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Interstellar molecules

Organic molecules in interstellar space

interstellar Organic molecule Interstellar molecules are organic molecules existing in interstellar space. The discovery of interstellar organic molecules helps people understand nebulae and fixed star The evolution process of extraterrestrial life The possibility of existence is the basis of interstellar chemistry, a branch of astronomy. Therefore, interstellar organic molecules and quasars, pulsars and microwave background radiation are called the "four major discoveries" of astronomy in the 1960s.

Chinese name: Interstellar molecules
Foreign name: Interstellar molecules
Definition: Organic molecules existing in interstellar space

Discovery time: 1960s
Three basic theories: Celestial Evolution, Origin of Life and Material Structure
Number of molecules: So far, it has reached 123 kinds

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two Research
three molecule
▪ Diatomic
▪ Triatomic

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Interstellar organic molecules widely exist in the universe

Interstellar molecule Exists in interstellar Spatially Organic molecule and Inorganic molecule 。 Since the 19th century, astronomers have observed some signs that interstellar space is not a vacuum. In 1930, American astronomer Trumpler（ R.J. Trumpler , 1886-1956) the galaxy The study of star clusters confirms the existence of interstellar Interstellar matter 。 More than 90% of interstellar matter is gas, and the rest is dust particles. The temperature is usually below - 200 ℃, which can not be observed with optical telescopes. In 1944, Dutch astronomer Van der Hoost（ H.C van deHulst 1918 -) According to relevant theories interstellar hydrogen atom Will emit a wavelength of 21 cm electromagnetic wave 。 1951, used radio telescope This radiation was indeed detected. because Interstellar matter Very thin. Astronomers initially thought that interstellar gas was single atom Or ions, molecules are impossible to exist. In 1957, American physicist Thomas（ C.H.Townes , 1915 -) pointed out 17 possible types of space Interstellar molecule And propose a method to detect them. Then scientists detected it in Cassiopeia in 1963 hydroxyl (OH), detected in the central region of the Milky Way in 1968 ammonia (NH3) and water, formaldehyde (HCHO) was discovered in 1969. By 1991, scientists had discovered more than 100 species interstellar Molecules.

Interstellar molecules

interstellar Organic molecule The discovery of fixed star At the same time, it also increases the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial life, which is the basis of interstellar chemistry, a branch of today's literature. Therefore, it is also known as one of the "four major discoveries of astronomy in the 1960s".

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Radio telescope to help scientists discover interstellar organic molecules

The study of interstellar organic molecules is an important intersection of the three basic theories (celestial evolution, origin of life and material structure). Whether the Earth is the only celestial body with high-level life in the universe cannot be easily concluded. Therefore, it is necessary to study various types of interstellar Organic molecules, to get more and more reliable information about the universe. Interstellar organic molecules and a quasar ， Pulsar The cosmic microwave background radiation constituted the four major discoveries of astronomy in the 1960s. Scholars of Canada's Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics in Taurus interstellar Nine kinds of atom Of Organic molecule , the molecular formula is HC7N, and the molecular weight is 99. This straight chain molecule with long carbon chain has a complex structure and is close to Organic compound So far (2010), it has not been found in natural compounds on the earth.

Later, British chemist Croto et al. synthesized it artificially in May 1977. Later, the Argonne Observatory in Canada reported that another 11 atom Interstellar molecule Cyano group Octyne HC9N. The structural formula is: HC →C-C →C-C →C-C →C-C →C-C →N. This is the heaviest interstellar organic molecule discovered by mankind, and its molecular weight has reached 123. Of course, with the development of science, the record of interstellar organic molecules will continue to be refreshed.

molecule

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According to atom The number group of, listed in Interstellar matter If the detected molecule in the molecule field is blank, it means that only the ion form is detected. If it is not determined in the scientific literature, the position will also be left blank.

Diatomic

molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
AlCl	Aluminium monochloride	Aluminium monochloride	—
AlF	Aluminium monofluoride	Aluminium monofluoride	—
C two	Carbon dimer	Diatomic carbon	—
—	Fluoromethylidynium	Fluorinated methylene cation	CF +
CH	Methylidyne radical	Methylene Free radical	CH +
CN	Cyanogen radical	Cyano group Free radical	—
CO	Carbon monoxide	carbon monoxide	CO +
CP	Carbon monophosphide	Monocarbon phosphide	—
CS	Carbon monosulfide	Carbon monosulfide	—
FeO	Iron(II) oxide	Ferrous oxide	—
H two	Molecular hydrogen	hydrogen molecule	—
HCl	Hydrogen chloride	Hydrogen chloride	—
HF	Hydrogen fluoride	Hydrogen fluoride	—
HO	Hydroxyl radical	hydroxyl Free radical	—
HS	Sulfur hydride	Hydrogen monosulfide	SH +
KCl	Potassium chloride	potassium chloride	—
N two	Molecular nitrogen	Nitrogen molecule	—
NH	Nitrogen monohydride	Hydrogen mononitride	—
NO	Nitric oxide	nitric oxide	—
NS	Nitrogen sulfide	Nitrogen monosulfide	—
NaCl	Sodium chloride	sodium chloride	—
O two	Molecular oxygen	oxygen molecule	—
PN	Phosphorus nitride	Phosphorus mononitride	—
PO	Phosphorus monoxide	Phosphorus monoxide	—
SO	Sulfur monoxide	Sulfur monoxide	SO +
SiC	Carborundum	silicon carbide	—
SiN	Silicon mononitride	Silicon nitride	—
SiO	Silicon monoxide	Silicon monoxide	—
SiS	Silicon monosulfide	Silicon monosulfide	—

Triatomic

molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
AlNC	Aluminum isocyanide	Aluminium isocyanide	—
C three	Tricarbon	Triatomic carbon	—
C two H	Ethynyl radical	Ethynyl Free radical	—
C two O	Dicarbon monoxide	Carbon monoxide	—
C two S	Thioxoethenylidene	Carbon disulfide	—
C two P	-	Phosphorus dicarbonate radical	—
CO two	Carbon dioxide	carbon dioxide	—
—	Protonated molecular hydrogen	H3+ion	H three +
H two C	Methylene	methylene	—
H two O	Water	Water molecule	—
H two S	Hydrogen sulfide	hydrogen sulfide	—
HCN	Hydrogen cyanide	Hydrogen cyanide	—
HCO	Formyl radical	Formyl group Free radical	HCO +
HCP	Phosphaethyne	Phosphonacetylene	—
—	Thioformyl	Thioformyl cation	HCS +
HNC	Hydrogen isocyanide	Hydrogen isocyanate	—
—	Diazenylium	Diimide Dinium ion	HN2 +
HNO	Nitroxyl	-	—
—	Isoformyl	-	HOC +
KCN	Potassium cyanide	Potassium cyanide	—
MgCN	Magnesium cyanide	Magnesium monocyanide	—
MgNC	Magnesium isocyanide	Magnesium isocyanate	—
NH two	Amino radical	amino Free radical	—
—	—	-	N two H +
N two O	Nitrous oxide	Nitrous oxide	—
NaCN	Sodium cyanide	Sodium cyanide	—
OCS	Carbonyl sulfide	Carbon oxysulfide	—
SO two	Sulfur dioxide	sulfur dioxide	—
c-SiC two	c-Silicon dicarbide	c- Silicon carbide	—
SiCN	Silicon carbonitride	Silicon carbonitride	—
SiNC	Silicon naphthalocyanine	-	—

Tetraatom

molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
l-C three H	Propynlidyne	-	—
c-C three H	Cyclopropynylidyne	Asia Cyclopropyne Radical	—
C three N	Cyanoethynyl	Cyanoacetylene	C three N −
C three O	Tricarbon monoxide	Carbon monoxide	—
C three S	Tricarbon sulfide	Carbon disulfide	—
—	Hydronium	Hydrous hydrogen ion	H three O +
C two H two	Acetylene	acetylene	—
H two CN	Methylene amidogen	-	H two CN +
H two CO	Formaldehyde	formaldehyde	—
H two CS	Thioformaldehyde	Thioformaldehyde	—
HCCN	—	-	—
—	Protonated hydrogen cyanide	Protonated hydrogen cyanide	HCNH +
—	Protonated carbon dioxide	Protonated carbon dioxide	HOCO +
HNCO	Isocyanic acid	Isocyanate	—
HNCS	Isothiocyanic acid	Isothiocyanic acid	—
NH three	Ammonia	ammonia	—
SiC three	Silicon tricarbide	Silicon carbide	—

Pentaatom

molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
C five	—	-	—
CH four	Methane	methane	—
c-C three H two	Cyclopropenylidene	Asia Cyclopropene Radical	—
l-H two C three	Propadienylidene	Asia Propadiene base	—
H two CCN	Cyanomethyl	Cyanomethyl radical	—
H two C two O	Ketene	Ketene	—
H two CNH	Methylenimine	Azomethine	—
—	Protonated formaldehyde	Protonated formaldehyde	H two COH +
C four H	Butadiynyl	Butanediyne base	C four H –
HC three N	Cyanoacetylene	Cyanoacetylene	—
HCC-NC	Isocyanoacetylene	Isocyanoacetylene	—
HCOOH	Formic acid	formic acid	—
NH two CN	Cyanamide	Ammonitrile	—
HC(O)CN	Cyanoformaldehyde	Formyl nitrile	—
SiC four	Silicon-carbide cluster	Silicon carbide cluster	—
SiH four	Silane	Silicane	—

Hexaatom

molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
c-H two C three O	Cyclopropenone	Cyclopropenone	—
C two H four	Ethylene	ethylene	—
CH three CN	Acetonitrile	acetonitrile	—
CH three NC	Methyl isocyanide	Methyl isonitrile	—
CH three OH	Methanol	methanol	—
CH three SH	Methanethiol	Methyl mercaptan	—
l-H two C four	—	-	—
—	Protonated cyanoacetylene	Protonated cyanoacetylene	HC three NH +
HCONH two	Formamide	Formamide	—
C five H	Pentynylidyne	Asia Pentyne base	—
HC two CHO	Propynal	Propionic aldehyde	—
HC four N	—	-	—
CH two CNH	Ketenimine	Ethylene imine	—

Heptaatom

molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
c-C two H four O	Ethylene oxide	ethylene oxide	—
CH three C two H	Methylacetylene	Propargyl	—
H three CNH two	Methylamine [	Methylamine	—
CH two CHCN	Acrylonitrile	acrylonitrile	—
H two CHCOH	Vinyl alcohol	Vinyl alcohol	—
C six H	Hexatriynyl	Hexatriene base	C six H –
HC four CN	Cyanodiacetylene	Cyanobutylene	—
CH three CHO	Acetaldehyde	acetaldehyde	—

Octaatom

molecule	English name	Chinese name
H three CC two CN	Methylcyanoacetylene	Methyl cyanoacetylene
H two COHCHO	Glycolaldehyde	Glycolaldehyde
HCOOCH three	Methyl formate	Methyl formate
CH three COOH	Acetic acid	acetic acid
H two C six	Hexapentaenylidene	Asia Hexpentene base
CH two CHCHO	Propenal	Acrolein
CH two CCHCN	Cyanoallene	Cyano group Propadiene
C seven H	Heptatrienyl radical	Heptetriene Radical
NH two CH two CN	Amino acetonitrile	Aminoacetonitrile

Nine atom

molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
CH three C four H	Methyldiacetylene	Methyl butylene	—
CH three OCH three	Dimethyl Ether	dimethyl ether	—
CH three CH two CN	Propionitrile	Propionitrile	—
CH three CONH two	Acetamide	Acetamide	—
CH three CH two OH	Trans-Ethyl Alcohol	ethanol	—
C eight H	Octatetraynyl	Octylenetetrayne base	C eight H –
HC six CN	Cyanohexatriyne	Cyano group Hexatriene	—
CH three CHCH two	Propylene	propylene	—

More than nine atoms

Atomic number	molecule	English name	Chinese name	Ions
ten	(CH three ) two CO	Acetone	acetone	—
ten	CH three CH two CHO	Propanal	Propionaldehyde	—
ten	CH three C five N	Methyl-cyano-diacetylene	Methyl cyano Butanediyne	—
eleven	HC eight CN	Cyanotetra-acetylene	Cyano group Octylenetetrayne	—
eleven	CH three C six H	Methyltriacetylene	methyl Hexatriene	—
twelve	H three COC two H five	trans-ethyl methyl ether	Methyl ether	—
twelve	C six H six	Benzene	benzene	—
thirteen	HC ten CN	Cyanodecapentayne	Cyanodecane pentayne	—
eighteen	—	Naphthalene	naphthalene	C ten H eight −

Deuterium containing molecule

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molecule	English name	Chinese name
HD, H two D +	Deuterated molecular hydrogen	Deuterium substituted H3+ions
HDO, D two O	Heavy water	heavy water
DCN	Hydrogen cyanide	Deuterium cyanide
DCO	Formyl radical	Deuteroformyl radical
DNC	Hydrogen isocyanide	Isocyano deuterium
N two D +	—	-
NH two D, NHD two , ND three	Ammonia	Deuterated ammonia
HDCO, D two CO	Formaldehyde	Deuterated formaldehyde
CH two DCCH, CH three CCD	Methylacetylene	Deuteromethylacetylene

Unproven molecule

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molecule	English name	Chinese name
H two NH two CCOOH	Glycine	glycine
CO(CH two OH) two	1,3-dihydroxypropanone	Dihydroxyacetone

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