Project management isManagementAs a branch discipline of, project management is defined as:Refers toProject activitiesUsing specialized knowledge, skills, tools and methods in theLimited resourcesThe process of achieving or exceeding the set requirements and expectations under limited conditions.Project management is the overall monitoring and control of some activities (such as tasks) related to the successful achievement of a series of goals.This includes planningScheduleAnd maintain the progress of the activities that make up the project.
"A project is a one-time task that needs to be completed within a limited resource and time. It can be a project, service, research topic and activity."
"Project management is the use of management knowledge, tools, and technologies in project activities to solve project problems or meet project needs. The so-called management includes five main tasks: leading, organizing, staffing, planning, and controlling."
Project Management:Various planning, organization, leadership, control and other activities carried out by using various relevant skills, methods and tools to meet or exceed the requirements and expectations of the project related parties.
Full process engineering consulting service qualification[3]
Professional Introduction
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The so-called project management is the project managerResource constraintsNext, use systematic viewpoints, methods and theories to effectively manage all work involved in the project.That is, from theinvestment decision Start toEnd of projectPlan, organize, command, coordinate, control and evaluate the whole process of the project to achieve the project objectives.
Ganttchart）Also calledBar chartBar chart.It is in thethe First World WarIt was invented during the period, named after Mr. Henry L. Gantt, who developed a complete bar chart progress marking system.
Where CPM is from the United StatesDuPontCompany andRand Corporation In 1957, the joint study proposed that it assumes thatOperation timeIt is a fixed value, with the focus on the control of expenses and costs.
PERT appeared in 1958 byAmerica NavySpecial Planning Agency and Lockheed Airlines are planning and studyingnuclear-powered submarineThe plan to launch the Polaris missile was first proposed.Different from CPM, the operation time in PERT is uncertain, which is estimated by probability method. In addition, it does not care much about project costs and costs, and the key point istime control, is mainly used in large-scale development and research projects with a lot of uncertainties.
Later, they have the same trend of development and are often used together to obtain the best control of time and cost.
In the 1960s, project managementScope of applicationIt is also limited to a few fields such as construction, national defense and aerospace, but because the project management in the United StatesApollo moon landingThe project has achieved great success, which has swept the world.Many people in the world have begun to have a strong interest in project management, and gradually formed two major project management research systems. One is the system led by Europe——International Project Management Association（IPMA）；In addition, the system led by the United States——American Project Management Association（PMI）。In the past 30 years, their work has been fruitful and played a positive role in promoting the modernization of international project management.
Research experts on the development history of project management divided project management intoTwo stages。
The Sputnik Crisis in the Cold War（Soviet UnionLaunch the firstArtificial satellite）Previously, project management had not been used as an independent concept.After the crisis,U.S. Department of DefenseIt is necessary to accelerate the progress of military projects and invent new tools (models) to achieve this goal.In 1958, the United States invented the Program Evaluation and Review Technology (PERT) as aPolaris missileSubmarine project.At the same time, DuPont invented a similar modelcritical pathMethod (CPM).PERT was laterWork breakdown structure(WBS).This process flow and structure of military tasks quickly spread to manyPrivate enterprisein[1]。
Project managementCriticalThe research found that many PERT based models are not suitable for multi project company environments.Most of these models are suitable for large-scale, one-time and unconventional projects.All activities in contemporary management are expressed in project terms.Therefore, using complex models for "projects" (let alone tasks) that last for several weeks will lead to unnecessary cost and low operability in many cases.Therefore,Project identificationDifferent lightweight models, such assoftware developmentOfExtreme programming andScrumTechnology.The generalization of extreme programming methods for other types of projects is calledExtreme project management。
It is mainly used to control the financial investment sector, which is biased towards risk control.
characteristic
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universality
Project as a one-time and uniquesocial activitiesBut generally exists inhuman societyAmong the various activities of human beings, it can even be said thatmaterial cultureAchievements were initially achieved through projects, because the facilities and conditions relied on by existing operations were initiallyProject activitiesBuilt or developed.
Purposiveness
Project managementPurposivenessIt is necessary to carry out project management activities to ensure that all aspects of the project clearly put forwardProject objectivesOr indicators and meeting the requirements not specified by relevant parties of the projectpotential demandAnd pursuit.
Uniqueness
The uniqueness of project management is that project management is different from general enterprise productionoperation managementIt is also a completely different management activity from the conventional government and unique management content.
Integration
Project managementIntegrationThe project management must be based on theConfigure RelationshipDo a good job of integrated management, instead of carrying out independent management of each discipline or discipline of the project in isolation.
Innovation
The innovation of project management includes two meanings: one is that project management is the management of innovation (the innovation contained in the project), and the other is that there is no invariable mode and method for the management of any project, and it needs to achieve the innovation of specific projects through management innovationeffective management 。
Temporary
A project is a temporary task that needs to be completed within a limited period of time. When the basic goal of the project is achieved, it means that the project has already died, although the goal of the project may just start to play a role[2]。
It is a series of management processes to ensure the final completion of the project on time.It includes the definition of specific activities,Activity sorting，Time estimation，ScheduleAnd time control.Many peopleGTD（Getting Things Done）time managementIntroduced and greatly improvedwork efficiency。
To ensure the completion of the projectactual cost. The cost shall not exceedBudget costCost management process.It includes resource allocation, cost, expense budget and expense control.
Is to ensure that the project meets the requirements of the customerquality requirementA series of management processes implemented.It includesQuality planning, quality control and quality assurance, etc.
It is a series of management measures to ensure that the ability and enthusiasm of all project stakeholders can be brought into full play and utilized most effectively.It includes a series of work such as organization planning, team building, personnel selection, and project team building.
It refers to a series of management measures taken to obtain required resources or services from outside the project implementation organization.It includesProcurement plan, procurement and purchase, resource selection, contract management and other project work.
9. Project integration management
It refers to the comprehensive and overall project management work and process carried out to ensure the organic coordination and cooperation of various works of the project.It includesProject Integration PlanFormulation of project integration plan, implementation of project changeOverall controlEtc.
It refers to the process of identifying the needs, hopes and expectations of project stakeholders, and meeting their needs and solving their problems through communication management.Stakeholder management will win more people's support to ensure the success of the project.
1. Conduct preliminary investigation on the project, collect and sort out relevant data, and formulate preliminaryProject Feasibility Study ReportAnd provide suggestions for the decision-making level.Cooperate to formulate and declareBusiness case reportMaterial Science.
2. Analyze the project and plan the requirements.
3. Complete the components or modules of the projectsystem design。
Track the root cause risk, not just the last nasty result.
Evaluate the probability of materialization of each risk and the possible cost.
For each risk, predict the early signs that mark its materialization.
Appoint aRisk Control OfficerThis person should not maintain the "can do" attitude within the organization.
Establish a simple (possibly anonymous) channel so that bad news can be delivered to the high-level.
Management form
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1. Set up a special organization for project management to manage the project.The scale of the project is huge, the work is complex and the time is urgent;There are many uncertainties in the project, and there are many new technologies, new situations and new problems that need to be constantly studied and solved;Moreover, there are many departments and units involved in the project implementation, which need to cooperate with each other to tackle key problems.Therefore, a special organization should be set up separately, with certain full-time personnel, to carry out special management of the project.
2. Set up full-time project management personnel to carry out full-time management of the project.Some projects are small in scale, less complicated in work, less urgent in time, less uncertain in project, less involved units and departments, but the prospect is uncertain and still needs to be strengthenedOrganization and coordinationFor such projects, only full-time personnel can be appointed to coordinate management, assist relevant leaders of the enterprise to contact, supervise and inspect the tasks in the charge of relevant departments and units, and can also be full-time personnel if necessaryStaffingAssistant.
3. SettingsProject Director, for the projectTemporary authorizationAdministration.The scale, complexity, coverage and coordination amount of some projects are between the above two situations. For such projects, it is not necessary to set up special agencies. The full-time project personnel are worried about the lack of personnel, which makes it difficult to be competent, or will increase the unnecessary management amount for the relevant leaders of the enterprise,The first form of special organization can be replaced by the designated competent department, and the second form of full-time coordinator can be replaced by the project director and temporarily delegated with corresponding authority. The competent department or person in charge can give full play to the original function orPost responsibilitiesAt the same time, he is fully responsible for the planning, organization and control of the project.
4. SettingsMatrix structureTo carry out comprehensive management of the project.The so-called "matrix" is to use the concept of matrix in mathematics to combine multiple cells into a rectangle in rows and columns.Matrix structure is managed by vertical and horizontalsystem composition Rectangle oforganization structure。One is the vertical department function system, and the other is composed of projectsHorizontal projectSystem.A matrix is formed by overlapping the horizontal project system and the vertical department function system in operation.
