The magnetosphere (magnetosphere) is the magnetic field region of the earth, which encloses an invisible layer of charged particles around the earth. It is equivalent toGeomagnetic fieldThe earth is protected from the impact of the solar wind.[1]
Astronomers have detected that there is a magnetosphere around stars outside the solar system《natural》The magazine reported that the discovery of the magnetosphere existed 3.2 billion years ago, 500 million years earlier than scientists had previously thought.
The research team led by John Taduno approvedMagnetiteThe early magnetosphere was studied."When a flint cools, the magnetic ore contained in it will record the direction and strength of the earth's magnetic field and seal it," Tarduno said
Main role
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It can block theCharged particle flow, effectively blocking the invasion of the solar wind, which can prevent the charged particle flow from transmitting energy to the gas molecules in the atmosphere, so that the gas molecules cannot escape from the earthgravitytow.This discovery will help people to accurately calculate the formation time and age of the earth.
On May 31, 2009, according to the British New Scientist magazine, scientists generally believe that the magnetosphere, which acts as a protective screen for the earth, can protect the earth's atmosphere, but the latest research shows that the earth's magnetosphere has secretly lost atmospheric gas.
It can protect the life on the earth, and it can block theCharged particle flow, effectively blocking the invasion of the solar wind, which can prevent the charged particle flow from transmitting energy to the gas molecules in the atmosphere, so that the gas molecules can not escape the gravity traction of the earth.
The magnetosphere is strong enough to protect the earth from the destructive destruction of solar storms.This research result is very helpful to accurately calculate the history of life on Earth.[2]
In May 2009, Stass Barabash, Swedish Space Physics Research Center, Kiruna, Sweden(Chief Investigator of the European Space Agency's Venus Exploration Program)In polar regions, the Earth's magnetosphere may further promote the loss of gas in the atmosphere.[3]
Research analysis
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A Study on the Discovery of a New Magnetosphere Surrounding the Earth
Vanderbilt University Professor Charles Chabel, a scientist at Dale Observatory, published his discovery of the geomagnetic circle in the latest issue of Geophysical Research.
By comparing and analyzing the data obtained from five satellites, he finally discovered this new magnetosphere, which is actually a part of the magnetosphere.The aurora in the north and south poles of the earth are only two visible parts of the magnetosphere. Although the magnetosphere is not visible, it is a key part of the earth's cosmic environment.Professor Chabel said, "Although it is invisible, the magnetosphere has a great relationship with our daily life. For example, when the solar wind strikes the Earth's magnetosphere, it will causepowerInterruption, interferenceelectromagnetic waveLaunch, impactGPSSignal and other problems.The charged particles in the magnetosphere may even damage the electronic components on the satellite, affect the atmospheric temperature and the movement of the upper atmosphere. "
He accelerated low-energy ions in the earth's magnetosphere by using the "natural power cycle" until they had the characteristics of high-energy ions in different regions of the magnetosphere.In this way, scientists discovered the existence of this new area.This warm ion zone is a long and narrow area, which starts from the luminous surface of the earth and covers the sunlight surface, but slowly starts to weaken on the afternoon side.Therefore, it only surrounds about three fourths of the periphery of the earth.The region is composed of low-energy charged particles, which enter space above the earth's magnetic pole, and then accelerate back to the earth's magnetic field with a 180 degree transformation due to the earth's magnetic field.[4]
Scientists make further research based on the discovery of the geomagnetic circle, while the number of stars with planets outside the solar system newly discovered by astronomers is growing, about 200 of which have been confirmed, some of which look very similar to Jupiter, so scientists call them“Hot Jupiter”The exploration of these stars is still in progress.
But what are the characteristics of these starsPlanetary systemIt is still a mystery to us how they formed, why the planets around them are very massive, and the orbital distance between them and the stars is very small.Astronomers speculate that the magnetosphere around a star may play an important role in answering these questions.[5]
Research on the Earth Magnetosphere Is a "Ocean Robber" Stealing Atmospheric Gases
Barbara Bash believes thatVenusThere has never been a magnetosphere, andMarsThe magnetosphere of.Taking into account the different masses of the Earth, Mars and Venus, the composition of the atmosphere and their distance from the sun, Barabash calculated the rate of oxygen ion loss of the three planets respectively.He focuses on oxygen ions because they are the threePlanetary ionosphereAt the same time, he found that the rate at which the Earth lost oxygen ions was three times faster than the other two planets.
Barbara Bash pointed out that the magnetosphere of a planet is far larger than the atmosphere of the planet, which means that the planet with magnetic field will attract more energy from the solar wind, and these additional energy will present a funnel shape towards the Earth's magnetic pole, so the ionospheric particles above the Earth's poles can accelerate their escape.At present, he has published this research report at the International Conference on Comparative Planetary Research held in Nordwek, the Netherlands, in May.
The European Space Agency's star cluster program shows that the number of ions escaping from the Earth's poles every year is twice that of other solar planets.When we suffer from low solar activity, the strong solar wind plays an important role in the formation of the early atmosphere of young Earth and Mars.Balabash's calculation shows that the earth's atmosphere loses 60000 tons of gas every year due to the influence of the magnetosphere. Compared with the total weight of tens of billions of tons of gas in the earth's atmosphere, this loss will not cause damage to the atmosphere.[1]
Characteristic analysis
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The first is to develop a computer program, which can predict the ionGeomagnetic fieldHow does the Chinese move.The computer program was used to analyze the satellite observation data, and some patterns were clearly seen for the first time.
Scientists have studied the "childhood" of the early formation of the earth and recorded the earliest data of the earth's magnetic field to protect the earth from solar storms.This research is helpful to calculate the time of the origin of life on the earth more accurately.The history of the changes in the Earth's magnetic field plays a key role in scientists' understanding of the deep changes in the Earth's interior, the atmospheric evolution and the early evolution of terrestrial life.But it is difficult for scientists to determine the formation time of the earth's magnetic field by 2007.U.S.AUniversity of RochesterAccording to the direct measurement of the earliest Earth's magnetic field by geophysicists, the magnetosphere was 3.2 billion years ago. During the 28 days of circling the earth, some parts of the moon were also protected by the magnetosphere in 7 days.
U.S.AUniversity of WashingtonEleka Hanat, assistant research professor of earth and space science, said, "We found that some areas of the moon would be completely protected by the magnetosphere, while others would not be protected." The high-energy solar particles generated in solar storms carry enough energy to cause the interruption of ground communication and even destroy satellites in orbit around the earth.In solar storms, particles from the Earth's ionosphere, mainly oxygen, also become quite active.Although they are not as active as high-energy solar particles, they still pose a great threat to astronauts working on the moon or going to Mars.Using computer simulation of the characteristics of the magnetosphere, Hanat found that although solar storms may increase the danger of ionospheric particles from hitting the moon, they may also cause the situation in the magnetosphere where countless dangerous solar particles turn.[6]
Latest research
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Jupiter's auroras are formed under the gravitational influence of Ganymede's magnetosphere.
Jupiter's largest moon----GanymedeIt is also the only satellite with a strong magnetic field.As of 2009, scientists have used thousands of images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope to find that the spectacular aurora seen in Jupiter's polar region is generated in Ganymede's magnetospheregravitationFormed under the influence of.
Ganymede and the very active Io will interact with the planet's plasma when they orbit Jupiter, producing bright spots in the polar region of Jupiter. These bright spots are called "auroral footprints".However, until now no one knows how big Ganymede's footprint is, and why Ganymede will cause the beautiful and spectacular auroras in Jupiter's polar region.[7]
Through analysis, researchersHubble Space TelescopeThe pictures they took measured the exact size of Ganymede's footprints. They believed that the area of these spots was too large to be the projection of the satellite on the planet, and its diameter was very consistent with the diameter of Ganymede's protective magnetic field.Scientists also measured the size and shape of Europa's auroral footprints, which were caused by charged particles emitted from the active volcanoes on Io.
University of Liege (University of Liege)AstrophysicsThe scientist Denis Grodent said: "Each of these auroral structures is telling us an ongoing story - large-scale energy transmission is taking place on the distant Jupiter.By analyzing the exact location of these auroras, and the changes in their shape and brightness when Io and Ganymede orbit Jupiter, we have produced the most detailed simulation map so far, simulating the electromagnetic interaction between Jupiter and these satellites. "In 2009, Gruntont introduced the research results in detail at the European Planetary Science Conference held in Germany.[8]
In addition to combining Ganymede's auroral footprint with its magnetic field, Gruntont and his research team also accidentallyauroraFound in terms of brightnessPeriodic changeThese changes took place at three different times.Researchers believe that each change reflects the interaction between Jupiter's plasma and Ganymede's magnetic field, but so far they do not know what causes this interaction.[2]
