In addition to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, the radiation problems caused by the nuclear reactor accident also urgently need solutions. How to prevent radiation and how to reduce the impact of long-term refuge on health are summarized. If there is radioactive material leakage from nuclear facilities, how can we minimize the level of radiation.
Self measures that people can take:
Take shielding measures. The external radiation dose can be reduced by adding a thick enough shield between the person and the radiation source. The main materials are lead, reinforced concrete, water, etc. The building we live in is a good shield for external radiation.
People themselves add long sleeved clothes, especially rainproof silk
Use more iodine containing materials and properly increase vitamin supply every day.
What should the public do in case of nuclear and radiation emergencies
Once a nuclear and radiation emergency occurs, the first thing the public must do is to obtain as much credible information about the emergency as possible, and understand the decisions and notices of government departments. Therefore, information communication with the local government should be maintained through various means (television, radio, telephone, etc.), and rumors or gossip should not be taken lightly. The second thing is to quickly take necessary self-protection measures according to the notice of the local government. For example:
1. Select nearby buildings for concealment to reduce direct external radiation and inhalation of polluted air. Close the doors, windows and ventilation equipment (including air conditioners and fans), and quickly open the doors, windows and ventilation devices when the polluted air passes.
2. According to the arrangement of the local government, evacuate the site in an organized and orderly manner to avoid possible serious negative effects of evacuation.
3. When it is judged that there is a radioactive dispersion event, try to hide to the side of the wind direction, and quickly enter the building for concealment.
4. Cover the mouth and nose with wet towel and cloth for respiratory protection.
5. If it is suspected that there is radioactive pollution on the body surface, you can take a bath and change clothes to reduce the radioactive pollution.
6. Follow the arrangement of the local competent department and decide whether it is necessary to control the use of local food and water.
In the event of nuclear and radiological terrorist events, the public should pay special attention to maintaining a stable attitude and never panic.
Under what circumstances are concealed measures taken? What should the public pay attention to?
Concealment is one of the main protective measures that may be taken in the early and middle stages of an emergency with a large amount of radioactive substances released into the atmosphere. The concealment time is short, which brings little risk and cost, and most people can temporarily hide in nearby buildings. Another advantage of this measure is that the crowd has been controlled during the concealment process, which is conducive to further measures, such as evacuating the population or canceling the implemented protective actions. Generally, the concealment time shall not exceed 2 days. It is not easy to notify a large number of people to take hidden measures in a short time, especially if there is no plan in advance, which may cause problems in social order and public psychology. When concealing, some family members are not at home, and they will be very worried about their whereabouts. In addition to the possibility that industrial production may be interrupted for a short time, the economic loss may be small, so concealment is generally considered to be a difficult, less costly, but effective measure, which is easier to implement in the early stages of the event.
Under what circumstances should evacuation measures be taken? What should we pay attention to?
Evacuation is one of the protective measures taken in the early and middle stages of an emergency where a large amount of radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere. It refers to the emergency evacuation of people from their homes, work or rest places for a limited period of time to avoid or reduce short-term exposure caused by events, mainly high dose exposure caused by smoke plumes or high-level radioactive substances deposited. In most cases, evacuees will be allowed to live in a natural place, usually within a few days, as long as these places can live without long-term pollution elimination. Due to the short time and temporary residence, they can live in some places like schools or public buildings; If the evacuation time exceeds one week, it should be arranged to better living facilities. Due to the urgency of time, many difficulties and risks, the implementation of evacuation action is likely to cause confusion, so the decision to take evacuation action should be taken with caution.
According to the national standard, evacuation measures shall be considered only when the effective dose of the whole body is expected to reach 50~500 millisieverts, or when the lung, thyroid and other main irradiated individual organs are exposed to 50~5000 milligris (equivalent to 10 times of the expected amount required for concealed measures).
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