of the plan and take out private insurance. Before 2009, such specific people had to choose not to join any insurance.
According to the World Health Organization, in 2005, the government and individuals respectively accounted for 77% and 23% of the expenditure of Germany's health care system, and medical expenditure accounted for about 11% of the gross national product;The life expectancy of German men and women is 77 and 82 years, respectively, ranking 20th in the world;The infant mortality rate in Germany is low, about 4 per 1000.In 2010, cardiovascular diseases were the main cause of death, accounting for 41%, followed by malignant tumors, accounting for 26%.In 2008, about 82000 people were infected with AIDS, and 26000 people have died of AIDS since 1982.
Sports
Contest holding experience
1936 Berlin Olympic Games
1972 Munich Olympic Games
1974 World Cup in Germany
1988 West Germany European Cup
Germany World Cup 2006
2009 Track and Field World Championships
Germany is one of the leading countries in motorsport in the worldF1Drivers, including the most successful driver in F1 history, seven world champions and car kingMichael SchumacherFrom Germany, he has created and maintained countless F1 records, is one of the highest earning athletes in the world, his brotherRalf Schumacher Originally an F1 driver, now a DTM driver, Schumacher laterSebastian VettelWon the F1 world championship for four consecutive timesNico Roerg 、Nick Heidfeld 、Timo Glock 、SutilEtc.bmwandmercedesAmong the leading manufacturers of motorsport, in addition,PorscheThe team has won 16 timesLe Mans 24-hour endurance race's champion,audiThe team has won 9 championships. The German DTM Touring Masters is one of the most famous touring car races in the world today.
Germany's football level has always been in the forefront of the world, Bundesliga,Five European Football Leagues1. The average attendance of Bundesliga ranks second in any professional sports league in the world. About 27 million people in Germany join sports clubs, and there are 91000 sports clubs in the country.Football is the most popular sport in Germany.In the 2010-2011 season, the Bundesliga set a new record of 197 countries for television broadcasting.The German national football team is one of the best teams in the history of the World Cup, with the first total number of matches, the second total score, and the second number of victories. It has reached the finals for 18 times, reached the top four for 13 times, and won four championships, four runners up, four third runners up, and one fourth place.German National Women's Football TeamGermany is the only country in the world that has won the World Cup for men and women.In the 2006 World Cup in Germany, Germany won the third place. In the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, Germany won the third place again, becoming the first team to win the third place successively in historyThomas Muller Won the Golden Boot Award and the Best Newcomer Award.In the 2014 Brazil World Cup, Germany won the championship, Thomas Muller won the Silver Ball Award+Silver Boot Award, and Neuer won the Golden Glove Award.Germany participated for 11 timesThe European Football Championship, won three championships in Sanya, and is the team with the best performance.
Germany ranked third in the total historical medal list of the entire Olympic Games (including the former East Germany and West Germany). The Summer Olympics won 163 gold, 163 silver and 203 bronze medals, a total of 529 medals;The Winter Olympics won a total of 70 gold, 72 silver and 48 bronze medals, totaling 190 medals.After its unification, Germany has participated in five Summer Olympics, winning 67 gold medals, 56 silver medals and 81 bronze medals.
Achievements of German team in previous Summer Olympics:
particular year
gold medal
Silver medal
Bronze medal
Rank
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two
thirty-three
twenty-one
twenty-eight
three
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six
twenty
eighteen
twenty-seven
three
two thousand
fourteen
seventeen
twenty-six
five
two thousand and four
fourteen
sixteen
eighteen
six
two thousand and eight
sixteen
ten
fifteen
five
In February 20062006 Turin Winter Olympic GamesIn China, Germany won 11 gold, 12 silver and 6 bronze medals, ranking first in the medal list.
In February 2010Vancouver Winter Olympics 2010In China, Germany won 10 gold, 13 silver and 7 bronze medals, ranking second in the medal table.
media
The press and publishing industry is very developed, with a wide range of newspapers and periodicals.In 2022, the daily circulation of various German daily newspapers will be about 14.6 million, of which Pictorial will have the largest circulation, about 1.21 million.The circulation of other major national newspapers is as follows: South German Newspaper, 320000 copies;Frankfurt Report, 200000 copies;Business Daily, 134000 copies;70800 copies of Le Monde.There are nearly ten thousand kinds of magazines, and the most important weekly of current affairs and politics, Der Spiegel, will have a circulation of about 723000 in 2022.
News agency: Deutsche Presse, a private limited liability company founded in 1949, is one of the largest news agencies in the world.The head office is in Hamburg, and the photo news editor is headquartered in Frankfurt. There are 57 editorial offices in China. Journalists or writers are stationed in 87 countries and regions. It is the main source of information for German mass media. Its customers include more than 500 domestic and 750 foreign news organizations and a large number of non news organizations.Deutsche Presse publishes articles in German, English, French, Spanish, Arabic and other languages, covering various fields such as politics, economy, science and technology, and culture at home and abroad. The adoption rate in German daily newspaper reaches 100%.
Main radio stations: German Radio, established in 1994, broadcasts in Berlin and Cologne respectively, funded by the federal government and state radio stations, and is mainly responsible for domestic broadcasting.Founded in 1960 and headquartered in Cologne, the Voice of Germany is funded by the federal government. It broadcasts to the world in 31 languages, including Chinese, and broadcasts television news programs in German, Chinese, English and other languages.
Main TV station: German Television One (ARD), established in 1950, is a German broadcasting association composed of state radio stations, German radio stations and the Voice of Germany, which is jointly operated.ZDF, the largest television station in Germany, was jointly established by the states in 1961 and headquartered in Mainz.Other satellite TV programs and private TV stations such as SAT1, RTL and PRO7 also have large audiences.
(Source: website of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, website of the Federal Ministry of Economy and Climate Protection of Germany, website of Statista, etc.)
diet
As Germany is located in the center of the European continent, its food culture is closely related to the distribution of products in inland areas.Generally, Germany likes meat and beer (German beer can be divided into six categories: white beer, white beer, black beer, kosh beer, export beer, and non-alcoholic beer).amonga germanHe especially likes pork. Most famous German dishes are pork products, such as sausages.Compared with the refined diet in central and southern Europe, the traditional diet in Germany is generally rough, but still distinctive;Traditional dishes, such as roast pork elbow and roast pork knee, are often accompanied byMashed PotatoEating sour and sweet cabbage.
meat
fish
Vegetables
bread
Beer
Germans generally advocate "eating meat in large chunks and drinking wine in large mouthfuls", especially pork food.The annual per capita consumption of pork in Germany is 65 kg, ranking first in the world.Sausages are the most famous food in Germany. There are at least 1500 kinds of sausages, all made of pork.
Fish dishes are mainly concentrated in northern Germany.This is because Germany has a coastline only in the north.The northern coast is the Baltic Sea, rich inherring。Germans usually use herring to roll vegetables into fish rolls.All fish and meat in inland areas arefreshwater fish, from rivers such as the Rhine.
Germans eat ordinary vegetables, including carrots, potatoesonion, lettuceCabbage、green soya beansAnd so on, it is usually stewed or used to cook soup.
The history of German bread has been more than 800 years, and there are many kinds of bread. It is said that there are more than 400 kinds of bread.Almost all villages and towns in the territory have their own bakeries.Brezel and farmer's bun are the most representative of German bread.The former is baked with crude salt and flour;The latter usesRyeMade with wheat.
Germany is the second largest beer producer in the world, with 1300 breweries producing more than 5000 kinds of beer.According to official statistics, each German consumes an average of 138 liters of beer every year.
International Relations
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foreign policy
As a member of the EU and NATO, Germany has always regarded the transatlantic relationship between the EU and the United States as the core pillar of its foreign policy.The new government emphasizes the maintenance of multilateralism and the rule based international order.Advocate EU solidarity and Germany France coordination, support European integration, and promote the EU as a whole to meet global challenges;He believes that the United States and Canada are Germany's closest allies outside Europe, and should closely coordinate defense and economic policies, and strengthen cooperation on climate change and global governance;Highlight NATO's importance to Germany's security and commit to fulfilling its commitment toNATOCommitment to increase defense expenditure;Traditionally, it attaches importance to relations with Russia,Ukraine crisisAfter the outbreak, strongly condemned Russia for violatingInternational law, participating in multiple rounds of sanctions against Russia;Attach importance to the development of Asia, Africa, Latin America and other regions;Continue to strive for permanent seats on the UN Security Council;Seek to address climate changeAfghanistan, Iran's nuclear issue and other international affairs.Germany will assume the presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) since January 1, 2022.[1]
Relations with China
Xi Jinping (left) and Merkel (right)
On October 11, 1972, the Federal Republic of Germany established diplomatic relations with China (on October 27, 1949, Democratic Germany established diplomatic relations with China).Like other EU partners, Germany adheres to the one China policy.China is Germany's most important economic partner in Asia, and Germany is China's most important trade partner in Europe.From both economic and political perspectives, China regards Germany as the "gateway to Europe".Active trade and investment exchanges, in-depth cooperation in environmental, cultural and scientific policies, and frequent high-level visits are the salient features of bilateral relations.The first academic organization focusing on Sinology——Jingxing SocietyIt was born in Germany.[31-32]
In May 2013, Premier Li Keqiang visited Germany during his first foreign visit since taking office, and together with Chancellor Merkel, the "Sino German Language Year" kicked off.In March 2014, President Xi Jinping will pay a state visit to Germany.[13]
For many years, Germany has been China's largest trading partner in the EU.According to the report issued by the German Federal Foreign Trade and Investment Agency, in 2023, China will be Germany's largest trading partner in the world for the eighth consecutive year.In 2002, China overtook Japan to become Germany's largest trading partner in Asia.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume will be 206.78 billion US dollars, down 8.7% year on year, of which our export will be 100.57 billion US dollars, down 13% year on year;Imports reached US $106.21 billion, down 4.2% year on year.[36]
So far, the two countries have established 104 pairs of friendly provincial (municipal) relations.
Germany's main investment fields in China are automobiles, chemicals, power generation equipment, transportation, steel, communications, etc., most of which are productive projects with high technology content and timely funds.[26]
In July 2002, China and Germany signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Implementation of Chinese Citizens' Delegation to Germany for Tourism, and in February 2003, the Chinese citizens' delegation to Germany made its first trip.In 2019, Chinese mainland residents left for Germany 1.5333 million times, down 2.4% year on year, and German citizens came to China 622000 times, down 3.4% year on year.From 2021 to 2022, Berlin International Tourism Exhibition will be held online, and Beijing, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Shandong and other places will participate in the online tourism exhibition.From August 10, 2023, Chinese travel agencies and online travel enterprises will resume the business of group travel of Chinese citizens to Germany.According to the data of the German National Tourism Administration, by the end of 2023, the number of Chinese tourists entering Germany has recovered to 45% of that before the epidemic, with 1.3 million nights.From December 1, 2023, China will try to implement a 15 day unilateral visa free policy for German people with ordinary passports to do business, travel, visit relatives and friends, and transit in China, with a trial period of one year.[36]
Relations with France
The special relationship between Germany and France is the core of Germany's EU policy.After World War II, Germany took the initiative to reconcile with France.German and French leaders now have a mechanism of meeting once every 6 to 8 weeks and holding two joint cabinet meetings every year to play the role of the engine of European integration and jointly plan the future development of the EU.European debt crisisAfter the outbreak, Germany led the EU to deal with the crisis, and its influence increased.The German French axis is facing a new round of adjustment.However, the leaders of both countries attach great importance to each other's relations and choose each other as the first country to visit after being elected.Makron After the election, German leaders welcomed Germany and said that Germany would strengthen German French cooperation and inject positive energy and new momentum into the EU.In March 2017, the Foreign Ministers of Germany and France issued a joint statement on the White Paper on the Future of Europe issued by the European Commission, calling on EU member states to maintain solidarity and jointly safeguard the achievements of integration.Since 2018, Merkel and Makron have exchanged visits and communicated and coordinated on the EU reform plan.On June 19, Germany and France held a joint ministerial meeting to reach a compromise on EU reform, but there are still differences on substantive issues.Since 2018, Germany and France have maintained close communication and coordination on the EU reform plan.In January 2019, Merkel and Makron signed the new Aachen Treaty on German French cooperation and integration in Aachen, Germany, releasing the signal that Germany and France should strengthen cooperation and promote European integration.In April, French Foreign Minister Ledriang and German Foreign Minister Mas jointly initiated the establishment of a "multilateral alliance" during their attendance at the United Nations Security Council meeting in New York, the United States.[1]
On April 26, 2024, French Defense Minister Lekolny and visiting German Defense Minister Pistorius signed an agreement in Paris on the same day. The two countries will jointly research and develop a "ground main combat system" with high and new technologies such as artificial intelligence, that is, a "future tank".[34]
Relations with Britain
Germany attaches importance to Britain's strength and influence inside and outside the EU, and regards Britain as an important partner.High level visits between the two countries are frequent. Chancellor Merkel chose the UK for her first visit in 2015.thinkBrexitIt is a major blow to the process of European integration.In the face of the formal launch of the Brexit process by the UK, it was stressed that the Brexit negotiations should first discuss how to remove the relationship between the UK and Europe, and then discuss the future relationship between the two sides;Germany has prepared for the Brexit of the UK and will try to reduce the negative impact on EU citizens in the UK. It hopes to continue to maintain close partnership with the UK after Brexit in dealing with international issues and regional conflicts;Britain should not be "picky" in negotiations, and should not retain privileges while cancelling obligations.But at the same time, Germany also said that it still welcomed Britain to remain in the EU.In January 2019, after the British House of Commons voted against the Brexit agreement promoted by Prime Minister May, Merkel said it was necessary to ensure an orderly Brexit, and at the same time to be ready for the Brexit without agreement.In April, May held talks with Merkel in Berlin on Britain's extension of Brexit.After the talks, Chancellor Merkel said that the UK's "Brexit" period could be extended to the end of 2019 or the beginning of 2020.In August, the new British Prime MinisterJohnsonDuring the first visit to Germany, both sides intended to release the signal of continuing dialogue and support the orderly Brexit, but differences still exist.[1]
Relations with the United States
The United States is one of Germany's most important allies, and its relationship with the United States is one of the two pillars of Germany's foreign relations.Germany believes that Europe and the United States share common values and many common interests, and are the most closely linked and dependent economic partners in the world.He advocated strengthening mutual trust and political coordination between Germany and the United States.The German US "eavesdropping" incident exposed in 2013 had a negative impact on political mutual trust between the two countries.Since Trump took office as President of the United States, the differences between the two sides in trade, currency, European policy, climate change and global governance have widened. However, Germany has cautiously responded to the criticism of the United States, emphasizing that the trans Atlantic partnership is still the cornerstone of Germany's foreign policy, and is willing to work closely with the United States on the basis of respect for common values such as democracy, freedom and human rights.In 2018, after the formation of the new German government, it actively sought to consolidate the trans Atlantic partnership.[1]
Relations with Russia
It regards Russia as a political and military power, values Russia's role in solving global and regional conflicts, combating international terrorism and European political and security affairs, and believes that Germany Russia and Europe Russia relations are of strategic significance from the geopolitical perspective.After taking office, the Merkel government insisted on various cooperation mechanisms such as government consultation and private dialogue between the two countries, committed to continuing to develop and deepen the strategic partnership with Russia, and promoted bilateral cooperation in the fields of economy, trade and energy, but at the same time highlighted the concerns of democracy, human rights and other issues in Russia.In 2008, the two sides exchanged high-level visits frequently.In August, Chancellor Merkel met with the Russian President in Sochi, and the two sides focused on consultations on the crisis in the South Caucasus.In October, German Prime Minister went to St. Petersburg, Russia to participate in the annual "German Russian St. Petersburg Dialogue".
Relations with Asian countries
Germany believes that Asia's rapid rise in the world political and economic arena and rising global influence are the core areas related to the future of Germany and Europe, and actively seeks to strengthen relations with Asian countries through bilateral and multilateral channels to seek economic benefits.He believes that the rise of China and India will have an important impact not only on the region, but also on the future world pattern. He has successively established government consultation mechanisms with China and India.He attached importance to relations with Japan and believed that Japan was an important reliable partner of Germany in Asia.Value the role of China, India and Japan in resolving regional conflicts, support regional cooperation in Asia, and commit toASEANCooperate and promote the ASEM process.The "New Asia Policy" was proposed, and the Asia Pacific Department was set up in the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with a separate China Division.Merkel has visited China 12 times, Japan 6 times and India 3 times since she became Prime Minister.[1]
Relations with African and Latin American countries
Germany attaches importance to developing relations with Africa, increasing investment in Africa and development assistance to Africa.Germany regards Latin America as a partner in global governance, and believes that the 21st century Delaware partnership should be comprehensively promoted.In May 2008, Chancellor Merkel went to Peru to attend the Euler Summit and visited Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Mexico for the first time.
Relations with Morocco
In May 2021, Morocco accused Germany of taking a series of hostile actions against Morocco, which led to tension between the two countries, and recalled its ambassador to Germany on this basis.[20]
On February 16, 2022, Moroccan Foreign Minister Brida and German Foreign Minister Behlberg issued a joint communique local time, deciding to inject "new breath" into bilateral relations.The two sides held a video conference on the same day and agreed to restart bilateral relations in various fields based on the strategy of "harmony, mutual respect and efficiency".The announcement also announced that the Moroccan ambassador to Germany would return to Berlin.[20]
Relations with Nicaragua
According to CCTV news, on April 10, 2024 local time, Nicaragua will close its embassy in Berlin, the capital of Germany, and its consular business in Germany will be managed by Nicaragua's embassy in Austria.[33]
Germany's tourism industry is developed.Every year, a large number of domestic and foreign tourists travel in Germany.Germany has 38 world cultural and natural heritage sites, the number of which is second only to Italy, China and Spain, and ranks fourth with France in the world. Among them, 36 are cultural heritage sites and only 2 are natural heritage sites.Famous scenic spots includeCologne Cathedral，Berlin Reichstag Rothenburg, Munich German Museum, Heidelberg Old City, Neuschwanstein Castle, Black Forest, King LakeDresden Gallerywait.
According to the report of Deutsche Zentrale f ü r Tourismus (DZT), the number of foreign tourists in Germany exceeded 46 million for the first time since 2012, and has continued to grow. Most tourists come from other European countries, the United States and Asia.German travel is not limited to city travel. The town has its own scenery.
Berlin, Munich, FrankfurtCologneDresden, Stuttgart, Hamburg, Dusseldorf and Nuremberg are the ten most popular German cities for foreign tourists. The most popular federal states for tourists are Bavaria, North Rhine Westphalia and Baden Wuerttemberg.
Famous scenic spot
scenic spot
scenic spot
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Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate is located in the center of Berlin, and the east side isPariser Platz (German: Pariser Platz) andUnter den Linden At the end of (German: Unter den Linden), the west side is the March 18th Square (German: Platz des 18M ä rz) andJune 17th Street(German: Stra ß e des 17Juni) is the symbol of Berlin and the national symbol of Germany. It has witnessed many important historical events in Berlin, Germany, Europe and even the world.In 1788, King Friedrich William II of Prussia unified the German Empire.At that time, the famous German architect Carl Goldhal Langhans was appointed to undertake the design and construction work. He designed the triumphal arch gate based on the ancient Greek colonnade gate in Athens, which was completed in 1791. It was once named the "Gate of Peace", and the goddess on the chariot was called the "Goddess of Peace".
Brandenburg Gate
Worry free Palace
Located in the capital of Brandenburg in the eastern part of the Federal Republic of GermanyPotsdamThe northern suburb of the city.The name of the palace comes from the original French meaning of "Wuyou" (or "Mochou").The carefree palace and its surrounding gardens are the king of PrussiaFriedrich II (1745-1757).The whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares and is located on a sand dune, so it is called "palace on the sand dune".
Cologne Cathedral
It is the world's gothic church, located in the center of Cologne, Germany, on the Rhine River.The hall is 42 meters high, and the top column is 109 meters high. In the center are two twin minarets built together with the door wall. The two 157.38 meter minarets are like two sharp swords, penetrating into the sky.
Berlin Wall Site
The Berlin Wall is 3.5 meters high, cement board structure, and the wall is made of cement pipes.It was built in 1961 as a witness of the German national division and the Cold War, and in 1989, when the nation was about to reunify, it was dismantled as a symbol of friendship, promoting the reunification of East and West Germany.
Neuschwanstein Castle
The full name New Swan Stone Castle is a mythical castle with white walls and blue roofs. It is located in Fussen Town, Texas. In the Alps, it is one of the palaces of King Ludwig II of Bavaria and the most photographed building in Germany.It is also one of the most popular tourist attractions.
Social events
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On October 7, 2019, the German Federal Agency for Consumer Protection and Food Safety announced the recall of more than 1000 meat products.The reason is that it may be contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes.[14]
On October 28, 2020, German Prime MinisterMerkel After the meeting with the state governors, it was announced that from November 2, 2020 to the end of November, Germany will implement a number of measures, including closing most public facilities, catering and entertainment places, and restricting personal travel.Although primary and secondary schools and kindergartens will continue to open, other measures have reached the level of "closing the city" during the first wave of COVID-19 epidemic at the beginning of the year, which German media called "de facto closing the city".[15]
Germany of Apology
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Brandt "kneels down"
Brandt "kneels down"
December 7, 1970, thenFederal Germanyprime ministerBrandtLay a wreath at the Warsaw Jewish Victims Monument.After arranging the wreath, he suddenly fell on his knees, which shocked the whole world.This kneeling is regarded as a representative gesture of Germany to thoroughly reflect on its war crimes, which has promoted the post-war reconciliation between Germany, Poland and other countries.[16]
Acknowledging the genocide of the Herero and Nama people
On May 28, 2021 local time, the German government officially recognized that its colonial forcesNamibiaOfHereroandNama peopleHas committedgenocideThe crime of.Germany will set up a total of 1.1 billioneuroFunds for localsocial welfareProject to improve the livelihood development of communities in the affected indigenous areas.German Foreign Minister Max will go toNamibiaSign the statement.President of GermanySteinmeierWill be onNamibiaparliamentI apologize for Germany's crimes before you.[17]
