The hydrogen fuel cell is the combination of hydrogen and oxygenchemical energyA power generating device that is directly converted into electrical energy.The basic principle isElectrolytic waterOfReverse reaction, hydrogen and oxygen are respectively supplied to anode and cathode, and hydrogen diffuses outward through anode andelectrolyteAfter the reaction, the released electrons reach the cathode through the external load.
Hydrogen fuel cell has no pollution to the environment.It is throughelectrochemical reactionInstead of combustion (gasoline, diesel) or energy storage (battery) -- the most typical traditionalBackup power supplyProgramme.Combustion will release pollutants such as COx, NOx, SOx gas and dust.As mentioned above, fuel cells only produce water and heat.If hydrogen is passed throughRenewable energyGenerated（PV panel, wind power generation, etc.), the whole cycle is completely non generatedHazardous substancesDischarge process.
No noise
The hydrogen fuel cell runs quietly, and the noise is only about 55dB, which is equivalent to the level of normal conversation.This makes fuel cells suitable for indoor installation, or in places where noise is limited outdoors.
high efficiency
The power generation efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell can reach more than 50%, which is determined by the conversion nature of fuel cellchemical energyConverted into electric energy without heat andmechanical energyIntermediate transformation.
Main differences
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dry battery. The battery is a kind ofEnergy storage deviceIs to store electric energy and release it when necessary;The hydrogen fuel cell is strictly a power generation device. Like power plants, it directly converts chemical energy into electrical energyElectrochemical power generationDevices.In addition, the electrode of hydrogen fuel cell is made of special porous material, which is one of the items of hydrogen fuel cellkey technology , which is not only for gas andelectrolyteProvide a large contact surface, and also play a role in the chemical reaction of the batteryCatalysis。
application area
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Space field
In the 1960s, hydrogen fuel cells had been successfully used in the aerospace field.Shuttling between space and the earth“Apollo”The spaceship
Working diagram[1]
The device with small volume and large capacity is installed.Since the 1970s, as people continue to master a variety of advanced hydrogen production technologies, hydrogen fuel cells will soon be used in power generation and automobiles.
Large power stations, whether hydropower, thermal power or nuclear power, send the electricity sent to the power grid, which transmits it to users.However, due to the different loads of each power user, the power grid sometimes presents a peak and sometimes a valley, which will lead to power failure or voltage instability.In addition, about 70% of the combustion energy of traditional thermal power stations is consumed in boilers andturbogeneratorThese huge equipment will also consume a lot of energy and emit a lot of harmful substances when burning.And use hydrogenFuel cell power generationIs to directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy without burning,Energy conversion rateIt can reach 60%~80%, and has less pollution and noise. The device can be large or small and very flexible.
Hydrogen has active chemical properties and can be combined with many metals or alloys.Some metals or alloys absorb hydrogen to form ametal hydride The hydrogen content of some metal hydrides is very high, even higher thanliquid hydrogenAnd the metal hydride will decompose at a certain temperature and release the absorbed hydrogen, which constitutes a goodHydrogen storage material。
Automotive Applications
20 hydrogen fuel cell cars independently developed by ChinaTongji UniversityNew energy vehiclesThe engineering center will hold the departure ceremony for Beijing, and they willOlympic GamesAnd put into operation.These 20 hydrogen fuel cell cars are based on VolkswagenPassatLingyu, through the restructuring and integration of the latest generation of fuel cell car powersystem platform And successfully developed.They use hydrogen as energy, generate water through hydrogen oxygen chemical reaction, and realize zero pollution.The hydrogen fuel cell car can run more than 300 kilometers with a single hydrogen injection, and the speed can reach 140~150 kilometers per hour.Compared with the same type of hydrogen fuel cell carsInternal combustion engineIt weighs more than 200 kg and is more than 5 times more expensive.
The hydrogen fuel cell bus in Jingshan City, Hubei Province was put into operation
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicleIts working principle is that hydrogen is sent to the fuel cellAnode plate(negative pole), under the action of catalyst (platinum),hydrogen atomOne of the electrons in the is separated, losing electronsHydrogen ionTransitProton exchange membrane, to the fuel cell cathode plate (anode), while electrons cannot pass through the proton exchange membrane, this electron can only reach the fuel cell cathode plate through the external circuit, thusExternal circuitCurrent is generated in.After reaching the cathode plate, the electrons recombine with oxygen atoms and hydrogen ions to form water.Since the oxygen supplied to the cathode plate can be obtained from the air, as long as the anode plate is continuously supplied with hydrogen, the cathode plate is supplied with air, and the water (steam) is taken away in time, the power can be continuously supplied.Electricity generated by fuel cellinverter, controller, etcdrive system 、Drive axleWhen the wheels are driven to rotate, the vehicle can be driven on the road.Compared with traditional cars,Fuel cell vehicleEnergy conversion efficiencyUp to 60~80%, 2~3 times of that of internal combustion engine.The fuel of fuel cell is hydrogen and oxygen,ProductIt is clean water, which does not producecarbon monoxideandcarbon dioxideAnd no sulfur and particles are discharged.Therefore,hydrogen fuelBattery cars are truly zero emission, zero pollution cars, and hydrogen fuel is the perfect vehicle energy!
There is no doubt about the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.With the progress of science and technology, the problems that once plagued the development of hydrogen fuel cell, such as safety and hydrogen fuel storage technology, have been gradually overcome and constantly improved. However, the cost problem is still the biggest bottleneck hindering the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.The cost of hydrogen fuel cell is ordinarygasoline engineThis price is more than the market can bear.
The British government will vigorously develop hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It plans to make the number of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Britain reach 1.6 million by 2030, and make its market share reach 30% - 50% by 2050.The government will realize the localized production of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles from 2015, and develop their ownRelated technologiesIn addition, a hydrogen fuel supply station will be built.[3]
On October 18, 2023, the BMW iX5 hydrogen fuel cell vehicle held a test drive in Beijing.[9]
On March 30, 2024, the launching ceremony of the demonstration operation of Haima hydrogen fuel cell vehicle 7X-H was held in Haikou.A total of 25 vehicles were put into the demonstration operation, all of which were owned and operated by Hainan Haima Sales Company.Hainan Haima Automobile General ManagerLu GuogangAccording to the introduction, Haima 7X-H is equipped with Toyota electric stack system and 70MPa high-pressure hydrogen storage tank. It only takes 3-5 minutes to fill up hydrogen at one time, and its range can reach 800 kilometers.[10]
Aircraft Applications
working principle
fuel cell(Fuel Cell) is a power generation device, but it is notrechargeable batteryJust like a rechargeable battery, a fuel cell, as its name suggests, continues to add fuel to maintain its power. The required fuel is "hydrogen", which is why it is classified as a new energy source.The operating principle of the fuel cell is that the cell contains two electrodes, the cathode and anode, which are charged separatelyelectrolyteAnd between the two electrodesPermeabilityIs made of thin films.Hydrogen enters the fuel cell from the anode, and oxygen (or air) enters the fuel cell from the cathode.The hydrogen molecule of the anode is decomposed into two protons and two electrons by the action of the catalyst. The protons are 'attracted' to the other side of the film by oxygen, and the electrons reach the cathode after forming current through the external circuit.Under the action of cathode catalyst, protons, oxygen and electrons react to formwaterSo water is the only fuel cellEmissions。The "hydrogen" fuel used in fuel cells can come from the hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water and anyhydrocarbon, such as natural gasmethanol、ethanol(alcohol), biogas, etc.As fuel cells generate electricity and water through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, they are not only completely pollution-free, but also avoid the time-consuming problem of traditional battery charging. They are currently the most promising new energy source. If they can be popularized and applied to vehicles and other highly polluting power generation tools, they will significantly reduce air pollution andgreenhouse effect。
Hydrogen fuel cell aircraft
100 km/h
BoeingThe company successfully flew hydrogen fuel cell on April 3, 2008Power sourceA small plane.Boeing says it's in the worldAviation historyThis is the first time, which indicates thataviation industryThe future will be more environmentally friendly.But Boeing acknowledges that this technology is unlikely to provide major power for large passenger aircraft.
The Boeing Company made threeSpainTest flight in OkaniaHydrogen fuel cell aircraftThe successful test flight is of historic significance.The takeoff and climb process of small aircraft uses the hybrid power provided by traditional batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.Climb to 1000m above sea levelCruise altitudeLater, the aircraft cut off the traditional battery power supply and relied only on hydrogen fuel cells to provide power.The plane flew at an altitude of 1000 meters for about 20 minutes at a speed of about 100 kilometers per hour.This technology is of great significance to Boeing, and also makes the future of the aviation industry "full of green hope".
Small aircraftAustriaDiamond double seatpropellerPowered gliderIt is modified and installed with proton exchange membrane fuel cell andLithium ion battery。The small aircraft has a wingspan of 16.3 meters, a body length of 6.5 meters, and a weight of about 800 kilograms, which can accommodate two people.During the flight test, there was only one pilot on board.
In the cabin, the traditional battery is placed on the only passenger seat, and a diver likeOxygen tank。Boeing said that the plane continuedflight timeUp to 45 minutes, "no noise".Hydrogen fuel cell generates current through the process of converting hydrogen into water, and does not generategreenhouse gases。In addition to heat,steamIt is the only by-product produced by hydrogen fuel cells.
Boeing's hydrogen fuel cell aircraftTechnical breakthroughHowever, the Boeing (Europe) Research and Technology Department said that this technology may provide auxiliary power for large aircraft, but it requires technological breakthroughs.
Technical limitations
In the context of rising fuel prices, environmental pollution andglobal warmingThe demand for cleaner, safer and more efficient means of transport is growing rapidly.
Boeing's hydrogen fuel cell aircraft has brought technological breakthroughs, but the head of Boeing (Europe) Research and Technology Department Escatti said that hydrogen fuel cells can provide flight power for small aircraft, but cannot provide main power for large passenger aircraft.
Nevis Lapena, Boeing's engineer in charge of flight test, said that this technology may provide auxiliary power for large aircraft, but it requires technological breakthroughs.Boeing said it will continue to develop the potential of hydrogen fuel cells to improve the environment.
International Energy Agency He said that promoting the use of hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cells could reduce the production of greenhouse gases from oil, natural gas and coalenergy consumption。
Development status
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According to the International Energy Storage Summit“Zero emission”Ofclean energy, Hydrogenfuel cellstaydeveloped countryThe application of is speeding up.Japan will complete 100 buildings by 2015Hydrogenation station13 have been completed, and the EU has recently approved the project of adding fuel cell buses;Hyundai Motorix35Fuel cell vehicleThe batch production model was launched in March 2012 and is planned to start from 2015Mass production。This shows that fuel cells have really moved from laboratory to industrialization. Compared with lithium batteries, fuel cells have the advantage of zero pollution.
US Department of EnergyTo the outside, the Korean automaker Hyundai Motor and the German automakerBenz, Japanese automobile enterprisesNissanAutomobiles andToyota MotorAn agreement has been reached with this department, and the first round will be launchedHydrogen powered vehicle。This onepublic sector The cooperation mode with private enterprises will focus on hydrogenEnergy infrastructureAnd will be named H2USA.
Hyundai Motor Co., LtdUlsanThe factory held a mass production ceremony for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, which will be officially produced from the end of this monthTucson Ix Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle.
At the European level,Netherlands、Denmark、Sweden, France, Britain and Germany have reached an agreementCo developmentIn the agreement to promote hydrogen vehicles, countries will jointly build a European hydrogen facility network and coordinate energy transmission.
The first hydrogen fuel cell electric locomotive in China has been successfully developed for four years and can be used in industrial fields, such as mine tractor.In addition, 2008During the Olympic Games20 hydrogen fuel cell cars independently developed by China have been put into operation, which are among the first to obtain the national road licenseFuel cell vehicle，Tongji UniversityParticipate in the development.[5]
On June 30, 2010, Shandong Dongyue Group announced to the world thatchlor-alkali usePerfluorinated ionic membraneLocalization of fuel cell membrane.After eight years of scientific research, it broke the monopoly of the United States and Japan on this technology for a long time.At the same time, "Dongyue" completed the core materials for fuel cell manufacturingsulfonic acidThe 500 ton/year production plant of resin ion membrane has been completed and put into operation, which has solved the major bottleneck of hydrogen fuel cell production. China has thus become the third country in the world with this technology and industrialization capacity.
Japanese electronic parts manufacturer Rom, Aqua Fairy andKyoto University"High energy hydrogen fuel cell" jointly developedNew batteryYesCalcium hydrideAnd waterchemical reactionTo generate electricity, a fuel cell with a volume of less than 3 cubic centimeters can generate 5 watt hours of electricity.Can be widely used to includeIntelligent mobile phoneIncludingElectronic equipmentOr provide backup power in case of emergency[6]Supply.
New catalyst greatly reduces the cost of fuel cell
April 25, 2022, UKLondonImperial College of Science, Technology and MedicineA hydrogen fuel cell has been developed, which uses a catalyst made of iron instead of rare and expensive platinum, reducing the cost of hydrogen fuel cells.[7]
In December 2022,Sinopec Maoming Petrochemical99.999% of the hydrogen supply unit of hydrogen fuel cell is qualifiedHigh purity hydrogen。The projectNissanThe hydrogen capacity is 6400kg, and 2100 tons of high-purity hydrogen can be supplied to the society every year.[8]
