Military[1], that is, military affairs, which was called military affairs in ancient times, is related to the national defense of a country and regimearmed forcesRelevant knowledge and affairs.Some people believe that military affairs are part of politics, but in ancient China, military affairs and politics were separated.More formally, military is a political continuation.
《Redords of the Grand History of China·The Book of Laws said: "The emperor hated the hardships of military affairs, and there was also a plan of Xiao and Zhang, so when he stopped fighting, he was unprepared." Tang DynastyLiu Zongyuan《Sacrifice to Li Zhongcheng》"To make a fortune in internal history, participate in its military affairs."《Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty》The seventh time:“Zhuang GongGive a big reward to the three armies, and say goodbye to Yi Zhongnian and his son: 'The three countries share the same suffering with each other.Later, there was a military force, with the help of various troop vehicles.If you recite this, the gods will not forgive you. "[1]
Military terminology
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The military is a complex system with extremely rich contents, which is the concentrated embodiment of war, national defense and other matters, and has close links with politics, economy, science and technology, culture, diplomacy and other fields.Therefore, there are many problems involved in military affairs, among which the most basic ones are military elements, military characteristics, military tasks, military roles and so on.
The concept of "military"Chinese historyIts meaning has a process of continuous enrichment and development.In ancient China, military related content was usually expressed in terms of "military" and "military affairs".《Zhou Rites"Xia Guan · Si Bing" contains words such as "waiting for military" and "military, the five soldiers who build cars";In the Spring and Autumn Period, "Zuo Zhuan · Twelve Years of Xuangong", there was a saying that "Zi has military affairs".These expressions are different from "military" in modern sense.Under modern conditions, it is used to maintain national security and development and achieve specific political goals and requirementsmilitary meansWith the gradual increase, the content and scope of military affairs have also expanded.The military elements mainly include three interrelated aspects.War is humansocial developmentA special society at a certain historical stageHistorical phenomenonIs the continuation of politics through violent means.The war is manifested ashuman societyThe confrontational activities between groups that use force in an organized and planned way for certain political and economic purposes.stayclass societyWar is the highest form of struggle to solve the contradictions between class and class, nation and nation, country and country, political group and political group.There have been various types of wars in human society.Presssocial formationPoints, yesslave societyWarfeudal societyThe war andcapitalist society War;Pressnature of warPoints, yesJust warandUnjust war；According to the weapons used, there areCold Weapons War、Thermal weapon war、mechanized warfareandInformation war；PressWar scalePoints, yesWorld War、All-out warandlocal war；PressChronological orderThere are ancient wars, modern warsModern Warfare；By battlespace, there areLand war, naval warfareDogFighterandTianzhan。War guidanceIt is the overall planning, organization and command of the war, includingwar situationJudgment, strategic action decision,Strategic meansAnd coordinated operational research on various stages and aspects of the strategy.War and war guidance are essential and the core content of military affairs.
National defense is a national defenseaggressionMilitary activities to stop armed subversion and safeguard national sovereignty, territorial integrity and security, as well as military related political, economic, scientific and technological, cultural, diplomatic, educational and other activities.It is the survival of the countrynecessary conditionIt is also a security guarantee for national development.National defense construction mainly includes:National defense systemConstruction,armed forcesConstruction,Battlefield construction, frontier defense, coastal defenseAir defenseandbuilding of people's air defense，Strategic material reserveAnd national defense mobilization,National defense economyAndnational defense industryConstruction, national defense technology andNational defense theoryResearch, national defense education andNational defense regulationsConstruction.The goal of national defense construction is to continuously enhancedefense capabilityThe strengthening of national defense is an effective means to deter foreign invasion.The army is a regular armed organization established by a state or political group to prepare for and carry out warState powerThe main component ofpolitical taskArmed groups.Army buildingIt mainly includes: improving weapons and equipment, improving system establishment, innovating military theory, conducting military training, and cultivatingMilitary talent, soundmilitary rules, according to lawStrict managementWe will improve our support capacity and generally strengthen military, political, logistical and equipment development.It is a countryarmed forces build-upIt is also the main body of national defense construction.internationalmilitary securityCooperation is peace operations, exchanges and cooperation between countries, groups of countries and international organizations in the field of military security for security purposes, mainly including international military securitymilitary cooperation, Internationalarms controlAnd disarmament.International military security refers to international military securitybilateral relationsTo use military resources to maintain peace and stability;International military cooperation is the coordination and cooperation in the military field between countries or international organizations in order to seek common strategic interests;International arms control and disarmament are carried out multilaterally or bilaterallyInternational agreementsyesWeapons of mass destructionAnd othersweapons systemAnd the limitation and reduction of the size of the armed forces.Different groups orNational interestsAnd decide on the nature, purpose, scale and form of participation in international military security and cooperation.
Military exists for both war and peace.As a means of ensuring peace, military affairs extend from the general field to the special field, from the confrontation field to the cooperation field, and from the national field to the international field. It has become the basis for curbing and restricting war, expanding the meaning of the traditional military concept.Therefore, international military security and cooperation inevitably become an important part of modern military.As an indispensable part of human survival and development, military affairsInternational strategic patternAs an important part of the state power, the military has many common points with other fields of society, as well as differences presented by its own particularity. Therefore, the military has its own obvious characteristics.The characteristics of military affairs are mainly politicalEconomy, technical, violent, confrontational andRegionalityAnd so on.These military characteristics basically reflect the militaryEssential attributeAnd the law of development.Military activities are the product of societysocial communication A special form of.Military is a unique activity of human society. Only after the emergence of human society, there have been differentsocial organizationOnly then did the war and national defenseMilitary organizationAnd activities;Military affairs are the product of the expansion of human social communication means. People can't talk about it without communicationConflict of InterestThe military activities with war and national defense as the main contents will not happen;Military is a special kind ofsocial activitiesIt is in a certain social formSocial historyIt will develop with the development of human society and history, and will die out under certain historical conditions.Military activities in different historical periods have different characteristics.In class society, military activities arepolitical behavior It is a part of the whole political system and is subject to and serves the needs of politics.Politics runs through military activities and determines the nature, purpose and development of military affairs.As the subject of military activities, the army is a political tool and an armed group carrying out political tasks. Its nature is determined byPolitical decisions。As the main content of military activities, war and national defense are the continuation of politics. The political nature of military activities is mainly reflected through war and national defense.Military activities are the realization of class, nation, state or social groupPolitical interestsIts purpose is determined by politics.Military activities are an integral part of the country's political life. Politics determines the direction of military development and provides conditions and impetus for military development.A political factor in military affairs, as in military activitiesPolitical mobilizationThe ideological and political construction and ideological and political work in the military are indispensable and important components of the military, and are concrete manifestations of the political role in the military.economic interestIt is the fundamental interest of the country and the ultimate goal of military activities.Military activities serve both political and economic purposes.In a class society, the ultimate cause of a war anywhere and at any time is always for the economic interests of a certain class, nation, state or political group.Economic conditions are the material basis of military activities, and military activities are absolutely inseparable from economic support.Military expenses andMaterial consumptionThe scale and duration of the war, as well as the process and outcome of the war, all depend on the economic conditions and the support of human, material and financial resources.Economic situationyesmilitary forceThe material prerequisite for strength is the material guarantee for winning and containing war.A strong military force mustEconomic powerBack up.The more modernized military forces are, the more economicdependenceThe bigger.Building an information-based military force requires a large amount of investment.Practical proofThe state of economic power and its extent of exertion are not only important factors influencing the victory or defeat of war, but also important factors for building a strong national defenseBasic conditions。Science and technology are the primary productive forcesIt is also an important combat effectiveness of the army.Military activities cannot be separated from science and technology, and cannot be separated from the development and application of technology.As a material means to achieve military purposes, weapons and equipment are the crystallization of human scientific and technological achievements, which are constantly updated and changed with the development of science and technology.fromCold weaponreachThermal weapon, fromMechanized equipmentreachInformation equipmentThe emergence and innovation of each weapon form is based on certain scientific and technological development.Once the major inventions of science and technology are applied to the military, they will certainly promotemilitary systemUpdate, promoteMilitary systemAdjustment of preparation, resulting inForm of warChanges and improvements in operational methods.World historyFour times onMilitary revolutionIt is all due to the influence of science and technology.The first was the Cold Weapons Revolution, which established the military system in the agricultural and pastoral era;The second is the thermal weapon revolution, which established the workshop workersindustrial ageMilitary system;The third is the mechanized revolution, which established the military system in the era of big industry;The fourth time isInformation revolution, buildinginformation age Military system.Violence refers to a kind of force coercion implied or presented in military activities to force the enemy to submit.The core of violence is the confrontation and contest of force, the exertion of force and the use of coercion.Its process and result have strong antagonism, cruelty and destructiveness.Violence is the basic feature of military and the internal basis for military to distinguish from other social activities.The violence first shows the basic elements of the organization, that is, the army is a violent organizationNational machineryAn important part of;Secondly, the core content of the performance activities is war. Even non war military activities are mainly for preparing for and serving the war;The direct purpose of the struggle again is to preserve oneself and destroy the enemy, that is, to subdue the enemy by means of violence.There are also some military activities, such as the use of tactics in armed confrontationPsychological warfareNational defense and military building, as well as international military security and cooperation, are nonviolent factors.However, this non violence cannot be separated from military violence.Violence is the internal basis of nonviolence, and nonviolence is the complement of violence.War, as the core content of military activities, is not ordinaryviolenceIt is the violence directly used by the opposing parties, whose basic feature is antagonism.All other military activities revolve around confrontation, which runs through all aspects of military activities.However, since military activities are not only manifested in war, but also include national defense and army building, combat readiness andMilitary diplomacyAnd other non war activities.Therefore, the confrontation between the enemy and ourselves presents more states and types.In terms of time, confrontation can be divided into reality and future (i.e. potential);From the perspective of space, confrontation can be divided into direct and indirect;In terms of form, confrontation can be divided into violence and non violence.Wars, campaigns, battles and other armed conflicts are all realistic, direct and violent confrontations between the enemy and ourselves;Military confrontation, military deterrencearms raceThey are all potential, indirect and nonviolent confrontations between the enemy and ourselves.geographical environmentAs a military activityobjective conditionIs an important factor affecting military activities and military development.Any military activity is carried out in a certain space, which is not only restricted by traffic, population, resources and other conditions, but also affected by terrain, meteorology, hydrology, etcnatural conditionImpact of, such asisland country、inland countryThere are great differences between countries and coastal countries in the focus of national defense and military construction and operations. Therefore, military activities in different countries have some regional characteristics.Practice has proved that the influence of geographical environment on military affairs can be changed.In the practice of war, people have the ability to gradually understand, utilize and transform the geographical environment, so that the war can be developed in a direction beneficial to themselves and unfavorable to the enemy, so as to achieve the goal of defeating the enemy.Modern science and technology、industrial production And the development of weapons and equipment can enhance or weaken the impact of geographical environment on war, but the impact of geographical environment on war is still large, and some regions have a considerable impact on combat operations.The military task is based on the intention of the state, class and political group, as well as the fundamental interests andStrategic approachTo determine.To sum up, it means seizing the state power when there is no state power, and defending and consolidating the state power when there is one.In a certain sense, the state power is to a large extent the military power, and whoever controls the army may have power;If we lose the army, we will lose the state power.Historically，Feudal landlord classreplaceSlave owner classTo gain state power;bourgeois classTo replace the rule of the feudal landlord class and gain state power;proletariatandworking peopleoverthrowexploiting classIt is mainly through military means that we can achieve the rule of the state and gain political power.After the establishment of the state power, eliminating or opposing the resistance from domestic and foreign hostile forces has become an important condition for the survival and development of the country.The army fulfills the mission of the countryThe backbone, mainly responsible for defending and consolidating the state power, including preventing and resisting foreign armed aggression, and stopping domestic attempts to split the country, subvert the state power, and overthrow the existingsocial systemArmed rebellion and riots, and safeguarding the sovereignty, unity, territorial integrity and security of the country.Contemporary China's national defense actionsSocialist countryNational defense,the Chinese People's Liberation ArmyUnder the leadership of the Communist Party of Chinapeople's armyIn addition to performing general military duties, it also undertakes the sacred mission of stopping hostile forces from plotting to split the motherland, realizing the complete reunification of the motherland, providing security for the construction and development of the country, and maintaining world peace and opposing aggression and expansion.Military affairs have an important impact on social development.Progressive wars promote social development, while reactionary wars hinder or even destroy social development.Military acceptancecivil lifeConstraints in all aspects, in turn, affect all aspects of social life. The role of military is obviousDuality。Military vs the worldStrategic patternThe impact ofMilitary strengthAnd war.Although the ancient wars generally only had the scale of local wars, it was not uncommon to see wars across continents.AlexanderThe East Expedition and the external expansion of the Roman Republic, to a certain extent, affected the process of world history.With the development of modern timesCapitalist world systemThe formation of the worldmilitary integrationThe characteristics of are increasingly obvious.The outcome of the war often has a direct decisive role in the formation and evolution of the world strategic pattern.the First World WarAfter that, the victorious countries such as the United States, Britain, France, Italy and Japan re divided the world, forming a Versailles_Washington systemBased on the world strategic pattern.the Second World WarAfter, onyalta system On the basis ofmilitary blocThe world strategic pattern of confrontation.along withBipolar patternThe disintegration of the world, peace and development have become the theme of the times, and various forces in the world have regrouped,One super and many strongThe world strategic pattern of China has developed towards multi polarization in the face of difficulties and twists.Countries generally attach importance to the comprehensive use of political, economic, military, cultural, diplomatic and other means to safeguard their fundamental interests in security and development.However, the military strength of each country is crucial to the realization of itsState willTo improve and consolidate its position in the new world strategic pattern, it still has a special role that cannot be replaced by any other means.The victory or defeat of a war often has a direct decisive effect on the rise or fall of a country or nation.The strong military strength of the country can not only win the war, but also contain the war.The military is the embodiment of the national military strength, and the main force to carry out the will of the ruling group, conduct wars and maintain national security.In the class society, the active and effective military activities of the army are the prerequisite to ensure the smooth progress of the country's material production activities, which are common to all armies of any nature.The armed forces with the army as the main body are the core of national defense.Strong national defense is the basic guarantee for the survival and development of the country and nation.Whether it is to ensure that the country's internal affairs are not interfered with, its sovereignty is not violated, its territory is not divided and occupied, or to achieve national unity and promote the country's long-term stability and the people's well-being, we cannot do without a strong national defense and the military as the main body.Any sovereign state must attach great importance to military issues.In a period of relatively stable peace, when concentrating on economic construction, we should be more alert to danger in times of peace, pay attention to the development of military, and ensure the security of the country and the well-being of the people.Politics plays a decisive role in military affairs, and military affairs also have a huge reaction to the development of politics.As the highest form of resolving political contradictions, war itself is an action of political nature.However, war is not a general form of political struggle, but a special form of politics. It is a military activity characterized by the use of organized violence.The victory or defeat of the war has a huge reaction to the realization of the political purpose: the victory of the war can achieve the political purpose as soon as possible, but the failure of the war cannot achieve the political purpose.The victory of the just war accelerates the process of social development. If it fails temporarily, it will delay social development.The outcome of the war, whether victory or defeat, will profoundly affect the political development prospects, leading to changes in the political situation and social change.When social change cannot solve problems in the form of nonviolence, people often resort to force and break out wars to achieve the purpose of change.Violence is the most powerful weapon of revolution. In class society, revolution and revolutionary war are usually linked.In a sense, revolution is war.A just, progressive and revolutionary war is a powerful lever to directly destroy rigid and dying political forms, change social systems, liberate productive forces and promote social progress.When the production relationship maintained by military activities is advanced, it can promote the development of productive forces, thus promoting the development of social economy;When the relations of production maintained by military activities are backward, they will destroy the productive forces, thus destroying and hindering the progress of social economy.Since ancient times, all military activities centered on war have consumed but not created material wealth, and have caused serious damage to human life and social wealth, to a certain extent, damaged the conditions for human survival.In order to support the war, reducing the investment in the production sector of the national economy will inevitably reduce the vitality of economic development.The war destroyed the normal economic order and caused huge economic losses.The economic damage caused by war is aggravated with the development of weapons and equipment and the expansion of war scale.But war, in its special way, plays a role in promoting economic development to some extent.The tight military management system, which is inseparable from the struggle between blood and fire, often creates new ways for economic management, drives the improvement of production organization and management level, and even breeds a new economic system, exerting extensive influence on the entire economic life.The transfer of advanced military technology to the civilian sector can produce direct economic benefits and accelerate economic development.In particular, the progressive war destroyed the old superstructure and created conditions for changing the backward production relations, thus clearing the way for the development of the economy and even the whole society.In some special cases, the need of war will also stimulate the economic development of individual or minority countries. However, this promotion is based on the serious damage caused by war to the social economy of other countries and nations.The level of military science and technology is an important factor affecting combat effectiveness and determining the outcome of war.In order to prepare for and carry out the war, both sides of the military struggle must have advanced weapons and equipment as quickly as possible. Not only do they often take the lead in using the latest scientific and technological achievements to improve and perfect the means of war, but also they often give priority to the development of military technology in the development of science and technology.In this way, the latest science and technology is often expressed as military technology, and military technology in some fields is still in a leading position in science and technology, which drives the progress of the whole science and technology.The role of military in promoting scientific and technological progress is more prominent in contemporary times.Information technology, aerospace technology, new material technology, new energy technology and many other advanced technologies were first developed as military technologies.The promotion of military to science and technology is a unique phenomenon in a class society with war.The development of science and technology, in the final analysis, depends on the development of social productive forces.Military affairs will also have a certain negative impact on the development of science and technology, which is mainly manifested in the huge destruction of social production caused by war, the huge consumption and waste of human, material and financial resources, and the stagnation of scientific and technological development of the participating countries in a certain period of time.Excessive investment in the development of military technology also tends to inhibit the development of civil science and technology, resulting in an imbalance in the development of science and technology.The military activities carried out by different classes, nations, countries and political groups are all related to certain social ideologies and have a profound impact on the development of social ideologies.The military theory, military philosophy, military culture and art, tradition, and military morality formed in military activities, as part of social ideology, affect other social ideologies and play an important role in the spiritual life of the whole society by spreading and radiating to the society.The outcome of military activities, especially the outcome of war, can directly affect or promote the development and change of social ideology.After the war overthrew the old social system, the dominant social ideology will give way to the new one sooner or later.Even if the result of the war does not fundamentally change the social system, it can still change the social ideology to some extent.In addition, wars between nations and countries can directly promote the exchange of social consciousness between warring parties, thus affecting the social ideology of warring nations and countries.As a special social and historical phenomenon, military has its own history of development.With the emergence of class and country, the development of social productivity and the change of social form, especially the progress of science and technology and its extensive application in military affairs, the expansion of the scope of military practice and the continuous improvement of the level of understanding, the form of war and the national defense model also change and update accordingly, and the military presents a historical track of accelerated development.The ancient military experienced a long historical process from the end of primitive society to the end of feudal society.Consistent with the development level of human social productivity, the military in the early ancient times was in the era of cold weapons, and in the later period, from the era of cold weapons to the era of combination of firearms and cold weapons.The military has developed from simple tribal conflicts to complex confrontational activities, and has produced and completed the military revolution in the cold weapon era.China was the first to enter the feudal society, and has long been in the leading position in the development of ancient military.The emergence of military affairs is marked by the emergence of war.In most periods of primitive society, human beings used rough stone tools to engage in production labor. The level of productivity was extremely low. Social groups were scattered and isolated. War did not exist.At the end of the primitive society, mankind entered the Neolithic Age.Due to the improvement of production tools, production has gradually developed, and the population has increased. The clan has formed phratry and tribe. In the process of communication, the tribe and tribe form a tribal alliance because of the same interests, and often conflict or war between tribes because of survival interests or blood revenge.With the further development of productive forces, the emergence of social division of labor, and the continuous increase of social surplus products, private property and classes have emerged, and prisoners of war are no longer killed and become useful labor force. Therefore, the nature of war has developed into a violent confrontation with the main content of plundering wealth."The war between ancient tribes and tribes has gradually degenerated into continuous looting on land and at sea to seize livestock and treasure, and has become a normal livelihood" (The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 4, p. 125).The war between the Yellow Emperor Tribal Alliance and the Chiyou Tribal Alliance in ancient Chinese legends, and the war in the heroic era described in Homer's epic in ancient Greece, generally belong to this kind of war.With war in human society, there are gradually various military activities to prepare for and carry out war.In the early days of military production, there was no special army, and there was no strict distinction between weapons and production tools. Stone cold weapons were mainly used. The war was mainly organized by tribal members temporarily.The military system of military civilian integration has lasted for a long historical period.The leader who commands the war is elected by the tribal or tribal alliance plenary meeting or the council of elders.The decision of war is democratically made by the tribal council.This period is called the period of military democracy.The war in this period was small in scale, simple in form and short in duration.The continuation of the war made the military leaders accumulate a lot of wealth and power. The military leaders gradually evolved from the electoral system to the hereditary system. The war accelerated the disintegration of the primitive society and the formation of the class and the country.After the emergence of the slave state, the slave owner class frequently launched wars in order to consolidate and expand its rule.The war gradually changed from simply occupying or protecting the survival interests of clan members to purely plundering, and became a tool to achieve the political goals of the ruling class.The army has become an important part of the national machinery.Due to the imbalance in the historical development of various countries, wars during the slavery society took on different forms, generally including dynastic wars, national wars, wars for hegemony, wars of annexation, wars of civilians against oppression, and revolutionary wars in which emerging feudal forces overthrew the rule of slave owners.With the continuous expansion of war practice, combat forms and strategies and tactics have been created and developed.In ancient Greece, the Hippo War, the Peloponnesian War, and the slave uprising led by Spartak all had a considerable scale.The war between Greece and Poland has taken the shape of joint land and sea operations.The battle of Mingtiao in Xia and Shang dynasties and the battle of Muye in Shang and Zhou dynasties in China were fought by tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of people. In Sun Tzu, there is a record of "thousands of chariots galloping, thousands of chariots riding, and hundreds of thousands of chariots riding" (Sun Tzu Battle).The Greek phalanx is a representative phalanx, reaching its peak in the Macedonian era.China's phalanx pays more attention to the tactical cooperation of "protecting the short with short guards and protecting the short with long ones".Among them, the vehicle and foot contractual warfare with the vehicle array as the main body and the step array as the coordination has reached a very high level.In terms of war guidance, affected by the level of productivity and national strength, there has been a situation of establishing alliance relations to jointly deal with powerful countries.In ancient Greece, the Peloponnesian League against Athens came into being;In the Assyrian War, the Kingdom of Babylon and Midi formed an anti Assyrian alliance;During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, the war began to extend beyond the geographical division to a wider range, such as uniting Qin and resisting Chu, and cooperating with Qin.In terms of strategic guidance, luring the enemy deep into the battle of Kataishi, multiple attacks in the Gaul War, especially the close and distant attacks during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period of China, honoring the king to fight against the barbarians, dividing the four armies into three, and using risks to control the fortress, all paid attention to the political, economic and geographical factors in the war, so that the scale, means, and forms of the war were newly developed.The military has played an important role in the establishment, consolidation and development of the slave society, and has also achieved initial development.The emergence of metallurgical technology led to the first military revolution in human history, that is, the military revolution in the era of cold weapons.Following the ancient civilizations in West Asia, North Africa and the Mediterranean coast of Europe, China entered the Iron Age in the late Warring States Period.The appearance of iron weapons has revolutionized cold weapons.Cold weapons have roughly gone through three stages: "stone as the weapon", "copper as the weapon" and "iron as the weapon".The military revolution in the cold weapon age began in the "bronze weapon age", that is, the bronze weapon age, and completed in the "iron weapon age".The military revolution in the era of cold weapons has promoted the rapid development of all aspects of the military field. The variety and quality of weapons are increasing, and their destructive power is increasing. The siege weapons, such as stone throwers, cars, ladders, etc., have emerged. The crossbows with long range are also commonly equipped in the army;The army has developed from a single branch to four branches, namely, infantry, charioteers, cavalry and navy (navy);The army has a full-time general and command system, and the battle formation has developed from a dense square array of one arm and one unit to a multi arm and multi unit evacuation configuration square array. "Array" has emerged, and different formations can be changed according to different enemy situations and terrain;The mobility of the army has greatly increased. There are not only strategic maneuvers, but also tactical maneuvers. Circuitry, encirclement, ambush, surprise attack, river fighting, city fortress attack and defense, field defense, etc. have become common methods and means in war.The scale of the war has expanded, not only the number of soldiers participating in the war is large, but also the battlefield is wide and the campaign lasts for a long time.The establishment of the navy dates back to the ancient civilizations along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Phoenicia, Persia, Greece, Carthage and Rome once dominated the Mediterranean Sea with their powerful navies.China also has a sizeable fleet, which is mainly used in river and lake operations.This period completed the evolution from the military system of unifying the army and the people to the standing army, and the military system gradually improved with the emergence of the standing army.China's armed forces are mainly composed of royal armies, vassal armies and aristocratic armies. The conscription system is generally implemented. There are strict ranks in the army. Officers are selected from the nobility and hereditary. The backbone of the army, "Jia Shi", is filled by the lower nobility and free people.The situation in some countries in Europe or West Asia is different. Generally, the conscription system is combined with the conscription system. In addition to the standing army of the royal family, there are mercenaries. The hierarchy in the army is not very obvious.With the increasing importance of military activities in the country's political life, in countries with relatively developed slavery, military command has been centralized to the royal power, and the military organization system has gradually become complete.The typical military system in China is composed of six ranks: army, division, brigade, pawn, two ranks and five ranks.The military system in the ancient Roman Republic was composed of four levels from top to bottom, namely, corps, brigade, team and hundred men team.Military training is paid attention to. The content, form, method and means of training develop with the development of weapon equipment and war practice.In China, hunting is the basic way of military exercises. The nobles of the Western Zhou Dynasty also learned to shoot and defend through school education.The state and the army are jointly responsible for military logistics. The government has officials and institutions in charge of military logistics. The main way of logistics support is to take advantage of the enemy andlocal acquisition 。During this period, due to economic backwardness, various regions were isolated from each other, and military security and cooperation were mainly manifested as loose alliances aimed at safeguarding the interests of the suzerain.With the military development of slavery society, war has become the top priority of the ruling class in all countries.In China, from the monarch down to the scholars, no matter the strategists, legalists, Confucians, Mohists, Taoists, there is a situation where all people talk about the military.Various ancient books or historical books mainly describe wars. The method of studying wars and war guidance is relatively common, which has produced and formed a preliminary understanding of the relationship between war and politics, economy, culture, and diplomacy, and has noted the impact of natural conditions such as time, space, and geography of military activities on wars.Sun Tzu, written by Sun Wu, a military strategist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in China, reveals a series of universal military laws and discusses many principles and principles for controlling wars and defeating the enemy. It has an important guiding role in military practice and military construction for later generations, has a wide and far-reaching impact on the world, and is known as the "holy book of military science".The military thinking of other countries in the world has also developed to a certain extent.On Military, written by Wegtius in ancient Rome, expounds the principles of conscription, training, military formation, battle formation and offensive and defensive operations, and reflects the military thoughts of ancient Greece and Rome.The military of slave society has directly promoted the social development.In order to win the war, all countries have to make some political, economic and military changes.During the period of ancient Greece, Pericles carried out reforms to fight for hegemony in Greece, the reform of the head of state politics founded by Augustus in ancient Rome, the reform of reorganizing the army and expanding the military colony, and the Wuqi military reform and Shang Yang reform in the Warring States Period of China to fight for hegemony, which objectively strengthened the military power of the country, but also promoted the private ownership of land and class differentiation,It accelerated the disintegration of slavery.These wars are "conducive to human development by helping to destroy a particularly harmful and reactionary system" (Lenin's Anthology, 3rd edition, revised edition, volume 2, page 510), creating conditions for the emergence of a new social form.Feudal society is another social form after the slavery society. Feudal system "is also a military organization according to its origin" (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 16, page 246).In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the first centralized feudal country in Chinese history, marking the first mature and stereotyped feudal society in China, which lasted more than 2000 years.Europe entered feudal society from the 5th century AD.From the perspective of the wars in feudal society, they can be roughly divided into the wars in the cold weapon era and the wars in the era when firearms and cold weapons were used together, and finally completed the military revolution in the cold weapon era.The wars in this period mainly included dynastic wars, united wars, national wars, peasant wars, religious wars, and wars in which the emerging bourgeoisie overthrew feudal rule.Wars are more frequent and the scale is expanding.The Anglo French War in Europe lasted for a hundred years, and the Sino Hungarian War in China lasted for two hundred years.The military was further developed in the feudal society. The growth of material wealth and the improvement of social productivity, especially the change of class relations, promoted the national defense and military construction of feudal countries.With the arrival of the Iron Age, the development of cold weapons entered a mature and prosperous stage.The types and forms of weapons are more diversified, and steel is used instead of bronze in materials.In the Western Han Dynasty, steel weapons basically replaced bronze weapons and became the main weapons.In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the production and manufacture of weapons became more standardized, and the group attack weapons and the protective equipment of individual soldiers and cavalry were more complete.China's steel weapons have had a great impact on East Asian countries, especially Korea and Japan.There have been new developments in strategy, tactics and operational methods.During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, China compiled and trained a large number of cavalry troops, which changed the passive defense strategy of defending the fortress and guarding the pass. It carried out large-scale long-distance operations against the Huns with cavalry groups, used their fast mobility and assault capabilities, carried out long-distance raids and strategic detours, and created a field defense of "ring the bike as the battalion", which enabled the cavalry to develop from a tactical force to a strategic corps.In the siege of Constantinople, Turkey used more than 70000 infantry, more than 20000 cavalry and 320 warships to carry out coordinated land and sea operations, creating a typical example of fortress attack.In other countries, infantry square array tactics were replaced by infantry cavalry coordinated tactics.In this period, the strategy pays more attention to long-term foresight and overall planning.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's "Long Zhong Dui" became a model for predicting the enemy's situation and making decisions based on circumstances.In medieval Europe, the war was dominated by chivalry for a long time, and the development of strategy and tactics was slow.The invention of gunpowder and firearms in China announced the end of the era of cold weapons and marked the beginning of the era of combining firearms and cold weapons.During the Northern Song Dynasty, China first used gunpowder for military purposes, and combustion firearms, explosive firearms, and tubular firearms appeared in succession.In the 13th century, the manufacturing technology of gunpowder and firearms was introduced into Europe from China through the Arabs.Since then, European firearms have developed very fast, and successively developed the musket, firerope gun, flint gun (also known as flint gun) and various artillery.After the 15th century, the use of gunpowder and firearms made great changes in the strategies and tactics of western armies.The Swedish King Gustav II Adolf adopted the linear tactics, created the method of concentrated use of artillery, and carried out the mobile warfare of one wing assault, which had an important impact on the western military development.After the Navy was equipped with artillery, gunfight and battle line tactics gradually took the place of collision battle and dock battle and became the main methods of naval warfare.By the middle of the 17th century, European guns and artillery were widely used in various types of land and water operations.At the beginning of the 16th century, the manufacturing and use technology of European guns began to be introduced into China, which promoted the renewal of Chinese tubular shooting firearms and the reform of traditional firearms.However, due to the corruption of feudal autocratic rule and the conservative ideology of seclusion, the development of Chinese firearms lagged behind that of the West, so firearms could not completely replace the dominant position of cold weapons.With the progress of military technology and the development of weapons and equipment, the formation form of the army has been constantly improved, and gradually developed into an army composed of infantry, cavalry, artillery and marine division (navy).The formation of the medieval European army was centered on feudal knights.After the emergence of firearms, the status of cavalry gradually declined, new infantry equipped with guns and artillery became the main arms, and artillery became an independent arms.After the compass and gunpowder invented by China were introduced into Europe, the navy gained new means of ocean navigation and combat, and promoted the development of the navy.The rulers of feudal society built cities and castles in order to consolidate the rule of the dynasty and defend against the harassment of foreign nationalities.With the improvement of gun performance, the city wall, city tower and city building system began to evolve into the fort fortress city building system, and the field city building played an increasingly important role in the war.All the feudal dynasties in China implemented a military system that was compatible with the centralization of feudal autocracy, established a system in which military power was highly concentrated on the emperor, implemented a system of recruitment, selection and promotion of military achievements, and gradually formed a central army (including the royal family, the capital garrison and the military garrison) as the main force, local armyThe armed force system of combining the border defense forces with the people's armed forces.The military service system adopts the conscription system, the conscription system, the conscription system or a combination of various forms of military service.The military training system has successively implemented the trial production of capital, the system of military training, the system of regimental training, the system of military inspection, and the system of military learning.Logistics support mainly depends on the unified supply of the central government;After the Han Dynasty, military garrisons were developed. The military forces of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the Yuan and Ming dynasties also adopted systems of self financing and self support.After Europe entered the feudal society, the state and its army were mainly controlled by feudal lords and religious theocracies.For a long time, the military system has been in a state of chaos and instability, mainly including the civil military system and the knight service system.With the establishment of centralized countries, the army of feudal lords was replaced by the national unified standing mercenaries.After the 15th century, with the rapid development of infantry and the emergence of artillery, companies, battalions, regiments and brigades became permanent units of the military. The military system and clothing were gradually unified. The military generally relied on strict military law and strict supervision system to implement control and management, and military training was more strict and gradually institutionalized.The operation and use of guns and artillery as well as line formation operations have become an important part of military training in some European countries. Field operations, siege and fortress artillery training have emerged.During this period, with the further improvement of the state form, military security and cooperation have further developed.With military coercion as the core, a loose military, political and religious relationship centered on the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire has been established in the European continent to coordinate possible acts of war.In Asia, especially in China, military relations centered on a small number of feudal powers were formed mainly through conferring titles or paying tribute.The military thought of Chinese feudal society has been developing constantly in the war practice, and its content has become more rich and practical.In the Song Dynasty, seven books of war, Sun Tzu, Wu Zi, Six Taos, Sima Fa, Huangshi Gong San Lue, Wei Liao Zi, Tang Taizong and Li Wei Gong Wen Dui, were awarded as "Martial Arts Classics", collectively called "Seven Books of Martial Arts Classics", which concentrated the essence of ancient Chinese martial arts.The military thought in medieval Europe developed slowly. The General's Brief of the Byzantine Empire reflected the problems of the Byzantine Empire's military construction and operational application.The Art of War, written by N. Machiavelli in the Renaissance, emphasized the importance of war guidance and the decisive role of war.Modern military has developed with two military revolutions and has experienced a history of more than 400 years.With the beginning of industrialization and the expansion of war scale, the military in the early modern times was in the era of hot weapons, and later entered the era of mechanization, resulting in the second and third military revolutions.The two world wars pushed the military of this period to its peak.By K. Marx, F. Engels, V1. The proletarian military represented by Lenin, J. Stalin and Mao Zedong stepped onto the historical stage.Modern times are the period when the capitalist mode of production occupies the dominant position.Since the British bourgeois revolution in 1640, some European and American countries have successively won the victory of bourgeois revolution, clearing the way for the development of capitalism.Since the 1860s, the industrial revolution (also known as the industrial revolution) broke out in Britain, and the cotton textile industry has rapidly developed into the mining, metallurgy, machinery manufacturing and transportation industries.With the invention of the steam engine, the industrial revolution expanded to the whole of Europe.The United States, France, Germany and Japan also achieved great development in production technology in the industrial revolution, and completed the replacement of capitalist machine industriesWorkshop handicraftProcess.This revolution is a huge revolution in production technology and a profound change in production relations, forming two opposing class forces of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.At the same time, in order to compete for rich raw material producing areas, cheap labor and broad commodity markets, capitalist countries continue to plunder and expand abroad. The struggle for colonies is extremely fierce, intensifying the contradictions between capitalist countries. The colonial and semi colonial people have fought against aggression and oppression one after another.The military has entered the industrial era from the agricultural era. The second military revolution in human history, namely the military revolution in the era of hot weapons, came into being.The military revolution in the hot weapon period greatly promoted the rapid development of all aspects of the military field.In the early modern world, cold weapons such as spears, bows and arrows were eliminated by flint guns.By the middle of the 19th century, infantry firearms had changed from flint guns to rifles loaded with needles, and further developed into modern rifles in 1888.In 1884, HS. Markchin invented the heavy machine gun, which ushered in a new era of automatic weapons in the history of gun development.The artillery was changed from the front loaded smooth bore gun to the rear loaded rifled gun, and gradually became the main weapon on the battlefield.In terms of naval construction, the new power system, mainly steam engine and propeller, replaced the sail power, the new artillery system, mainly blasting shells and rifled guns, was applied to naval ships, and copper and iron replaced traditional wood as new ship building materials, marking the world's navy's transformation from sailfleetThe era transited to the era of steam armored fleet.In the late 19th century, high-energy explosives replaced black powder as loading ammunition, and cylindrical conical shells replaced spherical shells.These changes have greatly improved the power of thermal weapons such as guns and guns, and brought the army's weaponry to a new level.In the late 19th century, destroyers, cruisers, battleships, submarines and torpedo boats appeared, and battleships and cruisers became the main battleships of the fleet.The early modern world is the formation and development period of bourgeois military strategy and tactics.With the capitalist colonial expansion and foreign plunder, the colonial war and the colonial independence war in this period dominated.Large scale naval and land battles have become the main form of war.In the Anglo Dutch War, the two sides carried out large-scale naval battles in the English Channel for many times around commercial competition, and a three-level system of fleet, sub fleet and corps emerged. Single ship combat developed into column attack dominated by artillery warfare, and fighting for sea power became the main strategic task of the Navy.Prussian King Friedrich II was good at using his forces sparingly, and frequently used mobile warfare and flank attack tactics.H. Lloyd of Britain demonstrated the interrelationship among bases, battle lines, terrain, battlefield area, and the number of troops and their strategic application.Napoleon I created many new fighting methods in the war between leading the French bourgeois army and the feudal forces in Europe. He strategically emphasized the annihilation of the enemy's effective forces, used rapid mobility, concentrated superior forces in the main directions, and creatively used column tactics to attack the enemy,"And he developed this method to a very perfect degree" (Collection of Marx and Engels, Vol. 2, p. 336).The Napoleonic War has played a great role in promoting the building of the armed forces. The expansion of the scale of the war has led to a sharp increase in the number of military posts on both sides of the war. The army and division have become a fixed establishment. The coordination of infantry, cavalry and artillery has become increasingly complete. Column attacks and skirmish line tactics have strengthened the army's assault force.Napoleon's commanding art had a significant impact on the formation and development of bourgeois military.The feudal monarchs of European countries were forced to carry out military reform in the anti French war5. Suvorov, M1. Kutuzov opposed line tactics and cordon strategy, and advocated concentrating the main force, implementing rapid maneuver, and attacking the enemy unexpectedly.In the middle of the 19th century, with the widespread use of rear loaded rifles and guns, the lethality of weapons was greatly improved. The tactics of the skirmish line replaced the tactics of the column, and the tactics of the warship mobility replaced the tactics of the battle line in the naval battle.In order to meet the needs of the war of consolidating power at home and colonial expansion abroad, the capitalist countries in Europe and the United States vigorously developed the military and carried out military reform, which resulted in major changes in the military system: gradually abolishing the mercenary system, more generally implementing the compulsory military service system and the reserve service system, and establishing a huge standing army supported by the state;Reform the military command system, establish the General Staff, and improve the effectiveness of command and control over the military;It set up an army department and a navy department, and established a modern army and navy;There are infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers and baggage forces in the army, and the navy is composed of fleets, bases and marines;There are divisions, corps and other units of formation in the army, and group armies with irregular formation;The army has standardized, formulated a unified code of conduct, teaching model and rules, adopted a unified military uniform and equipment, implemented a military rank system, implemented a unified discipline and training system, and established military academies to train military commanders and other professionals;Establish a unified supply system and a relatively fixed rear service organ.From this time on, a regular army in the modern sense was gradually formed.During this period, in order to compete for the market and the origin of raw materials, the capitalist powers forced the colonial and semi colonial countries to open ports and trade by means of coercive means and gunboat policies, and the trans regional system connecting Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America and Oceania was initially formed. However, military cooperation and war suppression were still carried out within the colonial or imperial system.The achievements of the military reform of the western bourgeoisie in the early modern world are more concentrated in the art of war.On War by C. von Clausewitz of Prussia and A-H. An Introduction to the Art of War by Jominy reflects the theoretical achievements of the bourgeoisie in the new military reform."On War" profoundly discusses the essence, purpose, means, military construction, art of war and other issues of war. "Introduction to Art of War" systematically puts forward the bourgeois theory of war.These two works marked the basic establishment of the bourgeois military ideology in modern Europe and the world.After the middle of the 19th century, various military theories advocating external expansion emerged in large numbers.American AT. Mahan put forward the theory of sea power, advocating the establishment and use of strong sea power to seize the sea power.This theory adapted to the needs of imperialist aggression and expansion, and had a profound impact on the naval construction and maritime strategy of Britain, Germany, Japan, the United States and other countries.The proletarian military theory, as a new military theoretical system of mankind, also came into being and was established in modern times.In the middle and late 19th century, Marx and Engels jointly founded the Marxist military theory, which correctly revealed the internal relationship between war and the military and the social mode of production for the first time, and clarified several basic laws in the military field.The birth of Marxist military theory is an epoch-making revolution in the history of human military development. It provides scientific theories and methods for studying and solving military problems, and lays a theoretical foundation for the development of proletarian military science.In the early modern world, in contrast to the rapid rise of Western countries in military affairs, China, which was formerly in a leading position in military affairs, was gradually left behind by the West in this period.Since 1840, western powers have been waging large-scale wars of aggression against China.Due to the backwardness in politics, economy and military and the corruption and incompetence of the feudal ruling class, China was mostly defeated in these wars and gradually became a semi colonial and semi feudal society, which brought a deep disaster to the Chinese nation.The peasant uprising and bourgeois democratic revolution in modern China promoted the development of national capitalism and social progress.After the Opium War, in the face of the increasingly serious national crisis, many people of insight actively advocated to enrich the country and strengthen the army, and put forward the idea of "learning from the strength of foreigners to control foreigners", which marked the beginning of China's modern reform of traditional military.After the 1860s, some powerful officials in the Qing government gradually realized the importance of the western advanced military technology and equipment, started to establish modern military industry, copied and purchased western modern guns and warships, and compiled and trained new navy and army according to the western model. The Chinese army gradually entered the era of mainly equipped with hot weapons.After the establishment of the Republic of China, the army, navy and air force were established. The scale and equipment of the infantry were greatly developed, and a large number of western weapons were imitated and purchased.With the transition of weapons and equipment to the era of hot weapons, the military system, operational guidance and national defense building ideology also began to change to modern times.However, due to the lack of corresponding political, economic, scientific and technological support, China's modern military reform was not thorough, which affected the military development of this period to varying degrees.At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the major capitalist countries successively transited from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism, that is, the stage of imperialism. The monopoly bourgeoisie's exploitation of the proletariat and the vast working people in their country deepened, the imperialist powers' plundering and oppression of the colonial people intensified, the competition between the international monopoly capital groups intensified, and the economy of the imperialist countriesThe imbalance of political development and the struggle to re carve up the world have led to numerous contradictions in the capitalist world, and sharp and complex contradictions among classes, nations and countries.Under the influence of the second industrial revolution, social productivity and science and technology have achieved great development, and railways, telegrams and telephones have emerged one after another.In order to meet the needs of capitalist countries to carve up the world and fight for world hegemony, capitalist countries have stepped up the renewal of weapons. Tanks, aircraft, submarines and steam armored ships are heavily equipped with troops, which has greatly improved the mobility, surprise, command and supply capabilities of the military, and contributed to the third military revolution in human history, that is, the military revolution in the mechanized era,The world military has entered the era of mechanized war.In the first half of the 20th century, World War I and World War II broke out due to the intensification of the struggle of imperialist countries to dominate the world.The war strongly stimulated the progress of military technology and weapons, and accelerated the military development.The wars that took place in the late modern world were mainly imperialist wars carried out by imperialist countries to redistribute colonies and fight for world hegemony.The First World War was a big contest between the two major imperialist military groups, Germany and Austria Hungary, and the Allies with Britain, France, and Russia at the core, for world hegemony. The number of participating countries, the number of fighting forces, the length of the battle line, and the intensity of the battle were unprecedented.After the First World War, the capitalist system fell into a comprehensive crisis.In order to get rid of the crisis, a small number of post rising imperialist countries embarked on the fascist road of seizing "living space" by force, and carried out extreme nationalism, expansionism and hegemonism policies.The Second World War was a war waged by the world's anti fascist forces, represented by China, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and other allies, against the aggression of the Axis Powers of Germany, Japan and Italy.This war of unprecedented scale in human history ended in the failure of the Axis Powers.During the two world wars, major changes took place in the form of operations, strategies and tactics.The Second World War was a fierce mechanized war, which brought the transformation of operational form and strategy and tactics to a new peak. There were flash warfare, large depth operations, large-scale contract operations of various services and arms, landing and anti landing operations, submarine warfare and anti submarine warfare, aircraft carrier formation operations, strategic bombing and air defense operations,New operational forms and methods such as airborne and anti airborne operations.These new changes fully reflect the characteristics and laws of mechanized warfare, and have had an extremely important impact on the development of modern military in the world.During the First World War, military technology and weaponry developed rapidly.New weapons began to be heavily equipped and widely used.During the Second World War, the warring parties used tanks, armored vehicles, aircraft, artillery, ships and other modern weapons and equipment in large numbers, and for the first time used new weapon systems and technologies such as radar, rockets, missiles, and atomic bombs.The Versailles Washington system established after the First World War did not play a role in disarmament and military negotiations.After the Second World War, China, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom learned the lessons of the two world wars, established the United Nations Organization, signed and formulated a series of arms control and disarmament treaties, and international military cooperation played a role in the world.The military revolution in the mechanized era and the two world wars caused great changes in the military organization system.The armed forces of various countries generally take the army as the main body, and implement the system of combining the standing army with the reserve force, and combining formal and informal armed organizations.Many countries have gradually formed three services, namely, the army, navy and air force. Some countries have also established tanks, naval aviation, air defense, chemical and engineering.The military command gradually formed two systems of integration or separation of battle command and administrative leadership.The organizational structure includes group army, group army group, front army and front army group (theater).The military service system implements the conscription system, the conscription system or the combination of conscription.The national defense mobilization, national defense economic management, civil defense and national defense education systems of many countries have been paid attention to and developed to varying degrees, and various military systems have been further legalized.During this period, the bourgeois military theory adapted to mechanized warfare was greatly developed.A. von Schrifen of Germany advocated that the main forces of the enemy should be encircled strategically to reach a decisive war of annihilation.G. Duhel of Italy proposed to establish an independent air force in parallel with the army and navy, and established the theory of air war through the powerful bomber force and fighter force to control the air.British JF. C. Fuller put forward the theory of mechanized war, which had a significant impact on the development of the armed forces of capitalist countries, especially the use of tanks and other technical weapons in war.E. Ludendorf of Germany proposed that the modern war affected all the territory of the belligerent countries, so it was necessary to carry out a blitzkrieg general war, and quickly destroy the enemy and occupy the enemy countries by sudden attacks.During the two world wars, proletarian military thought flourished.Lenin, based on the basic views of Marx and Engels, expounded the proletariat's attitude towards war and violent revolution, and founded the theories of war and revolution, armed uprising, building the workers' and peasants' Red Army, and implementing the civil war.Stalin inherited and developed the military theory of Marxism Leninism, and comprehensively established the Soviet military theoretical system.The military doctrines of Lenin and Stalin are of great guiding significance to the struggle of colonial and semi colonial countries for national independence and liberation, as well as to the revolutionary war and military construction.The People's Revolutionary War led by the Communist Party of China occupies an important position in the world's modern war history.After the birth of the Communist Party of China in 1921, it participated in and led the Northern Expedition.After the failure of the Great Revolution in 1927, the Chinese Communists, mainly represented by Mao Zedong, chose the revolutionary road of encircling cities with rural areas and seizing the national power with armed forces.Through many armed uprisings, such as the Nanchang Uprising, the Autumn Harvest Uprising on the Hunan Jiangxi border, and the Guangzhou Uprising, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was founded, and the 10-year Agrarian Revolutionary War was waged, creating a new era in China's military history.During the Anti Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army led by the Communist Party of China, as well as the South China People's Anti Japanese Guerrilla and the Northeast Anti Japanese Allied Army, carried out a large-scale people's anti aggression guerrilla war behind the enemy, becoming the mainstay of the whole nation's anti Japanese war.The People's Liberation War that followed was the largest civil war in the world after the Second World War.In a situation of great disparity in power, the Communist Party of China led and directed the People's Liberation Army to fight, organized and armed the broad masses of the people to take part in the war. In less than four years, it eliminated more than 8 million Kuomintang troops, overthrew the Kuomintang government under the dictatorship of the big landlord and big bourgeoisie, and established the People's Republic of China.The People's Revolutionary War, which took place in a country with a population of 450 million, is a new type of war with huge scale and far-reaching significance following the October Revolution.It has brought the military of the socialist system to a new stage and has had a far-reaching and significant impact.In the long revolutionary war, the Chinese Communists, represented by Mao Zedong, concentrated the wisdom of the people and created a set of flexible strategies and tactics based on the people's war, which enabled the people's army to defeat the enemy with superior equipment with inferior equipment and win the revolutionary war,It also provides experience for the armed struggle of colonial and semi colonial people all over the world.At the beginning of the founding of the army, the Communist Party of China formulated the organizational structure and establishment of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and established a series of systems for the people's army.With the development of the People's Revolutionary War and the establishment of the political power in the revolutionary base areas, the people's armed forces system has gradually taken shape, and various military systems have constantly developed and improved.The people's army, which is composed of army troops, including infantry, cavalry, artillery and engineers, mainly depends on the capture of weapons and equipment from the enemy, except for a small amount of their own production.The sources of materials and funds for the people's army mainly rely on the support of the people's government in the base area, the liberated area and the masses of the people. At the same time, it is solved by means of self-sufficiency in the production of the army, support from the people from all walks of life, capture on the battlefield, fighting local tyrants to raise food and funds.Mao Zedong's military thought, which was formed and developed in the practice of the Chinese revolutionary war and continued to develop after the founding of the People's Republic of China, not only profoundly reveals the special laws of the Chinese revolutionary war and national defense and military construction, but also reflects the general laws of the military field, and is a great milestone in the history of the development of military thought.Mao Zedong's military thought is broad and profound. It is a scientific system composed of military philosophy, people's army, people's war, strategy and tactics and national defense construction. It is the innovation and development of Marxist military theory in China and the guiding ideology of military struggle and construction.The modern military has experienced the Cold War of the United States and the Soviet Union for nearly half a century, as well as a series of local wars and other different forms of struggle after the Cold War.The informatization process of modern society has accelerated the transformation of military from the mechanized age to the information age.The fourth military revolution, which is developing in depth, has triggered a series of profound changes in the military field.In the challenge of world military development, China's modern military has been comprehensively developed under the guidance of Mao Zedong's military thought, Deng Xiaoping's military building thought for the new era, Jiang Zemin's national defense and military building thought, Hu Jintao's national defense and military building thought, and Xi Jinping's important discourse on national defense and military building.After the Second World War, great changes have taken place in the international situation.Some socialist countries were born one after another, and nations and countries that broke away from colonial rule became independent one after another, and capitalist countries entered a relatively stable period of development.At the end of the 1940s, capitalist countries led by the United States provoked the Cold War against socialist countries, leading to a long-term confrontation between the two major military groups, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Treaty Organization.In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union launched an arms race dominated by nuclear weapons in order to fight for world hegemony.The atomic bomb successfully developed at the end of the Second World War has developed into a more powerful nuclear weapon series;The rocket weapons produced in the Second World War, on the basis of combining with electronic technology, have developed into strategic, campaign and tactical missiles, and become destructive weapons that threaten the survival of mankind, bringing the world into the era of missile and nuclear weapons.Although the nuclear war did not break out, it was once regarded as the main form of war after the break of the cold war stalemate. Both the United States and the Soviet Union regarded nuclear armament and nuclear deterrence as important means to pursue national policies.Most countries with nuclear weapons have formulated military strategies with nuclear strategy as the core.In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union collapsed, and the socialist countries in Eastern Europe underwent drastic changes. The world strategic pattern developed from bipolar to multipolar.After the collapse of the bipolar pattern, the threat of an all-out nuclear war has decreased, and nuclear weapons mainly exist as a deterrent.After the end of the Second World War, although there was no world war, due to hegemonism, power politics, territorial disputes, ethnic and religious contradictions and other reasons, local wars and regional conflicts kept rising and continuing.Local war under nuclear deterrence, especially under the condition of informatization, has gradually become the main form of war.The Vietnam War, the Fourth Middle East War, the Iran Iraq War, the Malvinas Islands War, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the US invasion of Grenada, the US air raid on Libya and other local wars that broke out in the 1960s and 1980s showed some new characteristics.The superpowers regard local war as a testing ground for new weapons and operational theories, and use new technologies to accelerate the development and production of modern weapons and equipment.At the same time, a new scientific and technological revolution has been launched around the world, leading to the rise of a large number of high-tech groups and high-tech industries, creating a much richer material and spiritual civilization than ever before.In particular, the rapid development of information technology based on microelectronic technology, electronic computer technology, artificial intelligence technology and communication technology, biotechnology represented by genetic engineering, new material technology represented by composite materials and high-temperature resistant materials, and new energy technology and space technology has led to a series of new breakthroughs in military technology,Deeply changing the original form and appearance of war, a new military revolution marked by information war, namely the fourth military revolution in human history, is changing from a gradual change to a sudden change.The essence of the new military revolution is informatization. It has expanded military activities and battlefield fields from physical space to information space, fundamentally changing people's understanding of traditional military, and promoting profound changes in weapons and equipment, institutional arrangements, war patterns, combat methods and military theories.The Gulf War and the Kosovo War that broke out in the 1990s, the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War that broke out in the early 21st century, reflected the characteristics of the war in the early days of the new military revolution.In these wars, information technology has played a pivotal role.In the Iraq War, the US military used reconnaissance, communication, navigation, meteorology, satellites and global positioning systems to form a full dimensional surveillance of the battlefield between space and high, medium and low altitude, realizing seamless link of battlefield command, highly integrated land, sea, air, space and network electromagnetism, and the long-distance precision attack dominated. Digital battlefield and digital troops have taken shape,New operational concepts such as "information action", "enemy control maneuver", "precision attack", "full dimension protection", "network centric warfare", "fast decisive combat" have been applied in actual combat.The new elements and requirements of the war have aroused great attention from all countries in the world, accelerating the pace of the new military revolution worldwide.Under the condition of informatization, local war is the basic form of war in the transition period from the industrial age to the information age. It has the following obvious characteristics: with information technology as the core, high-tech weapons and equipment have become an important factor to control the battlefield situation and restrict the victory or defeat of war;The confrontation of war forces is manifested as the overall confrontation between systems;The battlefield expands from three-dimensional space to multidimensional space, and the front and rear boundaries are blurred;Operational action is developing at high speed, all weather, all time and space, with more emphasis on deep assault and overall strike;Missile warfare, electronic warfare, network warfare and many other new combat styles have emerged. Medium and long range precision strikes have become an important combat style, and joint operations have become the basic form of operations;Pay more attention to the comprehensive use of military, political, economic, diplomatic, cultural and other means;The dependence on logistics and equipment has increased unprecedentedly.These new features reflect the trend of modern military development.The rise of local wars under the condition of informatization has brought and is bringing profound changes to the military system, command mode, military service system, military training, logistics and equipment support around the world.Exploring the objective law and guiding law of local war under the condition of informatization, and exploring the guidelines and principles of national defense and military construction under this new form of war, has become the main topic of modern military science research.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese People's Liberation Army has carried out operations to liberate the country, eliminate bandits, smash the enemy's attacks, and many border self-defense counterattacks. It has supported the Korean, Vietnamese, and Lao people in their just wars against imperialist aggression, defended socialist construction, and made positive contributions to maintaining world peace.In the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, and in the struggle to consolidate national defense, resist aggression, defend the territorial sovereignty and integrity of the country, and safeguard national interests and dignity, we should strengthen national defense and military building in combination with economic construction, adhere to and develop the people's war ideology, and implement the strategic policy of active defense. National defense capabilities are constantly enhanced, and the armed forces are constantly growing.The Chinese People's Liberation Army actively promotes military reform with Chinese characteristics. It adheres to building a military with quality, strengthening the military through politics, strengthening the military through science and technology, and governing the military according to law. It has taken the road of refined troops with Chinese characteristics, and gradually developed from a single army to a powerful military composed of the army, navy, air force, rocket army, and strategic support units. It has a certain level of modernization and has begun to move towards informatization,It has become a strong pillar to safeguard national security and sustainable development, and an important force to maintain regional stability and world peace.China has carried out defense science and technology research and defense industry construction in a planned way, vigorously strengthened the development and production of modern weapons and equipment, and initially formed a weapons and equipment system with Chinese characteristics that is relatively complete in variety and reasonable in structure, basically meeting the needs of developing from a single army to a composite army of various services and arms,This has changed the situation of heavy weapons and equipment relying on imports.Major breakthroughs have been made in the development of high-tech weapons and equipment with strategic deterrence.In 1964, China's first atomic bomb successfully exploded, and in 1966, China's first medium range nuclear missile successfully launched.The successful tests of the "two bombs" broke the superpower's nuclear monopoly and nuclear blackmail, marking a new stage of China's national defense modernization.In 1967, China successfully exploded its first hydrogen bomb.In 1970, China's first nuclear submarine was launched.In 1980 and 1982, China successfully launched intercontinental ballistic missiles and subsurface missiles.The Rocket Force has a number of medium range, long-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles, and has become a strategic missile force with considerable nuclear counterattack capability.China has also successfully launched the "Long March" series carrier rockets, the "Shenzhou" series spacecraft and the "Beidou" navigation satellite.In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier "Liaoning Ship" was handed over and listed.All these indicate that China's defense science, technology and military equipment have reached a high level, providing a material foundation for the modernization of national defense and the military, and playing an important role in stopping wars and maintaining peace.On the basis of inheriting the military system formed in the war years, China has gradually established, improved and reformed the country's military system.The Constitution of the People's Republic of China clearly stipulates the military system of the country.The state and the military have also promulgated a series of military laws, regulations and rules to further systematize, standardize and legalize the military system.The Chinese People's Liberation Army adheres to the principle of being capable, highly integrated, combining peacetime and wartime, and overall efficiency, constantly promotes the adjustment and reform of its organizational structure, and strives to improve the overall structure and organizational structure of the military.After the 1980s, the military construction implemented a series of major reforms, reduced the number of military personnel, and embarked on a path of combining a lean standing army with a strong reserve force.The establishment, improvement and implementation of the military system, as well as the reform, adjustment and streamlining of the military structure and staffing, have improved the military structure and operating mechanism, promoted the building of national defense and the military, and ensured the completion of operations and other tasks.The Chinese People's Liberation Army has always attached importance to education and training, and worked hard to improve the overall quality of soldiers.Adhere to the principle of training for war, establish and improve the education and training system, improve the methods and means of education and training, improve the guarantee system of education and training, and promote the quality and efficiency of education and training.Focusing on contract training and integrated joint training, we have held many campaign exercises, especially large-scale sea crossing landing campaign exercises, promoted laser electronic simulation of live tactical confrontation exercises, and carried out scientific and technological training activities focusing on "new three strikes and three defenses" training. We have actively carried out military training under information conditions, and constantly enhanced the level of combat oriented military training,Under the modern technology, especially the high-tech conditions, the combined combat capability, rapid response capability, electronic countermeasures capability, logistics support capability and field survivability of all services and arms of the army have been improved.At the same time, a military education system with the characteristics of the Chinese People's Liberation Army has been established, which combines high, middle and primary command colleges, comprehensive colleges and professional colleges, and cultivates a large number of military talents with military and political excellence.The Chinese People's Liberation Army has made great efforts to strengthen and improve the ideological and political construction and constantly improved its political level.Political work is the lifeline of the people's army.Adhere to the CPC's absolute leadership over the military, adhere to the guidance of Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents", and the Scientific Outlook on Development, thoroughly implement the spirit of Xi Jinping's important speeches, adhere to putting ideological and political construction at the top of all military construction, and arm officers and soldiers with the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics,We will continue to cultivate the core values of contemporary revolutionary servicemen, unswervingly maintain the nature, nature and style of the people's army, and ensure the improvement of the army's combat effectiveness and the completion of various tasks.We should firmly grasp the central link of ideological and political education, focus on strengthening the timeliness and charisma, guide the officers and men to establish firm ideals and beliefs, build the spiritual pillar of the officers and men, always maintain a strong revolutionary will and strong fighting spirit, achieve absolute loyalty, absolute purity and absolute reliability, and always move forward in the direction guided by the Communist Party of China.The Chinese People's Liberation Army attaches great importance to logistics construction and constantly improves its logistics support capability.Guided by the actual needs of operations, we will strengthen the construction of military economy, military supplies, health services, military transportation, logistics command and rear defense. Logistics support will gradually develop from supporting the logistics of a single service to supporting the logistics of the combined services and arms of the army, navy, air force, fire arrow army, and strategic support forcesTaking the advantage of the enemy, we changed to supply mainly from the later side. According to the unified supply standard and system, we adopted the combination of district supply and organic supply, and the combination of unified supply and exclusive supply, forming a comprehensive supporting security system for all businesses.According to the actual needs of modern military construction and operations, we are working hard to build logistics that can guarantee the victory of modern wars, serve the modernization of troops, and transform to informatization, centering on the overall goal of comprehensively building modern logistics.In the practice of leading national defense and military construction and military struggle, the Communist Party of China insists on combining the basic principles of Marxism with the reality of China. On the basis of inheriting and developing Mao Zedong's military thought, the Communist Party of China has continuously promoted the innovation of the Party's military guidance theory, created the achievements of Marxist military theory with Chinese characteristics, and formed Deng Xiaoping's thought on military construction in the new eraJiang Zemin's thoughts on national defense and military building, Hu Jintao's thoughts on national defense and military building, and Xi Jinping's important statements on national defense and military building.These achievements in military theory, adhering to the basic principles of Marxism and focusing on solving practical problems under different historical conditions, have come down in one continuous line and kept pace with the times, greatly enriching the ideological treasure house of Marxist military theory, and are scientific guidelines for guiding China's national defense and military construction and winning the war.In the 21st century, peace and development are still the themes of the times, and a new world war may not be fought.However, uncertainties affecting peace and development are still increasing, hegemonism and power politics are taking on new manifestations, armed conflicts and local wars continue to occur, and terrorism poses a real threat to international and regional security.The trend of world multipolarization and economic globalization is developing in twists and turns, and the competition for comprehensive national strength is becoming increasingly fierce.The development and changes of the international strategic situation, the progress of science and technology and the wide application of science and technology in the military have promoted the in-depth development of the new military revolution in the world. Countries around the world have generally focused on military strategic adjustment and accelerated the modernization of national defense and the military based on high-tech.There are many new situations and new characteristics in modern military, showing the new trend of military revolution promoting military development.The new military revolution with information technology as the core has promoted the transition of war form from local war to information war under the information-based conditions with both mechanized and information-based characteristics.Information equipment and information activities are playing a more and more important role in military affairs. Seizing the right to control information will become the primary task of future operations. Space and network attack and defense technologies will become the new commanding heights of military competition.The information-based war relies on the networked information-based system, uses information-based weapons and equipment and corresponding operational methods, takes the system confrontation as the main form, and takes the information-based army as the backbone force, and conducts in the land, sea, air, space, network electromagnetic and other space and cognitive fields.It puts more emphasis on the multidimensional and three-dimensional nature of the battle space, the diversity and practicability of combat forces, the integrity and rapidity of combat operations, the unity and controllability of battle command, and the realization of information fusion and force combination, so as to form a strong combat capability and defeat the enemy with overall strength.In order to win the future information-based war, many countries in the world are stepping up their military transformation, paying more attention to the information-based construction of the military, and constantly improving the information-based combat capability.The information-based army takes information-based operations as the traction, information-based equipment as the basis, and the system establishment and new talents that can most effectively play the role of information as the main body. It uses information networks to integrate various operational elements and systems.The informatization construction of the military is a complex systematic project, which requires the application of modern information technology in all aspects of the military construction, the in-depth development and extensive use of information resources, and the acceleration of the development of information-based weapons and equipment, the innovation of military theory, the adjustment of system establishment, and the training of new talents under the unified planning and organization of the country's highest military leading organ.To build an information-based army according to the principle of system, we will make full use of information technology and information methods to form a network link between various combat platforms at all levels and command organizations at all levels, so as to achieve information collection, processing, transmission and display in the fields of early warning detection, intelligence reconnaissance, precision guidance, fire strike, command and control, communication and liaison, battlefield management, and achieve seamless links,So as to achieve real-time and accurate from command to action.With the in-depth development of the military revolution with information technology as the core, we should make full use of the achievements of information technology to transform the existing weapons and equipment, develop and develop new types of information-based weapons and equipment, accelerate the transition of the technical level of weapons and equipment from mechanization to informatization, from type weapons to system weapons, and realize the optimization of the whole system of weapons and equipment,It will become the mainstream of future weapons and equipment development.The information-based weapons and equipment, including information-based ammunition, information-based combat platform, individual information-based equipment, computer virus weapons and command information system, will occupy a leading position, and realize remote precision, intelligence and stealth.Integrated electronic information systems, high-performance combat platforms and new concept weapons being developed by various countries will also be used in the battlefield.In order to meet the needs of the future information war, the military organization system of all countries in the world will undergo fundamental changes.The structure and organization of military forces place more emphasis on integration, and complete the adjustment of organizational structure with the goal of integration.The overall size of the military will continue to shrink, and the size of the national defense reserve force will also expand.The internal structure of the military will be further optimized, and will develop towards the best combination of people and weapons.The proportion of knowledge intensive and technology intensive services and arms will increase, which will further promote the professional development of the military.More attention will be paid to the construction of integrated, diversified and small forces, quick reaction forces capable of carrying out military tasks independently, and special operations forces.The command system tends to be flat, the command organization tends to be lean and efficient, and the degree of automation of command means continues to improve.Logistics support will gradually realize civil military integration and implement the joint support and comprehensive support system.Faced with the challenges of the new military revolution, all countries in the world are actively planning and guiding the overall situation of the war and the strategy of national defense and military construction, and carrying out military theoretical innovation to meet the needs of winning information-based local wars, especially future information-based wars.In terms of strategic guidance, all countries, on the premise of not neglecting full-scale wars and traditional types of wars, highlight information-based local wars, attach importance to non war military operations, emphasize preparation for the threat of multiple wars, and shift their strategic focus to dealing with possible future information-based wars.In terms of operational guidance, it is emphasized that according to the characteristics and development trend of modern war, strategic decision-making, campaign command and combat action should be combined, and the idea of conducting overall operations and fighting for information power in the multi-dimensional space of land, sea, air, space and network electromagnetism should be established to achieve mobile operations, rapid response, long-range attacks and precision strikes.In terms of military construction, it emphasizes the use of high technology, especially information technology, to build the army, proposes to build an information-based army, advocates that the army should be professionalized, and the scale should be appropriate and reasonable, and strives to enhance combat effectiveness through the way of building a high-quality army.Although these theoretical achievements, especially the theoretical conception of information warfare, still need to be tested and revised in the future military struggle practice, there is no doubt that a military theoretical form that is completely different from the traditional military theory is taking shape, and the innovation of military theory will play a leading role in the entire military revolution.National defense construction is an important part of national construction and the actual need to safeguard national interests.With the in-depth development of science and technology and international politics and economy, the international community has become an inseparable whole, and no country can be separated from this whole.However, the imbalance in the political and economic development of the international community has determined that global interests cannot replace national interests. In particular, superpowers and hegemonism also threaten the security of all countries in the world. There are serious political and economic inequalities between developed countries and developing countries. Developing countries still have to fight for a long time to defend their national interests.Practice has proved that without strong national defense, national interests cannot be effectively safeguarded.To safeguard national interests, a sovereign state should not only strengthen economic development, but also strengthen national defense.Under the conditions of the new military revolution, safeguarding national interests is the starting point and foothold of national defense construction, and we should strengthen national defense construction closely around national interests and the requirements of the military revolution.Under modern conditions, international military security and cooperation, as a restraining factor of war, will continue to play an active role.With the regional and global nature of the international economy, the integration and diversification of international cooperation, and the use of military resources between interconnected countries to avoid security threats caused by international disputes, conflicts, crises and terrorist activities, the field of international military security and cooperation has been expanding, and international military cooperation has developed from bilateral cooperation to multilateral cooperation,The development from regional cooperation to worldwide cooperation will become more extensive.All countries in the world will proceed from their national fundamental interests, follow their national foreign policies and principles, cooperate with their national political, economic, cultural and diplomatic activities, establish and develop various military ties with other countries or groups of countries, improve their own international security environment, and create more favorable conditions for national security and development.In the long history of the development of human society, military does not always exist, nor does it always exist.It is the product of a certain historical stage of human society, and will eventually die with the high development of human civilization.[2]
