Collectivism means that individuals belong to the society and their interests should be subordinated to the group, nation andNational interestsThe highest standard is that all statements and actions are in line with the collective interests of the people.
On October 18, 2017, Comrade Xi Jinping pointed out in the report of the 19th National Congress that we should strengthen ideological and moral construction and strengthen collectivism education.[1]
Collectivism usually refers toproletariatCollectivism.And“Individualism”Relative.One of the basic principles of communist morality runs through the core of various norms of communist morality.Its basic idea was put forward by the founder of Marxism."Since the interests correctly understood are the basis of the whole morality, it is necessary to make the private interests of individuals conform to the interests of all mankind." (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 2, p. 167) "Only in the collective can there be individual freedom" (ibid., Vol. 3, p. 84).These discussions already contain the collectivism principle in dealing with the relationship between individual interests and collective interests;Lenin proposed to turn the principle of "everyone for me, everyone for me" into the living standards of the masses, and the same is true.[2]
The concept of collectivism isStalinIn July 1934, in a conversation with British writer Wells, it was clearly put forward thatHerbert George WellsDialogue of).He said: "Collectivism and socialism do not deny individual interests, but organically combine individual interests and collective interests.".In his talk, he proposed that "there is no and should not be irreconcilable opposition between individuals and collectives, between individual interests and collective interests. There should be no such opposition, because collectivism and socialism do not deny individual interests, but combine individual interests with collective interests. Socialism cannot set aside individual interests. Onlysocialist society Can give this personal interest the most full satisfaction.In addition, a socialist society is the only reliable guarantee for the protection of individual interests. "Here he linked "collectivism" with "socialist society", which later became what he often called "socialist collectivism".
Collectivism is a philosophical, political, religious, economic or social perspective that emphasizes the interdependence of everyone.Collectivism is a basic cultural element. There is anti individualism in human nature (the same high context culture has a reverse low context culture). In some cases, it emphasizes the importance of organizational goals on the priority and cohesion of individual goals in social groups (such as a "group", defined in a specific context).Collectivists usually focus on communities, societies or countries.It has been used as an element throughout history in many different types of governments and political, economic and educational philosophies. In practice, all human societies contain elements of individualism and collectivism.Collectivism can be divided into horizontal collectivism and vertical collectivism.Horizontal collectivism emphasizes collective decision-making among relatively equal individuals, so it is usually based on decentralization.Vertical collectivism is based on the hierarchical structure of power and the consistency of moral culture, so it is based on power concentration.Cooperative enterprises are an example of horizontal collectivism, while the military level is an example of vertical collectivism.
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Communist moralityBasic principles of.It comes fromNonproductive stageStarting from the fundamental interests of the proletariat, we should deal with the relationship between individuals and collectives, between individuals and society, emphasize that the collective interests of the proletariat are higher than the individual interests, and require that individual interests be subordinated to the collective interests, immediate interests to long-term interests, and local interests to the overall interests.[3]
Collectivism is a moral necessity for the proletariat to complete its historical mission of self liberation and the liberation of all mankind, and it is the concentrated expression of the proletariat's noble morality.Collectivism refers to the proletariat's struggle against the bourgeoisieclass struggleFormed in.The development of modern large-scale industry has made everyproletarianTheir activities are restricted by each other and machines.At the same time, it also links the fate of the entire proletariat.In the face of capitalist economic exploitation and political oppression, no proletarian can change his own destiny alone.Only by relying on collective strength can the proletariat get rid of exploitation and oppression.The practice of class struggle made the proletariat realize that it must value the collective strength and safeguard the collective interests in the struggle.[3]
The cover of Student Collectivism Education
socialist systemThe establishment of collectivismMoral principlesThe realization of "provides conditions", and all the people also take the establishment of common ideals, common goals, common morality, and common discipline as their own requirements.Under socialist conditions, the interests of the state, the collective and the individual are basically the same.National interestsCollective interests are realized through the collective efforts of each worker. The development of national interests and collective interests is the most reliable guarantee for the realization of individual interests. Only in the collective can individuals achieve comprehensive development.[3]
Adherence to the principle of collectivism is consistent with the recognition of legitimate personal interests. It is wrong to deny legitimate personal interests with collectivism or oppose collectivism with personal interests.Collectivism first requires people to make their own contributions to the development of social collective interests;The principle of collectivism respects the legitimate personal interests of workers and the full play of their individual talents.[3]
Collectivism principleYes andIndividualismThe principles are fundamentally opposed.The principle of collectivism opposes and condemns the primacy of individual interests over national and collective interests, let alone the denial of national and collective interests by individual interests.In real life, the consistency of the interests of the state, the collective and the individual does not mean that the interests of the three are identical on every specific issue.Conflicts and conflicts of interests among the three parties often occur.As a moral principle, collectivism, on the one hand, requires the state and the collective to constantly adjust various policies and measures, care about the personal interests of workers, and try to develop their personal interests;On the other hand, it also guides people to consciously follow the collective interests with their own interests, and even sacrifice their own interests when necessary to protect the interests of the collective and the country.[3]
stayCommunist code of ethicsIn the system, the principle of collectivism has a profound impact on other norms of communist morality.It is communism to cultivate people's collectivismmoral educationAn important link of.[3]
background
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At present, the issue of values has transcended the scope of philosophy and become a fundamental issue in the field of humanities and social sciences.However, the discussion of values tends to be stereotyped, conceptualized and empty. The more you talk, the less you can see the core. There are too many slogans and concepts, which makes people feel puzzled.Especially on the issue of "what is the core values", there have been various views, which have been wildly discussed, but most of them do not hit the heart of the problem.Some people think that "democracy"“free”"Equality" and "fraternity" are core values. Some people believe that "fairness" and "justice" areCore valuesOthers believe that "free and comprehensive development of human beings" is the core value, and so on.Indeed, these concepts and categories all have value connotations, reflecting some values of human society, but they have become slogans to a large extent, making core values more and more wrapped up in concepts, which hinders people's understanding of the nature of the problem.
Values are people's reflection of social existence.Values refer to people's overall evaluation and view of the meaning and importance of the objective things around them (including people, things and things), and are the criteria used by social members to evaluate behaviors, things and choose their own desirable goals from various possible goals.These general comments and opinions, in the final analysis, reflect people's attitude towards interests.In other words, values are the interests that people realize.People's actual interests are diverse, and people's realized interests are also diverse, so are people's values.Among the numerous interests, there are two basic interests, namely, personal interests and public interests;At the same time, there are two forms of basic values, namely individualistic values and collectivist values.Therefore, from the perspective of the essential decisive role of interests in values, interests play a dominant role in other values in the system of human values. There are only two values at the core: individualism and collectivism.
Collectivism is socialistCore valuesThe concept has always been emphasized by the leading public opinion in our society.With the establishment of the market economy system, the traditional sense of the collective is undergoing profound changes. The social interest pattern has changed from single to multiple, and the social trend of thought that emphasizes the subject status, subject consciousness and subject rights of individuals has gradually become strong.However, the requirements of the socialist market economy on the interest subjects are not only from unitary to pluralistic, but more importantly, to form a new whole of mutual benefit, win-win and coordinated development on the basis of pluralistic interest subjects.The modern market economy cannot be built on the basis of "atomization" and "desertification" caused by extreme individualism. The socialist market economy based on division of labor and multiple interest subjects implies the call for collectivism.However, the past collectivism has not been baptized by the market economy. Under the market economy conditions that emphasize the status of individual subject, people have doubts about whether collectivism can be combined with the market economy.Therefore, it is necessary to sort out the history and logic of collectivism, and on this basis, make clear what kind of collectivism we are going to build and what kind of collectivism should be.[4]
Differentiation basis
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Collectivism, as the basic principle of socialist morality, "is the fundamental criterion for dealing with individual interests and overall interests, and the most basic starting point and guiding principle for adjusting various normative requirements of people's mutual relations" [1].Since the interest relationship between individuals and others, and between the collective is ubiquitous, the moral principles regulating the interest relationship between people actually cover all areas of social life.When collectivism is not only regarded as the internal yardstick of individual behavior, but also as the basic basis for integrating social order and designing systems, it is not only a moral principle, but also a basic value principle of society.Just as individualism is not only a moral principle but also a core value of the country in Western society, in the eyes of Westerners, the whole society and their highest aspirations are closely linked with individualism. To give up individualism is to give up their deepest essence.In fact, in any society, whether aware of it or not, the basic social values contained in cultural traditions and embodied in social systems are always playing a fundamental role in integrating society, and individualism and collectivism are the two most basic types.[4]
Compared with the western society, what plays a fundamental role in the integration of Chinese society is notIndividualismIt's collectivism.However, it would be wrong to generally believe that collectivism is superior to individualism, because there are qualitative differences between collectives, and collectivism also has qualitative differences.As we all know, Marx and Engels divided the collective into "real collective" and "illusory collective" ("false collective", "fake collective", etc.).A basic basis for Marx and Engels to distinguish between true and false collectives is whether individuals are free or not in the collective, that is, whether individuals "control their own living conditions and the living conditions of all members".They believed that in the past, the collective was a "shackle" to the oppressed. Even the exploiter had so-called freedom because he was not an individual but a member of the ruling class. Once he exceeded the scope of the class, he would face the freedom caused by the inability to freely occupy the living conditions of others,Therefore, the country is also false to him.However, "in the collective of revolutionary proletarians who control their own living conditions and the living conditions of all members of the society, the situation is completely different. In this collective, individuals participate as individuals. It is such a combination of individuals (naturally based on the productivity that has been developed at that time), which combines the individual'sfreeThe conditions for development and movement are under their control ".It can be seen that only when the collective is a "combination" of individuals who control their own and other members' survival and development conditions, the collective is true for individuals.[4]
althoughMarx and EngelsIt mainly discusses the authenticity of the collective at the national, class and social levels. In a sense, "this' real collective 'is the free association of people, that isCommunist society”However, this does not affect the methodology we draw from to analyze the nature of the collective, because the seeds of the real collective in the future are contained in the real collective.Its methodological enlightenment is: there are true and false collective;The truth of a collective depends on whether individuals in the collective control their own and others' living conditions and the degree of control;The real collective is a tool for individual survival and development, while the false collective is a shackle for individual survival and development;This contradiction between individuals and the collective is the internal driving force to promote the collective from falsehood to truth.In short, in the analysis of the nature of the collective, Marx and Engels took the individual as the starting point and end result of the analysis of the collective, and then revealed that individual freedom and all-round development are the essence of the collective. The struggle of individuals to control their own and all members' living conditions is the internal driving force of collective progress. The highest historical realm of collective evolution is the union of free people.This kind of historical materialism analysis of the collective provides us with a scientific methodology to distinguish between true and false collectives and collectivism.[4]
Isomorphism of family and country
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In line with the long feudal system, the core content of collectivism in Chinese traditional culture is patriarchal (or quasi patriarchal)."Patriarchal collectivism is also called feudal patriarchal collectivism, which is inseparable from the feudal patriarchal system.In the feudal patriarchal system of China, the feudal society took the blood relationship as the link, combined with the state system, to safeguard the hereditary rule and hereditary privileges of parents, patriarchs and nobles, and formed a feudal patriarchal system consisting of political power, divine power, and dictatorship, forming a hierarchical patriarchal system.As these systemsIdeological cultureThe expression in the field of values is a kind of collectivism or holism centered on safeguarding the country, the nation and the nobility, while individual interests must be absolutely subordinated to the interests of the clan, so it is called patriarchal collectivism "[4]
The prominent feature of the feudal patriarchal system is that the blood family system has become the model of the national system.In Mencius Lilou, it is said that "people have a constant saying that the country is the foundation of the world, and the country is the foundation of the home." This saying mixes the two different social organizations of "home" and "country", and regards the home as the foundation of the country.In his book Rationality and Democracy, Zhang Dongsun described this kind of social organization structure with mixed family and country in detail: "China's social organization is a big family with numerous small families in many layers. It can be said that it is a hierarchy of families. The so-called monarch is the father of a country, and the minister is the son of the monarch. In such a hierarchical society, there is no concept of 'individual'.All men are not the father, but the son.If you are not a monarch, you are a minister.Either husband or wife.Either brother or brother. "This vividly shows that the family organization structure has a profound impact on the formation and development of Chinese social organization form, and "based on the ancient patriarchal concept of respecting the position and authority of the head of a familyPaternalismIt is the theoretical basis for the establishment of Chinese government organizations.[4]
Why does such a social organization structure feature? What is the key point?Some scholars believe that this is related to the path of the formation of the early state: "The development of ancient Chinese history is not the substitution of a slave state for a patriarchal society linked by clan blood ties, but from the family to the state, with blood ties to maintain the slave system, forming a pattern of" family and state as one ", according to scholars studying the origin of the state,There are two different models of the origin of early states: one is the "clan model", such as the ancientAthensAnd Rome;The second is the "chiefdom model", which belonged to ancient China.As the earliest social organization of mankind, clan and chiefdom are ancient social systems based on blood relationship.With the addition of foreign population and the emergence of surplus products, the original principle of equal distribution within the clan and the emirate was gradually broken, and the "paternal, purely moral" power began to transform into the power structure of the early state along two different paths.The first is the decentralization path under the clan mode.For example, according to Morgan's research, the clan tribal political organizations once experienced the "one power stage" when power was concentrated in the tribal council, the "two power stage" when the plenipotentiary assembly of tribal leaders and the supreme military commander coexisted, and the "three power stage" when "the third power point - the people's assembly" appeared in addition to the chieftain assembly and the military commander.Obviously, the focus of the decentralization path is to prevent the excessive concentration of power in the hands of individuals. As a result, "a model of great significance in human political history has been formed, that is, the so-called model of democratic politics. Engels once directly called Athens a" democratic republic ".The second is the centralization path under the emirate model."In the national process of these societies, power evolved directly from the power of the chieftain, that is, the chieftain of the chieftain state.".When the sheikh distributes more goods to his close relatives in the redistribution of surplus goods, "the special role of individuals has economic implications";When the chieftain allocates more surplus labor to his followers in order to seek greater advantages in the tribe, "the special role of the individual has political implications".The chief's personal special role in collective management began to shift to personal power, and gathered around the power to form a powerful group, which in turn strengthened the chief's personal force.The difference between the two models is whether the power is restricted.However, "the emirate is a society with a clear sense of personal political power. When they were transformed into the state, they inherited the legacy of personal rule in politics and developed the earliest form of authoritarianism in human society".[4]
First, patriarchal collectivism is the cultural soil that breeds individual power.In the category of patriarchal collectivism, patriarchal politics is its core content.A complex network of power relations has been formed around large and small patriarchal societies. "Parents" are individuals who override the collective and control the fate of members in the collective;The individual is subordinate to the collective, forming a personal dependency relationship with large and small "parents".In the patriarchal clan system, only despotism and "the slave morality" of belonging to one's own people "can prevail.[4]
Second, patriarchal collectivism is the cultural soil to build a hierarchy and power relationship network."The essence of the patriarchal clan system is the politicization of the family system" [6-2], which not only refers to the isomorphism in organizational structure, but also in the way of governance.The family governance follows the principle of "humane kinship" as explained in the Book of Rites, Great Biography: "When you are close to your ancestors, you respect them, and when you respect them, you honor them, and when you honor them, you accept the family."When this logic is extended to the society, it leads to the principle of governing the country with clear hierarchy: "In the way of governing people, don't rush to ceremony... the justice of monarch and minister, the relationship between father and son, the distinction between noble and humble, the killing of close and distant, the granting of noble rewards, the difference between husband and wife, the equality of political affairs, the order of seniority and youth, and the occasion between top and bottom." Thus, the hierarchy system is endowed with natural rationality by the order of human relations,The political game between different interest groups is suppressed by moral etiquette, and the possibility of the collective members' rational formation of communication rules based on their own interests is eliminated by the ethical rules of humane intimacy.[4]
Third, patriarchal collectivism inhibits the formation of individual right consciousness.Under the patriarchal system, the value of individual life is mainly realized in ethical and political relations.Therefore, "there is no personal concept in China; a person does not seem to exist for himself".Although "the sense of responsibility and obligation to the group is the common general social psychological structure of the whole Chinese nation (from the Son of Heaven to the common people)", "this Chinese sense of responsibility lacks the concept of personality as the sole subject of responsibility" [9], and individuals only have the obligation to obey and adhere to, without the space to claim individual rights.[4]
Obviously, the essence of patriarchal collectivism isAbsolutismAnd slavery, which is incompatible with the modern democratic system, is the dross that we must abandon when we move towards modern democracy.[4]
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For a long time, people intuitively believed that the concept of private was concrete,IndividualismThe definition of "is easy to understand, that is, the interests of private interests, individuals or small groups, which is also explained more thoroughly.The concept of public is generalized, and collectivism is regarded as abstract, invisible and intangible, which is determined by the attributes of collectivism.The collective interests referred to by collectivism are composed of multiple levels, namely, the common interests of society, the national interests, the national interests, the interests of organizations and social units.These are also specific and can be determined, but some people do not want to admit or even confuse its practicality, so that their personal interests can be more protected.
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socialist society The values with collectivism as the core must be established ineconomic baseAnd the socialist mode of production.Under socialist conditions, because there is no fundamental conflict of interests between social members in essence, the fundamental interests of society or the country, the collective and the individual are generally the same.The core values of collectivism under socialist conditions include three basic principles: first, the interests of society, collective and individual must be unified;Second, social and collective interests are higher than individual interests;Third, the legitimate interests of individuals are fully respected. When social and collective interests conflict with individual interests, individual interests should be subordinate to social and collective interests.
Therefore, from the perspective of the history of human society,IndividualismCollectivism and collectivism are the products of the historical development of human society. They cannot be generally defined, nor can they be generally affirmed or denied, but depend on the specific social and historical conditions.From the practice of the development of human society, individualism and collectivism both have an advanced side: individualism emphasizes the liberation of personality, which is of positive significance for liberating people from the personal dependency relationship of the European Middle Ages, recognizing the right of individuals to pursue interests, giving play to individual creativity, and promoting social progress;Collectivism is extremely important under the historical conditions of objective and diverse national, national and social interests. Without it, society will not have cohesion. Especially for the vast number of poor and backward developing countries, the political, ideological and ideological unity plays a vital role in the development of a nation state.
Historical changes
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Traditional culture is the product of historical accumulation.As an established force, traditional culture can not only combine with the factors of progress of the times to form an ideological force to promote social development, but also combine with the factors of backwardness in reality to become a hotbed of decaying forces.If the political and cultural core such as official standard and hierarchy system is removed, the cultural connotation of collectivism carried by traditional culture, such as valuing the monk, being modest and courteous, being honest and trustworthy, cultivating oneself and being cautious, thinking about justice for profit, being diligent and honest, being self disciplined, acting bravely, being loyal and patriotic, can be fully combined with the theme of the times,It will become an inexhaustible social capital for shaping new collectives and collectivism.From the historical perspective, the first thing that shook the foundation of the patriarchal collectivism system was the Revolution of 1911. Since then, the patriarchal system of imperial power has ended.However, patriarchal collectivism has not disappeared, but has survived with cultural and customary forces as the carrier, and will nourish various forms of patriarchal collectivism as soon as possible.The New Culture Movement turned the criticism to the feudal orthodox thought represented by Confucianism, and opened the gate to contain the flow of new ideas.Modern Westernindependent, equalityfreeThe spread of ideas such as democracy has made people deeply reflect on and awaken the despotism and slavery under the patriarchal clan system.[4]
The victory of the Russian October Revolution made the advanced Chinese see a new value subject to adapt to social development.Because the October Revolution was "the victory of the common people" and "the victory of labor", it made the Western countries suffer from imperialist humiliation and warlord scufflescapitalismThe thinking of the Chinese people who have deep doubts has changed: learn from Russia and "use revolutionary means to build a country of the working class (that is, the productive class)".For the first time, the "working class" was regarded as the value subject of the country.After Marxism entered China, it broke the historical view of dividing people by blood, patriarchal clan system and hierarchy for thousands of years, and provided a new method of dividing social groups according to the principle of economic interests, so that China's advanced elements "no longer see the dawn through the screen", and jumped out of the vague concepts of "national", "national" and so on,The working class, the real force driving the development of history, has been clearly recognized. For the first time, morality and interests have been unified on the new value subject of "working class" and "productive class". Traditional culture has a realistic carrier combining with the times.[4]
After the establishment of a new value subject, China's social organization began to change.Before the May 4th Movement, Mao Zedong's view of history was still the heroic view of history, but "after the baptism of the October Revolution and the May 4th Movement in Russia, he finally realized that only 'mass unity' was the fundamental method to transform the country and society. He explored the 'big origin' from the masses of the people for many years.".This "grand alliance" formed on the basis of class's "common interests" is a negation of social organizations based on patriarchal relations. Its focus is no longer simply to transform individuals fromPatriarchal clan systemIt is to break the patriarchal hierarchy, re divide the population according to the principle of interests, and re integrate the society according to the principle of equality.This profound change in the understanding of the value subject has laid the ideological foundation for the birth of the Communist Party of China and the people's army with the interests of the people as the highest purpose, and laid the foundation for China's transformation from a traditional country to a modern country.[4]
During the revolutionary war, Mao Zedong clearly put forward“Serve the people”This is the core value concept of the Chinese Communists. This concept is the product of the combination of Marxist historical materialism with the reality of the Chinese revolution and China's traditional culture. It not only places the interests of the people in the position of the highest purpose of a political party, but also places the people in the position of the master of the future country. The Communist Party is always the tool for the people to realize their own interests.Under this political logic, a new type of interpersonal relationship - gay relationship has been formed in the revolutionary collective.The "comradeship" relationship not only embodies the advanced concepts of human civilization such as independence, equality, freedom and democracy, but also carries the moral elements of Chinese traditional culture such as loyalty, righteousness, serving the country, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust. The ego and the ego have achieved unprecedented unity in the cause of class and national liberation,Revolutionary collectivismIt came into being in the combination of Chinese and Western cultures.[4]
Russian traditional values
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On November 9, 2022 local time, Russian President Putin signed a decree to protect 17 traditional values, including"Collectivism".[5]
