The Yellow Sea isthe pacific oceanWesternMarginal seaIs a typical semi closed marginal sea in the western Pacific Ocean, which is located between China andKorean Peninsulabetween.It is a semi closed near the north-south directionsea。
The Yellow Sea isthe pacific oceanThe largest in the westMarginal sea, located in China andKorean Peninsulabetween.The average depth of the Yellow Sea is 44 meters, and the seabed is relatively flat, with a maximum depth of 140 meters.[1]
The name of the Yellow Sea comes from its large area of water, which is yellow in colorYellow RiverIt has been poured into the Yellow Sea for more than seven or eight hundred years, so that a small amount of sediment carried by the river willThe sea water is blueDyed yellow.The Chinese name "Yellow Sea" is commonly used internationally.
Yellow Sea fromJiaodong PeninsulaThe sea surface between Chengshanjiao and Changshan Chuang in North Korea is the narrowest. It is customary to divide the Yellow Sea into two parts: the North Yellow Sea and the South Yellow Sea. The North Yellow Sea covers an area of about 81000 square kilometers and the South Yellow Sea covers an area of about 409000 square kilometers.
The surface sediments are terrigenous detritus, with residual sediments in some areas;From shore to sea, the sediments are distributed in strips from coarse to fine.The coastal area is mainly composed of fine sand with coarse clastic materials such as gravel.eastSeafloor sedimentMainly from the Korean Peninsula, the western part is the early input of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.The deep water area in the middle is mainly muddy marine fine sand sediment, which is mainly the input of a small amount of materials from the Yellow River.There are silty deposits with different width between coarse and fine sediments.
The Yellow Sea basement consists of PrecambrianMetamorphic rock seriesform.The north belongs to Jiaoliao uplift belt of Sino Korean paraplatformTertiaryIt is basically in a raised background.In the Cenozoic, the South Yellow Sea underwent large-scale rifting and received a small amount of sedimentation.
The main structural trend in the sea area is north north east, which is composed of uplift belt and depression belt (basin) arranged roughly in parallel.Jiaoliao uplift zone and South Yellow Sea North Jiangsu and Central Jiangsu depression zones constitute the submarine tectonic framework of the Yellow Sea, and its southeast edge extends into the East China Sea through the Zhejiang Fujian uplift zone.From the north to the south of the seabed, there are hills, valleys, uplifts and depressions. Since the Quaternary, the glacial and interglacial periods have alternated, and the sea level has risen and fallen frequently, which has made the continental shelf land for many times, and has also been invaded many times.The last transgression started from 20000 to 15000 years ago.It was about 6000 years ago that the sea level rose close to where we saw it.
hydrology
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circulation
On the whole, the current in the Yellow Sea is weak, and the current velocity is usually only about one tenth of the maximum current velocity.Surface flowRestricted by wind, withWindy currentnature.In the prevailing season of northerly wind, it tends to flow southward;In the prevailing southerly wind season, it tends to flow northward.The circulation of the Yellow Sea is mainly composed of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (and its afterpulse) and the Yellow SeaCoastal currentConsists of.The Yellow Sea Warm Current isEquine warm currentstayChejudoA branch extending into the Yellow Sea in the southwest (some people call it "the west branch of the Shuangma Warm Current") flows northward along the Yellow Sea Trough, with an average velocity of about 10 cm/s (not more than 25 cm/s at the source).
It is the main source of sea water in Huanghai Sea, characterized by high salinity (high temperature in winter), but gradually changes on the way north.When it entered the northern part of the Yellow Sea, it had become a residual vein, and then turned westwardLaotieshan WaterwayWhen entering the Bohai Sea, the power was already quite weak.
The Yellow Sea coastal current is a branch of the Yellow Sea coastal current system (including the West Korean coastal current, the southern Liaoning coastal current, and the local coastal current near the northern Jiangsu coast). It is a low salt (winter and low temperature) current with turbid water color and a flow rate of less than 25 cm/s.It is connected to the Bohai coastal currentShandong Peninsula It flows eastward on the north bank, turns south or southwest near Chengshanjiao, and roughly follows 40-50 meters after bypassing Chengshanjiaoa bathymetric contourThe trend ofChangjiang EstuaryNorth (about 32 °~33 ° north latitude) turns southeast, crosses the Yangtze River shoal and invades the East China Sea, and its front sometimes reaches30 ° NNearby.
This coastal current has a wide range in the north coast of Shandong Peninsula, and can reach more than 50 kilometers at its widest in summer.In the Chengshanjiao area, the flow amplitude narrows and the flow velocity increases. After crossing the Chengshanjiao area, the flow velocity decreases sharply, andHaizhou BayTo the south, the flow rate gradually increased to about 25 cm/s near 34 ° north latitude.The maximum current velocity along the Yellow Sea coast is located on the north coast of Shandong Peninsula, outside Chengshanjiao andDasha Fishing GroundNearby.
The basic flow direction of the Yellow Sea Warm Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current is relatively stable all the year round, and the flow velocity is weak in summer and strong in winter.The warm current of the Yellow Sea and its tributaries move northward, while the coastal current of the Yellow Sea moves southward, forming a cyclonic flow.In summer, especially in the North Yellow Sea, this cyclonic flow tends to close due to the appearance of the density circulation of the Yellow Sea cold water mass.At the same time, the circulation velocity of the Yellow Sea has also been strengthened.
Water mass
coastWater massThe central water mass of the Yellow Sea and the high salinity water mass of the South Yellow Sea are the three basic water masses of the Yellow Sea.The coastal water of the Yellow Sea refers to the sea area within the isobath of about 20~30 meters along the Yellow SeaSea water mixingThe coastal water of southern Liaoning, northern Shandong, northern Jiangsu and western Korea formed.The common characteristics of these coastal waters are: the salinity is low all year round (mostly below 32.0 ‰), the sea water is turbid, the transparency is small, the seasonal variation of temperature and salinity is large, the horizontal range of water masses is large in summer and small in winter, but the thickness is shallow in summer and deep in winter.
The central water mass of the Yellow Sea is distributed in the central underwater depression area of the Yellow Sea, and its southern end can enter the East China Sea.It is entered bycontinental shelfThe mixed water mass formed under the influence of local hydrometeorological conditions after mixing the outer sea water of shallow sea with coastal water.In the half year of winter (November to March of the next year), the water mass is vertically uniform, with a temperature of about 3~10 ℃ and a salinity of about 32.0~34.0 ‰.In the summer half year (April to October), the central water mass of the Yellow Sea is obviously divided into upper and lower layers due to the effect of temperature increase and salinity reduction.The upper layer is high temperature (25~28 ℃), low salt (31.0~32.0 ‰) water, with a thickness of about 15~35m;The lower layer is low temperature (6~12 ℃) and high salinity (31.6~33.0 ‰) water, which is called "Yellow Sea cold water" (customarily called "Yellow Sea cold water mass").There is an obvious thermocline between the two.
The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass is a water body characterized by large temperature difference, small salt difference and low temperature.This cold water is actually the central water mass of the Yellow Sea left in the submarine depression in winter.In the warming season, it appears as cold water relative to the highly denatured upper water and surrounding coastal water.December to March of the next year is the renewal and formation period of the temperature and salinity characteristics of the cold water mass;April to June is the growth period of the cold water mass;July August is the peak period;September to November is the decay period of the cold water mass transition to winter renewal.The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass is divided into two parts, the south part and the north partNorth Yellow Sea Cold Water MassIn comparison, the temperature and salinity are slightly higher.Accordingly, the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass has two cold centers in the south and north.The central position of the North Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass is relatively stable, about west of the central part of the North Yellow Sea. The water depth is more than 50 meters, and the minimum temperature value varies from 4.6 to 9.3 ℃.The location of the cold center of the South Yellow Sea changes greatly, roughly located in the area west of 35 ° 30 ′~36 ° 45 ′ north latitude and 124 ° east longitude;The minimum temperature range is 6.0~9.0 ℃.The area where the Yellow Sea cold water mass occupies, especially its edge, forms a cyclonic density circulation in summer.The circulation velocity gradually increases from the cold center outward, and the maximum value is about 20~30cm/s, appearing at the outer edge of the cold water massisothermDense places.
The high salt water of the South Yellow Sea, also known as the Yellow Sea Warm Water, is located in the southeast of the Yellow Sea. It is formed by mixing the high salt water of the Xiangma Warm Current stretching into the Yellow Sea with the central water mass of the Yellow Sea.In winter, it is characterized by high temperature and high salinity.In summer, due to stratification and the expansion of the upper central water, the upper layer disappears, and the lower layer is still located in the southeast of the Yellow Sea, maintaining the characteristics of winter.
Temperature and salinity
The temperature and salinity of the Yellow Sea vary significantly from region to region, with large seasonal and daily variations, and have obvious characteristics of continental marginal seas.From south to north, from the center of the sea area to the nearshore, the temperature and salinity decrease almost uniformly.In the southeast of the sea area, the annual average surface temperature is 17 ℃, and the salinity is usually greater than 32.0;In the northern Yalu River estuary, the annual average surface temperature is less than 12 ℃, and the salinity is generally less than 28.0 ‰, which is the lowest salinity area in the whole sea area.In winter, with the strengthening of the warm current in the Yellow Sea, the tongue of high temperature and high salinity extends into the northern part of the Yellow Sea. The horizontal gradient of temperature and salinity is large. The temperature and salinity in the coastal area are low (temperature 0 ～ 5 ℃, salinity 31.0 ～ 33.0 ‰), and the central area is high (temperature 4 ～ 10 ℃, salinity 32.0 ～ 34.0 ‰). The highest temperature is near Jeju Island (temperature 10 ～ 15 ℃, salinity>34.0 ‰).The vertical distribution of temperature and salinity is uniform from top to bottom.In summer, the temperature of the upper layer water rises to the highest, and the salinity of the whole area generally decreases.
The surface water temperature in the south is slightly higher than that in the north;Nearshore areas such as Jeju IslandMupu, Incheon, Chengshanjiao and the northern coast of Jiangsu Province are mostly isolated weak low temperature areas (23~26 ℃).The surface salinity is about 31.0 ‰ in the middle, and low salinity (salinity values are
The Yellow Sea is China's offshoreThermoclineThe strongest and weakest areas of the halocline.The thermocline is mainly a seasonal thermocline (also called "the first type of thermocline") caused by the sea surface warming and wind mixing, and sometimes a "double thermocline" phenomenon occurs.The halocline is mainly formed by the superposition of two water masses with different temperature and salt properties, namely the "second type of thermocline".The thermocline in the Yellow Sea begins to appear generally from April to May. The depth of the thermocline is mostly between 5 and 15 meters, and the thickness is mostly less than 15 meters;After June, its strength and range gradually increased, and reached the strongest from July to August, with obvious system, the shallowest depth (generally less than 10 meters), and the smallest thickness;It began to decline after September, and basically disappeared in November.The thermocline lasts for 8 months.The strong thermocline area is located in the middle of the North Yellow Sea and off the coast of Qingdao. The maximum intensity of the central area during the peak period is 1.28 ℃ and 1.80 ℃ per meter, respectively.The strong halocline zone occurs outside the Changjiang diluted water area and the Yalu River estuary, with the central salinity of about 0.5 per meter.
Tide and tidal current
Semi diurnal tidal waves entering the Yellow Sea from the south andShandong Peninsula The tidal waves reflected from the southern coast and the northern Yellow Sea continent interfere with each othercoriolis force Under the influence of, two anti clockwise rotating tidal wave systems are formed.Tide free points are located to the east of Chengshanjiao andHaizhou BayOutside.Most areas of the Yellow Sea are regular semi diurnal tides, and only the sea area east of Chengshanjiao to Daqingdao, Korea and east of Haizhou Bay is irregular semi diurnal tides.The tidal range in the east is greater than that in the west.The tidal range in the east (west bank of the Korean Peninsula) is generally 4-8m,Incheon PortThe maximum possible tidal range nearby is 10 meters, which is one of the world-famous spring tide range areas.The tidal range in the west (along the coast of mainland China) is generally 2-4 meters. The tidal range near Chengshanjiao is less than 2 meters, which is the area with the lowest tidal range in the Yellow Sea.But along the coast of Jiangsu,JianggangtoXiaoyangkouIn the sea area, the tidal range is large, and the average tidal range can reach more than 3.9m;The maximum possible tidal range is 6.7 meters near Xiaoyangkou and 8.4 meters north of Changsha Port.
Tide, except Yantai offshore andBohai StraitOther places are irregular semi diurnal currents, while other areas are regular semi diurnal currents.The flow rate in the east is greater than that in the west.The strong tidal current area is located in some watercourses at the western end of the Korean Peninsula, and the maximum velocity of 4.8 m/s has been observed;Followed by the northwestLaotieshan WaterwayThe maximum flow rate is more than 2.5 m/s.Lvsi, Xiaoyangkou andDoulong PortIn the waters to the south, the tidal current is also strong, and the maximum possible tidal current velocity can reach more than 2.6 m/s.
The northern part is generally dominated by wind waves, while the southern part is mostly dominated by swells.From September to April of the next year, there are mostly northwest waves or north waves in the north and north waves in the south.From June to August, there are southeast waves or south waves in the north and south waves in the south.The wind wave is the largest in autumn and winter, and the wave height is usually 2.0~6.0 meters;When a strong cold wave passes through, the wave height sometimes reaches 3.5~8.5 meters.The wind and waves in spring and summer are slightly small, generally 0.4~1.2 meters.In case of typhoon transit, the wave height can reach 6.1~8.5 meters.When the summer typhoon came, a wave height of 8.5 meters was observed along the western coast of the South Yellow Sea.The big wave area appears in Chengshanjiao andChejudoNearby sea area.The swell of the Yellow Sea is larger in summer and autumn than in winter, and the wave height is generally 0.1~1.2 meters. When attacked by typhoon, the swell of 2.0~6.0 meters may appear.
Affected by the monsoon, the Yellow Sea is cold and dry in winter and warm and humid in summer.From October to March of the next year, northerly wind prevails, mostly in the northnorthwest wind, the average wind speed is 6-7 m/s;North wind prevails in the south, with an average wind speed of 8~9m/s.Frequent cold air or cold wave invasion and strong cold air can reduce the temperature along the Yellow Sea coast by 10-15 ℃.April is the alternate season of monsoon, and the wind direction is unstable.In May, the southerly monsoon began to appear.From June to August, popular in the southSoutheast windThe average wind speed is 5~6 m/s.It is often attacked by typhoons coming northward from the East China Sea, and strong winds are mainly generated by typhoons.The gales above level 6 (10.8~13.8 m/s) in the Yellow Sea occur in all seasons, but they are strong in winter and frequent in spring.The strong wind area is mostly located in the area from the Bohai Strait to the Chengshanjiao at the top of Shandong PeninsulaQianliyanAnd Jeju Island.
The average temperature of the Yellow Sea is the lowest in January, which is - 2~6 ℃, and the temperature difference between north and south reaches 8 ℃;The highest temperature is in August, with an average temperature of 25~27 ℃ in the whole sea area.The average annual precipitation is about 1000mm in the south and 500mm in the north;The rainy season is from June to August, and the precipitation can account for half of the whole year.In winter, spring and early summer, there are many coastal areasSea fog, especially in July.
Chengshanjiao to the west of the Yellow SeaWheat Island, NorthDalu IslandTo Dalian, east fromYalu River EstuaryThe coastal waters from Jianghua Bay to Jeju Island are foggy.The annual average foggy days in Chengshanjiao are 83 days, and the maximum one year is 96 days. The longest continuous foggy days are recorded for 27 days“Fog cave”It is called.
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Biology
Yellow SeaBiotabelong toNorth Pacific East Asia is a warm temperate zone, in which temperate species are dominant, but there are also a certain number of warm water species.Among the marine nektons, fish are the main species, with a total of about 300 species.The main economic fishes areSmall yellow croaker、Hairtail、chub mackerel、Spanish mackerel、Croaker、Chinese herring, Pacificherring、Pomfret、CodfishEtc.In additionGolden cuttlefish、Squidetc.CephalopodsAnd cetaceanMinke whale、Fin whaleandKiller whale。planktonAnd temperate species are dominant.Its number has two peaks in spring and autumn within a year.In the southeast of the sea area, tropical species infiltrate in summer and autumn, with the dual nature of the North Pacific warm temperate zone flora and the Indo West Pacific tropical flora.Tropical species are exotic and have significant seasonal changes. They are basically still dominated by warm temperate plankton, most of which are low salinity species with wide temperature, and the number of species increases gradually from north to south.The main plankton resources areAcetes Chinensis 、Euphausia pacifica andJellyfishEtc.In the shallow water area along the Yellow Sea coast, the dominant species of benthos in quantity are mainly wide temperature and low salinity species, which basically belong to the warm water component of the Indo West Pacific flora.However, in the deep water area where the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass is located, it is represented by the northern true snake tailNorth temperate zoneCold water species community.Therefore, from the perspective of the whole sea area, the benthic fauna has obvious characteristics of warm temperate zone.Benthic Animal resourcesIt is rich in edible species, the most important of which are molluscs andCrustacea。Economic shellfish resources mainly includeOysters、Mussel、Clam、Clam、Scallop in ShellAnd abalone, etc.Economic shrimp and crab resources include prawn（Chinese white shrimp）、Eagle Claw Shrimp, new prawnBrown shrimpandPortunus trituberculatus 。The output of echinoderms is also large.The benthic plants in the Yellow Sea can be divided into east and west parts, and are mainly warm temperate species.A few cases appear in winter and spring in western ChinaSub frigid zonedominant species；Some tropical dominant species also appeared in summer and autumn.The benthic plant resources are mainly kelp, laver andCauliflowerEtc.
The Yellow Sea has a large number of biological species.To form a smoke powerShidao、Haizhou Bay, Lianqingshi, Lvsi, Dasha and other good fishing grounds.
mineral products
The South Yellow Sea Basin has a huge thickness of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments, which has a good prospect of oil and gas resources.Other mineral resources mainly includeCoastal placer, which has been exploited.Shandong Peninsula There are also abundantDiamond deposit。
Fishing moratorium
At 12:00 p.m. on September 16, 2023, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea between 35 and 26 degrees 30 north latitude will end the four and a half month summer fishing season, and fishermen will go out to sea to catch.At the same time, in 2023, the national marine summer fishing moratorium will be completely ended.[2]
