The Strait of Magellan is located inSouth AmericaThe southernmost end of the mainlandTierra del FuegoAnd other islands.
PortugalThe navigator Magellan first entered the Pacific Ocean through the strait in 1520, hence the name.
Magellan StraitMeanderingIt is 592 kilometers long, only 3.3 kilometers at the narrowest part and about 32 kilometers at the widest part.
Magellan Strait is southAtlanticAnd Souththe pacific oceanIt is the most important natural channel between the two, but due to the long-term bad weather and the narrow Shanghai Gorge, it is difficult for ships to navigate.
East of Magellan StraitAtlantic, Xitongthe pacific oceanIt is 592km long from east to west and 3.3-33km wide from south to north.The strait isCape FroudeIt is divided into east and west sections.Western sectionstraitIt is zigzag and narrow. The width of the entrance is 48 kilometers, and the narrowest point is only 3.3 kilometers. The water depth is deep, and the deepest point is 1170 meters.The rock banks on both sides are steep and towering into the clouds. Every winterglacierSuspended on the rock wall, the scene is very spectacular. When the falling ice falls into the sea, it will make a thunderous noise and threatenshipssail.
Magellan Navigation Chart
The open water in the east section is shallow,Main channelThe shallowest part is only 20 meters. The two sides are grassland landscapes with green grassSouth LatitudeThe westerlies of more than 50 degrees, strong and moisture laden westerlies not only bring low temperature, rain and fog to the strait area, but also cause strong winds and waves. It is a world-famous channel with violent storms and waves, which is not conducive to the development of shippingpanama canalBefore opening, SouthAtlanticAnd the South Pacific.
The coastline on both sides of the strait is circuitous. The strait is divided into east and west sections by Cape Froude in the middle. The west section is northwest southeast, the middle section is north-south, and the east section turns from southwest to northeast, from west to east, turning a right angle turn.The coast in the central and western sections is also very tortuous.Steep walls stand on both banks,Headland, Islands abound.Most of the wind in the gorge is foggy, the tide is high and the current is rapid, many vortices are countercurrent, and there are floating ice on the sea, which is not conducive to navigation.So it has always been a sea area rarely visited by people,Atlanticandthe pacific oceanAre separated on either side of the strait.[1]
Location of Magellan Strait
Naming Source
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Magellan
In the 16th century,PortugalNavigatorMagellanI am confident that there will be a way to the "South China Sea"（the pacific oceanChannel).He led an expedition fleet to sail on September 20, 1519.After arriving at the east coast of South America, move along the coast and enter the strait he is looking for on October 21 of the next year.After more than a month of hard sailing, we overcame the threat of death and finally sailed out of the strait on November 28 into the calm Pacific Ocean, opening up a successful channel for the first round the world voyage.To commemorateMagellanThe Strait is called Magellan Strait for its contribution to navigation.The channel is winding, cold and foggypanama canalBefore completionimportantat searoute。[1]
Causes
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Magellan Strait
The Magellan Strait is located at the southern end of the South American continent andTierra del Fuego、Clarence Island、St. Inesbetween.It is formed by the subsidence of crustal fracture, with a length of about 592 km and a width of 3.3~32 km. The strait is cold and foggy, with many storms. It is one of the most stormy waters in the world.[2]
Meteorological correlation
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weather
Magellan Strait
The western leg of the Magellan Strait has a westerly gale for many years, and the swell is basically consistent with the wind direction.straitThe northwest wind prevails in the east from mid September to March of the next year. The wind is strong from October to November, usually rising in the morning, and gradually weakening with sunset in the afternoon.The wind force in the west is always greater than that in the east. The wind waves at the entrance of the Pacific Ocean are generally larger than those at the entrance of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, often up to 9~11.When passing in winter, the wind force in the wide waters of the strait is sometimes as high as 7~8, and the swell is not very big because of the bank shape.[1]
visibility
There is no obvious fog season in the strait. The sight distance of the western segment is good almost all the year round, but it will be poor for a short time when it snows in winter.Fog occurs in the eastern region in autumn and winter, that is, from April to May every year, in some sections of the route. It is common in the first narrow channel and the second narrow channel, and rarely occurs in other seasons.[1]
The flow direction of Magellan Strait andCurrent SpeedIt is different in different segments.The flow direction in the main channel is generally affected by the tide along the channel, either east or west. However, the flow direction is variable in the section with estuary intersection. Pay attention when navigating this sectionFlow pressurePoor impact.The easterly current prevails almost all year round in the western leg between the Pacific inlet and 72 ° W, and the current velocity is generally between 1 and 2 knots due to the influence of wind and current at that time. Although the westerly current is generated at ebb tide, it is usually offset by the easterly current to show the easterly current.The flow velocity in the middle section is generally about 1.5 knots, and the flow direction is affected by the tide and branch rivers.The flow velocity in the eastern segment changes greatly, especially in the first narrow channel and the second narrow channel segment, the flow velocity can be as high as 7~8 knots, which is westward at high tide and easterly at low tide.[1]
Pilotage system
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Regional division
If the ship stops before and after passing through Magellan StraitChileFor ports, the scope of compulsory water diversion is much larger than that of ships passing through the strait only. The scope of compulsory water diversion on the west coast includes from (43 ° 40 ′ S//074 ° 00 ′ W) southward to the whole Magellan Strait.When piloting a ship, part of the route is along the inland water route. Because most of the inland water route is shuttling in the island, it can avoid the strong wind and waves in the South Pacific.
Magellan Strait
If the ship only crosses the Magellan Strait, it will not stopChilePort, the compulsory pilotage area is from the diversion station at the Atlantic inlet of the strait to the right transverse position of PUNTA ARENAS port (53 ° 10 ′ S//070 ° 54 ′ W).The right transverse position from the Pacific entrance to PUNTA ARENAS port is the self pilot section, and the regulations for ships sailing east and west are the same.The whole voyage of the strait is about one day, and the compulsory pilot section lasts about 10 hours.[3]
Water diversion reservation
Once the ship scheduled for water diversion has decided to pass through the Magellan Strait, it is necessary to report the ETA of the ship and the scope of the water diversion application to the agent as soon as possible, so that the water diversion can be scheduled in advance.If the ship only applies for compulsory pilotage, it needs to book two days in advance;If applying for the whole process of water diversion, the eastbound ship must submit the application three to four days in advance. Since there is no pilot station at the Pacific entrance of the strait, the water diversion must take a pilot boat from Punta Arenas pilot station to the west entrance, with a 12 hour voyage.
After the water diversion is scheduled, the agent will inform the ship of the geographical location of the water diversion, and then the ship will update ETA every day to ensure the water diversion on time.Place and mode of embarkation for water diversion The ship enters the strait from the west. If the application for full journey water diversion is made, the water diversion is usually at (52 ° 55 ′ S//074 ° 00 ′ W);If the wind and waves are heavy, the ship will be required to be led to (53 ° 10 ′ S//073 ° 21 ′ W) to board the ship.When the ship approaches the channel and reports to the signal station, the signal station will temporarily notify the time and place of water diversion and boarding. The ship owner must check the boarding position and make all preparations to safely approach the boarding point.If the ship departs from the port of Chile and travels eastward through the Strait of Magellan, the water diversion is generally carried on the ship near the west coast (43 ° 35 ′ S//074 ° 00 ′ W). After the water diversion is carried on the ship, it will sail to the Strait of Magellan via the coastal route, without changing the water diversion midway.
When entering the strait from the east, if the weather is good, the pilot will board the ship at the pilot station marked on the chart as scheduled.If arrived earlier, the water will be diverted byVHF/CH16 calling ship decelerates to approach the diversion station. If the wind and waves are heavy, the diversion will require boarding at the entrance of the first narrow channel.If the ship only applies for compulsory section water diversion, the water diversion boarding and disembarking will be carried by the pilot boat.If the whole process of water diversion is applied for, the ship can also apply for helicopter pickup, but the ship must meethelicopterTransfer conditions.For example, if the water diversion is carried out at the entrance of the Pacific Ocean, the cost of the pilot boat is twice that of the water diversion itself, and the cost of helicopter water diversion is only half of the cost of small boat water diversion. Therefore, qualified ships can apply for helicopter water diversion when applying for the whole process of water diversion.
Magellan Strait
In addition, according to the pilot,Large shipsMost of them apply for whole journey pilotage. There are many self piloting small ships, and some self piloting westbound ships want to pass in the daytimeThird narrow channel(Paso Turtoso) while waiting at Punta Arenas Port to anchor at the anchorage.[3]
natural environment
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topographic features
Magellan Strait
The two sides of the strait are basically composed of continuous mountains and islands. The west of 72 ° W to the entrance of the Pacific Ocean is mainly covered with bare mountains and rocks, except for the navigation lighthouse, with no background light.In the middle of the strait, the shore shape of the section near Punta Arenas Port is easy to identify, and there are many bright backgrounds.Within 100 nautical miles of the eastern entrance, low mountains are dominant, with few trees and mostly covered by vegetation.Throughout the strait, the top of mountains with high altitude is covered with snow all the year round, while the lower altitude is only covered with snow in winter.
Channel length
Magellan StraitAtlanticThe entrance, from Punta Dungeness lighthouse to Cape Pilar lighthouse at the entrance of the Pacific Ocean, is 320 nautical miles long.The compulsory pilot area on the east side of the strait is about 90 nautical miles;The non compulsory pilotage area is about 230 nautical miles west of the strait.
Magellan Strait
Critical leg
Magellan Strait
There are three narrow sections in the strait, called Primera Angostura, which are located at the east entrance of the strait, in the center (52 ° 30 ′ S//069 ° 35 ′ W);Second narrow channel (Segunda Angostura), central position (52 ° 43 ′ S//070 ° 20 ′ W);The third narrow channel (PasoTurtoso), central position (53 ° 33 ′ S//072 ° 25 ′ W).The first and second narrow channels are in the compulsory pilot section, and the third narrow channel is in the self pilot section. The navigable width of some segments in the three narrow channels is less than 1 nautical mile, and the navigable width of other segments is more than 1 nautical mile. There is no problem for large ships to avoid collision.[2]
Navigation method
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Channel overview
The main channel of the whole strait can be divided into four parts from east to west.
Part I FromAtlanticThe entrance is to Paso Anchor, that is, from Punta Dungeness lighthouse to the south end of Paso NuevochannelThe water depth is generally not more than 50 meters. There are many shoals and reefs on both sides of the channel. The width of some sections is not more than 1 nautical mile. In particular, the first narrow channel and the second narrow channel are the most difficult parts to navigate in the strait due to their large and rapid flow;
The second part is from Paso Anchor to Paso Del Hambre (53 ° 30 ′ S//070 ° 45 ′ W), where the water depth is basically more than 100 meters and the channel width is more than 3in the seaIt is the best section in the strait and can be navigated by autopilot;
The third part is from Paso Del Hambre to the entrance of the Pacific Ocean. In this section, the third narrow channel is the most difficult to navigate. The water depth in other parts is sufficient, the flow velocity and direction are stable, and the self guiding is not difficult.
Magellan Strait
The fourth part is from the south end of Paso Nuevo to the north side of Paso Del Hambre, and then detours to the west of Paso Anchor.
Channel depth
Main channelThe water depth of most sections is more than 30 meters, and the water depth of some sections is several hundred meters, which can meet the requirements of large ships.The shallow water area of the channel is located in the first narrow channel in the east of the strait, which extends 10 nautical miles to the southwest end of Banco Triton sea area. There are many shallow points on the north and south sides of this section. The channel with a depth of more than 20 meters is only 0.9 nautical miles wide. Ships with a draft of more than 13.7 meters must obtain the permission of the maritime authority when passing this section.Most of the sea areas in the main channel have no obstructions, but there are still many shallow points and reefs in the nearshore. Since the survey data is from 1974, it is not ruled out that there are unmarked obstructions, especially in the sea area within the 20m isobath.
Critical leg
1. The first narrow channel (Primera Angostura) is located at the east entrance of the strait. The channel runs from southwest to northeast and is 15 nautical miles long. The channel is about 2 nautical miles wide. There are many reefs near the shore. Both banks are steep and shore shapedradarEasy to identify.Ships in the channelDownstreamThe heading stability is poor when viewing from the northeast. Punta Del Gada lighthouse in the channel can be used for identification and positioning. The light is dim when observing from the northeast.There are cross ferries passing through the channel during the high tide period, so it is necessary to remind the diversion to avoid.The water area between the first and second narrow waterways is wide, but the navigable width of the waterway with a depth of more than 20 meters is only 1 nautical mile. Affected by the bank shape, the flow direction of this leg has a certain angle with the recommended route,Flow pressureThe difference is more than 10 °, and there are many unmarked shoals and reefs on both sides of the channel, so the ship position should be frequently surveyed to ensure that the navigation is on the recommended route.
2. The length from the second narrow channel to Paso Anchor is 20 nautical miles. This section is difficult to navigate because of its many turns and complex waters. You should be careful when navigating.The flow pressure difference near Cabsan Vicente is large, so the ship can not deviate from the channel when passing.There are many shoals and reefs on both sides of Pas Nuevo waterway, but there are many landmarks that can be used for landmark positioning in this segment.According to the introduction of water diversion, even though the water depth in the waters between Isla Magdalena and Isla Marta and between Isla Magdalena and Banco Walker is enough, there are still rocks that have not been found. The ship should not cross, but should strictly follow the recommended route in the map.
3. The third narrow channel is 11 nautical miles from the northwest of Paso Ingles (53 ° 33 ′ S//072 ° 23 ′ W) to the southeast of Paso Largo. There are many reefs and obstacles along the northern coast of the channel, and the water depth and obstacles along the southern coast are clearly marked.The navigation channel in this section is narrow, some places are less than 0.5 nautical miles, there are many reefs and shallow points, the flow rate is large, the flow direction is changeable, and there are many turning points. It is the most difficult section to navigate in the self approach section. When the ship navigates near the river fork, it is necessary to take into account the variability of the flow direction and pay attention to overcoming the impact of flow pressure difference.[3]
reporting system
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Chile's national reporting system Chile's reporting system requires compulsory reporting for ships of its own nationality, and foreign ships can voluntarily participate. The content and format of the report adopt IMO standards, which are divided into four parts: SP, PR, DR, and FR.
Punta Arenas maritime authority is responsible for the navigation control in the Magellan Strait. The ship shall report to the maritime authority through the agent or directly 12 hours before arriving at the Magellan Strait, including the ship name, ETA, captain, maximum draft, total tonnage, destination port, etc.When approaching the strait, the ship can call the corresponding signal station through VHF/CH16.When entering the strait from the east, the ship is right across the Punt Dungeness lighthouse and reports to the signal station. After passing this reporting point, the ship can directly call Punta Arenas and Posession diversion stations to verify the time and place of water diversion.When the ship enters the strait from the west entrance, it will report the ship information and arrival time to the signal station when crossing Islotes Evangelistas Lt (52 ° 24 ′ S//075 ° 06 ′ W). When approaching the water diversion station, VHF/CH16 can be used to directly contact the water diversion boat.When the ship sails out of the strait, it shall also report to the corresponding signal station.The ship shall keep listening at VHF/CH16 and IF 2182KHZ when passing the strait.In addition to reporting to the corresponding signal station when entering and leaving the strait and at the four reporting points, the ship shall report its position and speed to the maritime authority every four hours during the navigation. If the water is diverted on the ship, it is only necessary to report 0800L and 2000L every day.When the ship arrives at the third narrow channel, it shall report the arrival time and passage time to Magellan Radio in advance.if there bePilotOn board, the pilot shall submit the report, and the captain or pilot shall report other report points.[3]
matters needing attention
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1. As there are few opportunities for ships to pass through the Magellan Strait, there is generally no new version of nautical charts, so books and materials in the Strait should be prepared before passing.If it is not ready, the westbound ship can notify the agent in advance to purchase it and deliver it by pilot boat;If the eastbound ship does not have a new version of the chart, it can only apply for the whole process of water diversion, and the old version of the expanded chart cannot meet the requirements of self diversion.
2. Generally, two pilots get on the ship, with high quality of water diversion, friendly attitude, no fault finding, and conscientious and responsible work. However, the captain and the pilot should remind them in time when they chat for a long time during shift handover.
3. The east and west entrances of the strait are stormy all the year round, so it is difficult to get on board. Before the ship arrives at the port, the pilot ladder and other auxiliary equipment should be checked in advance to ensure that they are in good use.There shall be at least two persons for water diversion, one of whom shall be specially responsible for luggage to shorten the time for water diversion boarding.
4. When crossing the strait in winter, the temperature is close to zero. When entering the strait, the ship should be prepared for anti freezing.In addition, the possibility of floating ice should be kept in mind when the ship sails through high latitude waters.
5. Due to the influence of wind and waves, the place of water diversion and boarding may change at any time, and the English level of the signal station attendant is not high, so when the ship approaches the entrance, it is necessary to verify the position of water diversion and boarding.
6. When the ship passes Punta Areas port area at night, the background is bright, so it is necessary to look carefully and avoid crossing ships entering and leaving the port.
sevenAtlanticThere are many oil derricks near the water diversion station at the entrance side. Pay attention to overcoming the influence of flow pressure difference and keeping a safe distance from the oil derricks when conducting water up and down to slow down.[3]
