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Sugar chains are generally less than 15 as the auxiliary groups of protein matchmakingmonosaccharideTherefore, it is also called oligosaccharide chain or glycan.
The oligosaccharide chain has many structures (oligosaccharides are synthesized without template, and have a tree structure. The structure is extremely complex. The oligosaccharide chain composed of six monosaccharides has a theoretical structure of 10%twelveSpecies), can be compared withnucleic acidandproteinCompare.
Oligosaccharide chain is composed ofHuman cellsAs a component of glycolipids and glycoproteins, there are hundreds of sugar chains in the human body.
Chinese name
Oligosaccharide
biological function
Oligosaccharide chain to glycoproteinantigenicity、biological activity, solubility, thermal stability andAntiproteinaseHas a great impact on
Oligosaccharide chain to glycoproteinantigenicity、biological activity, solubility, thermal stability andAntiproteinaseHas a great impact on our ability to distinguish A, B, AB and O blood groupsExtracellular matrixglycoprotein, rich in water, lubrication, cell attachment.Glycoproteins on the cell membrane can play the role of antigen recognition, such as MHC antigen, stigma and pollen.
Expression in cells
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In cell structure, oligosaccharide is a kind of cell structure attached to cell proteins and rooted between proteins. It is distributed on the cell membrane, and its role in cell life is to transmit information. Because its complex structure changes with the change of environment, its function is very similar to that of human neural tissue.These oligosaccharide chains are also involved in cell adhesion and serve as receptors for pathogens and toxins, hormones, enzyme antibodies and lectins.
Scientists found that the "oligosaccharide chain" is also an important component of cellular organics, and believed that the "oligosaccharide chain" has a greater impact on the human body than sugar, protein, fat and nucleotide.
Preparation of oligosaccharide chain
Glycosylation is one of the post-translational modifications of proteins, which plays an important role in the regulation of cell life activities.During glycosylation, different types of oligosaccharide chains are synthesized and linked to the protein skeleton.Its biological function is realized through the interaction with carbohydrate binding proteins. The research on the relationship between the structure and function of sugar chains needs to obtain a large number of sugar chain monomers with clear and diverse structures.[1]
At present, the release methods of N – sugar chain mainly include enzymatic hydrolysis and chemical method;Enzymatic hydrolysis mainly uses highly specific glycosidase or proteolytic enzyme Pronase E to combine with glycosyl asparaginase (GA enzyme) for enzyme digestion to obtain free sugar chains.N – Sugar chains are usually prepared by chemical methods.[1]
The existing chemical methods, such as hydrazinolysis, have high toxicity, low versatility and by-product generation, which can only release part of the complete N-sugar chain non reductively, and are not suitable for large-scale preparation of sugar chains.[1]
To study and establish a simple, rapid and low-cost new method for N – sugar chain dissociation, which is used for its large-scale preparation. After derivatization of the obtained sugar chain, it is used for the separation of two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (2D – HPLC) to obtain N – sugar chain monomer.[1]
The research results are as follows: 1. A new method for releasing N-sugar chain was established. Glycoprotein was dissolved in concentrated ammonia water, reacted in a closed container at 60 ℃ water bath for 16 hours, and then purified by C18 and graphite carbon column to obtain reducing N-sugar chain.The method has been applied to biological samples such as RNase B, chicken albumin, fetal bovine serum protein, peanut protein, ginkgo seed protein, soybean protein and egg white.2. Based on this method, the reduced N-sugar chain was prepared on a large scale, and the reaction system was expanded. A large amount of protein was removed by acid precipitation, and the N-sugar chain was purified by self-made C18 and graphite carbon columns.At present, the N-sugar chain in chicken albumin, fetal bovine serum protein, soybean protein and egg white has reached gram level.3. The reduced N-sugar chain mixture prepared from chicken albumin and soybean protein was labeled with benzene sulfonyl hydrazine (BSH), and was preliminarily separated by one-dimensional HPLC using a hydrophilic chromatographic column and then de labeled to obtain different reduced N-sugar chain components.The reductive N-sugar chain of different components can be coupled with different labeling reagents as needed, and combined with 2D – HPLC separation to obtain high-purity N-sugar chain derivative monomers for various studies.[1]
Technical breakthrough
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of oligosaccharide chain
In China, bio mass spectrometry technology was introduced into the analysis and research of sugar substances, and a new method and new technology system for systematic release, enrichment and purification of glycoprotein oligosaccharide chain, qualitative and quantitative analysis and identification were established, which realized the non reducing release of N/O oligosaccharide chain and high sensitivity analysis and identification of isomers.The controllable degradation of polysaccharides and the isolation, preparation and structure identification of active oligosaccharide fragments were carried out.HPLC and MS analytical techniques for pre column derivatization of reducing sugar chains, fluorescent labeling of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides (chains) and fluorescent imaging of living cells were developed.This study laid a foundation for further construction of a perfect functional oligosaccharide library and clarification of the relationship between the structure and function of functional oligosaccharides.[2]
Foreign frontier
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The research on oligosaccharide chain in Japan is in the forefront of the world.As early as the 1970s, there was a wave of research on oligosaccharides, and the Japanese government also invested heavily to encourage research and promotion.Through decades of practice and popularization, gratifying achievements have been made.According to some experts, it is because of this that the average life span of Japan's entire citizens has ranked first in the world in just a few decades.
A large number of functional tests in Japan and some developed countries have also confirmed that chitosan oligosaccharide is like a "human environmental protection agent", which can purify the internal environment, effectively kill the virus strains in the body, and eliminate harmful substances in the bodyHuman cellsCreate a healthy and high-quality environment.By taking chitooligosaccharide composed of "oligosaccharide chain", the cell sugar chain network can be repaired, and the natural disease resistance and activity of human cells can be restored to a healthy and natural state, so that the human body is not vulnerable to disease or the disease has been naturally cured.
Medical Applications
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In the medical field, chitooligosaccharides have obvious advantages in regulating blood sugar, regulating blood pressure, lowering blood lipids, expelling toxins, heavy metals, anti-tumor, and regulating immunity.
With the deepening of scientific research, scientists found that chitooligosaccharides also showed good effects in improving gastrointestinal function, improving bone and joint function, activating cells, clearing excess free radicals in the body, anti-aging, regulating the internal environment, improving the quality of life, etc.
Scientists predict that chitosan oligosaccharide will make great contributions to human health. The 21st century will be the century of chitosan oligosaccharide.
scientific conclusion
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After proteology and genetics, scientists have concluded through a lot of research that "oligosaccharide chain" can control human health and human diseases."Oligosaccharide chain" is a carrier material that explains the form of life communication. The significant difference between organic and inorganic substances is "oligosaccharide chain".
Chitooligosaccharide is composed of "oligosaccharide chain", which is the information transmission chain of human cells. It is like the neural transmission network of human body, transmitting all kinds of information to DNA at all times, and DNA will make corresponding expression according to the obtained information;This expression is just like the brain sending corresponding instructions to human organs.
The birth, aging, disease and death of the human body are directly related to the changes of the cell component "oligosaccharide chain" in the body.In other words, the growth, development and even death of different cells can be controlled by changing the "oligosaccharide chain" of human cells.
