Maximum wind speed refers to the maximum value of the 10 minute average wind speed within a given time period.In the same specified period, the maximum wind speed is always greater than or equal to the maximum wind speed. In most cases, the maximum wind speed is greater than the maximum wind speed.
Maximum wind speed refers to the maximum value of the 10 minute average wind speed within a given time period.Maximum wind speed refers to the maximum value of instantaneous wind speed within a given period.For example, the maximum wind speed of a day is the maximum of any 10 minute average value of the day;The maximum wind speed of a day is the maximum value of instantaneous (usually 1s) wind speed in that day.The simple point is that the maximum wind speed is an average value and the maximum wind speed is an instantaneous value.In the same specified period, the maximum wind speed is always greater than or equal to the maximum wind speed. In most cases, the maximum wind speed is greater than the maximum wind speed.
radius
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Maximum wind speed radius of tornado
It is very important to know the maximum wind speed radius of tornadoes, because the change of air pressure in sealed buildings may cause structural damage to buildings.Most buildings have a square foot opening for every 28 cubic meters of volume to balance the air pressure between the inside and outside of the structure.The amplitude of pressure change is about half of the maximum wind speed radius. The maximum wind speed radius of a tornado is usually between 46m and 150m from its center or eye.adoptRadar anemometerThe widest tornado actually measured was in Logan County, northern Oklahoma, andPenn CountyIt appeared in Mulhall, a small town at the border, where a tornado occurred in 1999Big OutbreakIts maximum wind speed radius exceeds 800 meters.
Maximum wind speed radius of tropical cyclone
The maximum sustained wind speed of tropical cyclone is the largest, and the maximum wind speed radius is also smaller.It is also confirmed through observation that the strongest tropical cyclone usually produces the most rainfall within the radius of the maximum wind speed.
The maximum wind speed radius is helpful to identify the locations where tropical cyclones will directly attack.If a tropical cyclone is close to the land and within the radius of the maximum wind speed, it can be considered that the tropical cyclone has directly attacked the place.The maximum wind speed radius is also used in the formula for calculating the maximum potential strength of tropical cyclones. This formula relies on the wind speed near the maximum wind speed radius of tropical cyclones to determine their ultimate potential.
The range of the strongest storm surge generated by a tropical cyclone usually coincides with the radius of the maximum wind speed.Because the strongest wind in the tropical cyclone is within the radius of the maximum wind speed, the waves generated in this area are also the strongest, and the waves will eventually drift outward with the center of the storm as the center.The tropical cyclone will mix the sea water within the radius of three times the maximum wind force, andUpflowAnd reduce the sea water temperature on the ocean surface.
measure
The maximum wind speed radius is traditionally determined byReconnaissance aircraftTo measure.And can also be achieved bySynoptic chartMeasure the distance between the cyclone center and the maximum pressure gradient of the system to determine.usemeteorological satelliteData, by measuring the position of the lowest temperature of the top cloud layer on the infrared satellite image toeye of windThe maximum wind speed radius can also be measured by the distance between the highest parts of the middle temperature.The principle of this method is that,Tropical cycloneThe strongest qi in is often located in its deepest layerconvectionIn the infrared satellite image, the deepest convection is the top cloud layer with the lowest temperature.In addition, Dopplerweather radarThe velocity data of the cyclone can also be used to calculate the parameters of tornadoes and tropical cyclones near the coast.
And maximum wind speed
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The daily 10 minute average maximum wind speed and instantaneous maximum wind speed are the items of surface meteorological observation.Among them, the daily average maximum wind speed in 10 minutes (also known as the daily maximum wind speed in 10 minutes) is mostly taken from EL type power connectionWind direction anemometerOr EN wind data processor;The daily instantaneous maximum wind speed (also known as daily maximum wind speed) data are mostly taken from the EN wind data processor, or the Dayne anemometer, or other new wind measuring equipment.
It can be seen from the provisions of ground meteorological observation that the average wind speed is actually the average of the instantaneous wind speed over a period of time. The greater the instantaneous wind speed over a period of time, the greater the average wind speed.Therefore, there is a certain relationship or causal relationship between the average maximum wind speed and the instantaneous maximum wind speed.
Objective methods to evaluate the accuracy of 10 minute average maximum wind speed and maximum wind speed records:
(1) The regression equation and evaluation equation are established by taking the daily maximum wind speed data as Y and the daily 10 minute maximum wind speed as X.Multi station evaluation equation (such as universal in the province), regression analysis with multi station data;The evaluation equation for single station can be analyzed more accurately with the data of single station or similar instrument stations.
(2) Use the evaluation equation to review the accuracy of the data.The maximum daily 10 minute wind speed value actually observed is substituted into the evaluation equation to compare the estimated value of Y with the measured record of daily maximum wind speed. If it exceeds the 95% forecast confidence estimation interval, the daily 10 minute maximum wind speed and daily maximum wind speed records should be treated as suspicious records, and these two records should be further checked to manually determine whether they are accurate.
(3) Write the general evaluation equation into the review procedure of the surface meteorological statement, and take the daily maximum wind speed value outside the 95% forecast confidence estimation interval as an indicator of recording doubt prompt, so as to realize the objective discrimination between the daily maximum wind speed and the accuracy of maximum wind speed recording in 10 minutes.
Data estimation of maximum wind speed or 10 minute maximum wind speed:
(1) The maximum wind speed recorded in 10 minutes of the day is normal, and the daily maximum wind speed is not measured, but the maximum wind speed value needs to be estimated in business, service, climate assessment and other work (such as the daily maximum wind speed value is not measured during the typhoon process), the estimated value of the daily maximum wind speed can be obtained through the evaluation equation.
(2) The maximum wind speed of the day is recorded normally, and the maximum wind speed of 10 minutes of the day is not measured. The estimated maximum wind speed of 10 minutes can also be obtained through the evaluation equation (it is better to re-establish the evaluation equation, set the maximum wind speed of 10 minutes as Y and the maximum wind speed as X, take the data of 8 stations for regression analysis, and get the regression evaluation equation: maximum wind speed Y=086+0502 ± 1.50).[1]
Typhoon sea level calculation
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The maximum wind speed on the sea surface of typhoon is one of the important factors to characterize the intensity of typhoon, which is of great significance to the calculation of the maximum design wind speed and the maximum wave height of offshore oil platforms, wharves, etc.At present, it is still difficult to accurately obtain the maximum wind speed of typhoon by using modern instruments and equipment such as meteorological satellites, radar tracking and aircraft reconnaissance. The statistical equation established by using the measured maximum wind speed of typhoon and the minimum pressure at the center of typhoon is often unstable.[2]
After the typhoon is generated at sea, tropical forecasters are faced with two problems: how to predict the path and intensity changes of the typhoon.The study of abnormal path and intensity change can provide theoretical support for these two kinds of forecasting problems.For a long time, the possible causes of intensity changes have been explored from three aspects, namely, the impact of diabatic heating, including ocean surface heating and latent heat release in the typhoon circulation area, the role of high space trough and the topographic forcing of islands.Recently, some scholars proposed a new possible mechanism of typhoon intensity change from the perspective of synoptic science.I.e. adjacentmesoscale eddy The interaction with typhoon vortex can strengthen typhoon.
In the framework of no forcing and no dissipation, the interaction between a mesoscale vortex and a typhoon vortex can stimulate the enhancement of typhoon intensity in a certain period of time.In a certain reasonable parameter range, the interaction between the mesoscale vortex and the typhoon vortex in the typhoon circulation area can form a strong tangential wind speed center in the local area of the typhoon circulation. Compared with the situation without interaction, the maximum tangential wind speed increases by 4m/s.At present, some studies on the interaction between mesoscale eddies and typhoon eddies in the analysis of typhoon boundary still use barotropic models.[3]
Tropical cyclone
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The national standard for tropical cyclone classification (GB/T 19201-2006) was approved on May 9, 2006National Standardization AdministrationIt is approved to be released and will be officially implemented on June 15, 2006.Two levels of "strong typhoon" and "super typhoon" have been added.
Tropical depression (TD): the maximum wind speed is 10.8~17.1m/s, and the maximum wind speed near the bottom center is 6-7;
Tropical storm (TS): maximum wind speed is 17.2~24.4 m/s, wind force is 8-9;
Severe tropical storm (STS): the maximum wind speed is 24.5-32.6 m/s, and the wind force is 10-11;
Typhoon (TY): maximum wind speed is 32.7~41.4 m/s, wind force is 12-13;
Strong typhoon (STY): the maximum wind speed is 41.5~50.9 m/s, and the wind force is 14-15;
Super TY: the maximum wind speed is above 51.0 m/s, and the wind force is 16 or above.
The most in the world
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Antarctica, the seventh continent of the world, has the most wind resources in the world.There, the general wind speed is 17-18 m/s, and the maximum wind speed can reach more than 75 m/s.However, the maximum wind speed in Antarctica is not the maximum wind speed in the world.In Qionghai County, Hainan Island, China, in April 1973, when a typhoon passed through, the estimated wind speed was 81 m/s.When a typhoon passed through Shido Cape in April 1961, the wind speed reached 84.5 m/s.In 1934, the wind speed of 103.2 meters per second was measured in Washington, the United States, which is the largest wind speed in the world.
event
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according toChina Weather NetworkAccording to the news, at 7:10 on the 19th of 2014, Typhoon "Wemason" landed on the coast of Guangpo Town, Fangchenggang City, Guangxi. Although it was the third landing in 24 hours, the "Wemason" force in South China was still strong. When it landed, the maximum wind near the center was 15 degrees (48 meters/second). Strong winds above 12 degrees (118 km/h) were monitored in many urban areas of Fangchenggang,The local area has also experienced strong winds approaching level 17 (202km/h).What kind of concept does this wind speed correspond to?
As we all know, the speed limit of expressways in China is 120 km/h. According to this standard, the instantaneous wind speed of several monitoring stations in Fangchenggang urban area exceeds 120 km/h within three hours after the typhoon lands, especially when the typhoon just landed, the wind speed monitored in the urban area also reached 201 km/h, exceeding the domestic upper speed limit by more than 60%. According to the provisions of Article 99 of the Traffic Law of China,The driving license will be revoked for dangerous driving with over 50% speeding on the expressway. The strong wind of this degree has even stronger impact than the strong serve of a professional male tennis player, and is almost close to the limit service speed of female tennis player Big Williams.[4]
