Protamine was found in 1870 and was used asAntibacterial agentThe study of.Nowadays, protamine has been widely used in food industry.Compared with chemical synthetic preservatives, protamine has the advantages of high safety, good antiseptic performance, high thermal stability, etc. In addition, protamine also has high nutritional and functional properties, which can lower blood pressure, help breathing, promote digestion, inhibit tumor, resist thrombus, strengthen liver function, inhibit blood coagulation, etc.In the medical field, protamine has also been widely used, which can delay or prevent insulin release, or as an antidote to heparin.[1]
In 1870, Miescher et al. found aalkalinityOfProtamine。Protamine is a kind of protein found in various animalstestisThe polycationic peptide in the tissue, which isDNAThe bound nucleoprotamine exists.At present, protamine has been extracted from salmon, herring and other fish and other aquatic animals.The existing research results show that protamine can promote cell proliferation and development, enhance liver function, and inhibittumourGrowth and reproductionmedicineAnd health care.In addition, protamine has strong antibacterial activity.At a time when food safety issues are increasingly prominent,food additivesThe nutrition and functionalization of protamine have attracted more and more attention from the food industry. The protamine isolated from the mature testis of fish has attracted people's attention for its broad-spectrum, efficient and safe antibacterial activityFood preservativesExtensive research.
The molecular weight of protamine is small, and it is generally composed of 30-50 amino acids. It is rich in arginine, alkaline, soluble in water and enoic acid, and insoluble in ethanolacetoneOther organic solvents, good stability, heating does not solidify.according toBasic amino acidDue to the difference in composition and quantity, protamine can be divided into three types: single protamine, double protamine and triple protamine.Among them, single protamine only contains one component arginine, such as salmon, herring and rainbow trout protamine.Pisces protamine contains argininehistidineorLysine, such as carp protamine.Triprotamine contains three basic amino acids, such as silver carp and sturgeon.However, protamine is not a single component. It is a mixture of several components, such as herring protamineIon exchange chromatographyThree components were separated and they were very similar to each other, while red trout protamine was composed of six components with minimal differences.There are great differences in the amino acid composition of protamine from different fish breeds, but they have many similar characteristics.
The extracted protamine mustpurification。Protamine utilizingchargeAnd molecular size, respectivelypolyacrylamideIsoelectric focusing andGel filtration chromatographyMethods The crude extract of protamine was purified.In the process of polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing, protamine is positively chargedBasic proteinTherefore, the protein bands gathered at the basic end, while those in the intermediate and acidic regions were miscellaneous proteins.After the completion of polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing, take the alkaline end of the rubber plate, conduct diffusion elution, dialysis and desalination, and then conduct gel filtration chromatography.When the crude protamine extract passes through the gel filtration column, the substances in the solution will be screened according to different molecular weights. The protamine molecule is small and can enter the gel pore, so it is finally eluted.
application
Announce
edit
1. Application in food
One of the important characteristics of protamine is its antibacterial properties, so its application in food is mainly used to develop a natural preservative.Early research found that protamine had a significant effect onGram positive bacteriaThe reproduction ofGram negative bacteria、mouldandYeastetc.Eukaryotic microorganismAlmost no impact.Later, some researchers thought that the bacteriostatic effect of protamine was not related to the Gram reaction. It had a broad spectrum of bacteriostatic activity, and had obvious inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria, mold and yeastBacillus subtilis、Bacillus megateriumAnd the growth of Bacillus licheniformis.In addition, the antibacterial activity of protamine is also affected by metal ions, pH, temperature, organic components and other factors.Based on the strong antibacterial properties of protamine, protamine has been widely used in the preservation of various foods.For example, Japan has applied protamine to the preservation of rice balls, potatoes and emulsifiable concentrates as early as the 1980s.Some companies, such as Ueno Pharmaceutical Company of Japan, develop protamine into naturalFood preservativeCommodities, in which protamine and glycine, citric acidSodium pyrophosphateEtc.In China, many researches on the application of protamine in food preservation have also been carried out.Some scholars have added squid protamine to fresh surimi products for research. The results show that protamine is an effective natural food preservative, and the antibacterial activity of carp protamine has been studied. The results show that protamine has good thermal stability, and can significantly enhance the antibacterial effect when mixed with EDTA. It can replace benzoic acid in soy sauce to play a preservative role.Protamine andPotassium sorbateThe mixture of glycine, glycine and sodium acetate has good antiseptic and bacteriostatic effects in sausage products.
2. Medical applications
At present, protamine plays an important role in clinical medicine and has been used in the pharmaceutical industry for many years.Extracted from fish testisProtamine sulfateIt is the only anti heparin drug in cardiopulmonary bypass heart surgery, which can offset the anticoagulant effect of heparin or synthetic anticoagulants, and can be used as an antidote to these anticoagulants in clinical practice.Protamine can combine with a variety of proteins to form a complex, such as protamine combined with insulin, which can prevent or delay the release of insulin and extend its hypoglycemic effect. Therefore, it can be developed into a protamine insulin zinc salt hormone preparation with hypoglycemic effect.When hormone or antibacterial agent is mixed with protamine, its own efficacy can be prolonged, thus reducing its use.If 0.5% protamine is added to the anti influenza drugs, the validity period of the antibiotics can be prolonged, the injection dose of the drugs and the number of injections to patients can be reduced.However, a few organisms may have adverse reactions such as hypotension, allergic reaction, severe pulmonary hypertension or cardiogenic pulmonary edema after using protamine, which should be avoided as far as possible.In addition, protamine also has the effects of anti-tumor, relieving fatigue, enhancing liver function, stimulating pituitary to release gonadotropin, etcMale infertilityIt also has some effect.Protamine can inhibit the formation of vascular tumors, inhibit the occurrence of vascular inflammation, limit the proliferation of tumor cells, and induce their apoptosis, with anti-tumor activity.[2]
