Xiang Liang (? - 208 BC), whose birth date is unknown, has the surname of Ji, the surname of Xiang, and the name of Liang. He was born in the lower phase (today's Suqian City, Jiangsu Province), and was a historical figure in the late Qin Dynasty.Western Han Dynasty《Redords of the Grand History of China》It records that the Xiang surname "has been a general of Chu for generations", an ancient book of Tang and Song Dynasties《Yuanhe surname compilation》《The Song Dynasty rebuilt Guangyun》Dating back to the source, the Xiang surname was the vassal state of the Zhou royal familyXiang StateDescendants belong to the nobility in the State of Chu,[1-2]The top beam isChu StateFamous generalXiang YanSon of the King of Western ChuNape feather's uncle.[27]
During the reign of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Liang repeatedly broke the ban and got away from it. He made friends with heroes in private and accumulated strength in Wu County《The History of the Han Dynasty》It is recorded that Xiang Liang was guarded by the prefectureYin TongHonorable title“Master”。[89]
Chen ShengShortly after the uprising, Xiang Liang took advantage of the opportunity to raise troops inKuaiji CountyWuxian County, recruiting 8000 soldiers from Jiangdong, annexingQin Jia、JingjuForces, General ChuChen Ying、British cloth、General Pu、Liu BangAnd many other insurgents were recruited into the army and developed into the leader of the anti Qin uprising armytycoonCharacters.After the death of Chen Sheng, Xiang Liang called himself "Wu Xinjun" and embracedBear heartHe ascended the throne as King Huai of Chu and reestablished the state of Chu.It had a great influence in the Anti Qin Uprising War, and history books often compared it withChen ShengAnd called.[76-77]
In the second year of the Qin Dynasty (208 BC), Xiang Liang sentNape feather、Liu BangThey fought back against the Qin armyZhang HanThe army captured many cities and killed General QinLi YouThe Chu army won in many battlefields. Xiang Liang became arrogant because of the good anti Qin situation. Later, the State of Qin poured out all its forces to reinforce Zhang HanZhang HanHe made a sneak attack at night and was defeated and killed in Dingtao County.[82]
Times
Warring States Period → Qin Dynasty
Ethnic groups
Huaxia nationality
one's native heath
Lower phase
Date of death
208 BC
Key achievements
Initiate an uprising in Wuxian County, Kuaiji County;Re establishing the State of Chu
Western Han DynastySima QianOn《Redords of the Grand History of China》It is recorded that the Xiang family has served as the general of the State of Chu for generations and was granted the title of Xiang“term”Is the last name.[5]
The Xiang family has been a noble of the State of Chu for generations, and the father of Xiang LiangXiang YanyesSengokuAt the end of the period, Chu was a famous general.[6]
The top beam isXiaxiang Countypeople[7], belonging toChuAfter the unification of the Qin State, Xiaxiang County was subordinate toSurabaya Prefecture。[8]Nape featherHe is the son of brother Xiang Liang,[18]Chu generalXiang YanGrandchildren.[19]stayNape featherWhen he was young, Xiang Liang taught him reading, swordsmanship and military tactics, but Xiang Yu did not learn them until he had fully understood them.[20]
Xiang Liang was once in the old capital of Qin[9-10]Queyang CountyHe committed a crime and was arrested by Liyang County, so Xiang Liang entrustedQi CountyOfPurveyor(Prison Officer)Cao JiuWrite to the Prison Puppet of Yuyang CountySima XinTherefore, the case can be settled.[11]
Wuxian CountyIt's the Qin DynastyKuaiji CountyOfCounty administration，[8]At that time, the county magistrate of Wu County wasZheng Chang，[12]Xiang Liang killed people, andNape featherstayWuxian CountyAvoid enemies within.WuxianSage、doctorAll talents are inferior to the top beam.Every time there is a big one in Wuxian CountyCorveeandfuneralXiang Liang often acts as the sponsor. He privately uses military tactics to deploy ordersDoormanAnd children in the family, by virtue of this way to know their ability.[13]
Xiang Liang is good at debating and lobbying, and has great ambitions in his heart.[14]He secretly trained 90 heroes. There was a man named Shen Mu, who conspired with Xiang Liang. Shen Mu pretended to be ill and secretly forged large sums of money in the mansion to buy armour and weapons.[15-16]Among the warriors supported by Xiang Liang, the tallest man has great strength and can pull up trees to hit the ground.[17]
First Emperor of QinNovember 37 (from November 28 to December 26, 211 BC),[21]Qinfounder of imperial ChinaWhen cruising to Kuaiji County, cross Zhejiang by boat (i.eQiantang River）, Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu watch together,Nape featherSaid, "That person can bereplaceOf the. "Xiang Liang covered his mouth and said, "Don't talk nonsense, you will be destroyed!" Since then, Xiang Liang thoughtNape featherbeautifully.[22]
Wuxian Uprising
Second Emperor of the Qin dynastyJuly of the first year (from August 9 to September 7, 209 BC)[4]，Chen ShengWaiting for someoneDaze TownshipThere is an accident.Later, many places responded by killing prefectures and county officials. Only thousands of people gathered in the old part of the Chu State to fightcountless。[86]
In September of the first year of Qin II (from October 7 to November 5, 209 BC), the acting prefecture of Kuaiji CountyYin TongHe always appreciated Xiang Liang's talent and called him to discuss important matters.Xiang Liang said, "Now the west of the Yangtze River has all rebelled against the State of Qin. This is also the time when heaven destroyed the State of QinrestrictOthers will be constrained by others if they start later. "Yin TongHe sighed and said, "I heardMasterIt's a family of generals in the State of Chu, so pleaseUnderfootYes! "Xiang Liang said, "There is a warrior in Wuxian County who has extraordinary abilityHuanchu, fled in the mountains, people do not know where he is, onlyXiang nationalityYes. "Xiang Liang then toldNape featherWaiting outside with the sword, Xiang Liang entered the door again and said to the sheriff Yan Tong: "Please call Xiang Ji in and let him take orders to find itHuanchu。”After Xiang Yu came in, Xiang Liang motioned to him with his eyes and said, "You can do it!" So Xiang Yu pulled out his sword and cut off Yan Tong's head.Head beam handheldYin TongWith his headPrinted ribbonThe people at the gate were shocked and confused. Xiang Yu killed dozens of hundreds of people. The whole people in the mansion were afraid to lie on the ground and dared not get up.Xiang Liang called together people he had known beforePowerfulOfficials explained to them the truth of the uprising against Qin, so they raised troops in Wu County.He sent people to take over the county seat under Kuaiji County and got 8000 refined soldiers.(There are slight differences in this paragraph recorded by the Secretary of History. See "Idiom allusions - recorded differences" below)[23][89]
Xiang Liang struck first, and Xiang Yu killed the prefecture guard[100]
Xiang Liang deployed the heroes in Wu County to serve asfield officer、Military marquis、Sima。One of them didn't get the appointment and came to Xiang Liang to tell him.Xiang Liang said, "I asked you to take charge of a funeral before, and you were unable to do it, so I can't appoint you now." Everyone was very convinced.So Xiang Liang was appointed as the Kuaijimagistrate of a prefecture, let Xiang Yu take the postBeneficial generalAnd capture the counties within the county.[24]This yearNape featherTwenty four years old.[28]
In the same month,Liu BangStarting from Pei CountyPeigong。[101]
Gather heroes
Second Emperor of the Qin dynastyIn the first month of the second year (from February 2 to March 3, 208 BC), the fifth month after Xiang Liang's uprising,Lingxian CountypeopleQin JiaIt was said that Chen Sheng was defeated by the Qin army, so he andNing Jun, Dongyangset up a ruler/leader and declare allegiance to himJingjuFor the King of Chu, stationed inLiuxian County。[25]Liu BangAfter hearing that, I plan to go to Liuxian CountyJingjuInvite soldiers to attackFengyi。[98]Strategy on the wayXiapi CountyWhen more than one hundred people gatheredchief counsellor of Liu BangWhen we met, Zhang Liang attached himself to Liu Bang,[102-103]Then we'll meetJingju。[105]
Guangling CountypeopleZhaopingThe gang at that timeChen ShengThey attacked Guangling County and failed to capture it. It was said that Chen Shengbai was fleeing, and the army of the State of Qin was about to arrive again, soZhaopingA false biography of crossing the riverChen ShengBy the order of Chen Sheng, the king of ChuUpper PillarsAnd said:“JiangdongIt has been pacified. Hurry to lead troops to the west to attack the Qin army. "[26]
February in the second year of Qin II (from March 4 to April 1, 208 BC),Qin JiaSelf appointedGeneral Shang。[29]Liu Bang andNing Jun, DongyangIn Dang County and Qin JiangSima YiFight in three daysDang CountyHe also recruited 6000 soldiers from Dang County, and added Liu Bang's original military strength to a total of 9000.[99][106]
Xiang Liang led 8000 people across the Yangtze River and marched westward.It's said that Dongyang CountyLingshiChen Ying has taken itDongyang County, Xiang Liang sent envoys to want toChen YingWe will unite to advance westward.People in Dongyang County want to establishChen YingHe was king, but Chen Ying didn't dare to lead by himself. He wanted to be a famous family, soChen YingWith 20000 people in Dongyang County belonging to Xiang Liang.Xiang Liang crossed the Huai River,British cloth、General PuAlso led the troops to come and belong, with a total force of about 60000 or 70000 people stationed in Xiapi.[30]
Han XinAfter Xiangliang crossed the Huaihe River, he also came to join him with his sword and became a pawn under Xiangliang's command, but he never became famous in the Chu army.[31-32]
Annexation of Qin Jia
Xiang Liang Embroidery
In April of the second year of the Qin Dynasty (from May 2 to May 30, 208 BC),Qin JiaandJingjuGarrison inPengcheng CountyYidong, prepare to resist Xiang Liang.Xiang Liang said to the officers in the army:“Chen WangFirst of all, the battle was not good. Now I don't know where he is.Now?Qin JiaBetrayed King Chen and stood upJingju, this istreason and heresy！”So they went to attackQin Jia。British clothFollow the neck beam to attackQin Jia、JingjuAnd others. Their achievements are often ranked first among the armies.[107]Qin Jia's army fled after defeat, and Xiang Liang's army pursued him to Huling County.Qin Jia's Huijun and Xiang Liang's army fought for a day. Qin Jia died and his army surrendered.JingjuHe also died in Liangdi after escaping.Xiang Liang mergedQin JiaAfter the army ofHuling City, intended to lead the army to the west.[33]
CinnabarInitially withQin JiaThe leader of the independent army who started at the same time.[87]Zhang HanOur troops have arrivedLi County, Xiang Liang will send a special generalCinnabar、Yu FanjunAnd the Qin army.Yu Fanjun died in battle, Zhu Jishi's army was defeated, and he fled to Huling County.Xiang Liang led the army to enterXue County, killCinnabar。[33]After arriving in Xue County, Xiang Liang's military strength has reached more than 100000 people.[83]
Confucian scholarsShusuntongbe divorced fromSecond Emperor of the Qin dynastyescape and return homeXue CountyXue County, his hometown, had been occupied by the Chu army. When Xiang Liang entered Xue County, Shusuntong was subordinate to Xiang Liang.[84]At this time, the troops started in the same month as Xiang LiangLiu BangCome to meet Xiang Liang.[39]
Help Liu Bang
Liu BangTwo attacks on Fengyi failed.Nape Beam KillingJingju、Qin JiaLater, it stopped in Xue County.Liu Bang heard that Xiang Liang was inXue County, so I tookXiao He、Cao Shen、Liu Jiao[104]Wait for more than one hundred riders and go to see Xiang Liang.Xiang Liang allocated 5000 more soldiers to Liu Bang,Five DoctorsTen generals in the title.After returning, Liu Bang led the army again to attack Fengyi and captured the city,UvulaRun awayWei 。[34-35]
At this time, General QinZhang HanAttacking the State of WeiLinji County, King of WeiWei JiuDispatch Wei XiangZhoushiGo to Qi and Chu for help.King of QiTian Dan, Chu Shangzhu Guoxiang Liang sent generals respectivelyTianba、Xiang TuoGo with Zhou Shi to rescue Wei.[40-41]
Before Xiang Liang sent Xiang Yu to lead another army to attackXiangchengXiangcheng held fast but could not be conquered for a while.After Xiangcheng was conquered, Xiang Yu took all the people in XiangchengPit killing, the return army came to report to Xiang Liang.[36]More than a month after Liu Bang was affiliated with Xiang Liang,Nape featherXiangcheng has been captured and the army has returned.The neck beam has been determinedChen ShengThe news of the death ofDon'tThey were summoned back to Xue County for discussion.[37-38]
Restoration of Chu State
In June of the second year of Qin II (from June 30 to July 28, 208 BC),[44]JupeopleFan Zeng, 70 years old, usually lives at home, likes ingenuity, go toXue CountyPersuade Xiang Liang to say:“Chen ShengOur failure is a matter of course.Qin destroyed six countries, of which Chu was the most innocent.sinceKing Huai of ChuHe was detained in the State of Qin and did not return. People in the State of Chu still sympathize with him today, so the State of ChuNangongHe said, 'Even if there are three families left in the State of Chu, it must be the people of the State of Chu who destroyed the State of Qin.'Now Chen Sheng is the first one to rise up. He does not support the descendants of the King of Chu, but becomes the king himself. His fortune will not last long.Now you start from Jiangdong. The reason why the generals swarming around the State of Chu rush to join you is that your family has been a general of the State of Chu for generations and can support the descendants of the King of Chu again. "Xiang Liang agreed with his suggestion, so he foundKing Huai of Chu's grandsonBear heartAt that time, Xiong Xin was herding sheep for others. Xiang Liang supported Xiong Xin to take the throne. In order to comply with the popularity of Chu, he still called himKing Huai of Chu。Chen YingServed as the top pillar of the State of Chu, was granted fiefs of five counties, followed by King Jiandu of Chu HuaiXuyi。Xiang Liang called himself Wu Xinjun.[42-43]Xiang Bo[119]、Nape featherThe relatives of the Equal Xiang Family andLiu Bang[44]、British cloth、General Pu[30]、Lu Chen[118]etc.Other departmentsThe general participated in the establishmentKing Huai of Chu。
chief counsellor of Liu BangHe also followed Liu Bang to Xue CountyParticipationZhang Liang suggested that Xiang Liang establish an ally, so Xiang Liang established a royal son of South KoreaHan ChengLet Zhang Liang serve as the king of KoreaSitu, assistantHan ChengHe led more than 1000 people westward to attack the old areas of South Korea.[45]
Save Qi Wei from the North
Item beam illustration
After the State of Wei asked for reinforcements, King QiTian DanHe also led the soldiers to save Wei himself.General QinZhang HanSo at nightTittleSneak attack, breaking through Qi and Wei allied forces.King of QiTian Dan, WeixiangZhoushiDied in battle,[78]The Qin army encircles Linji City, the King of WeiWei JiuHe agreed to surrender for the people and burned himself to death.[44][46]Tian Dan's cousinTian RongGather the rest of Tian Dan and flee eastward to Dong'e.[78]
In August of the second year of Qin II (from August 28 to September 26, 208 BC),[80]Xiang Liang led the army to attack Kangfu CountyTian Rong, SimaLongjueThe army led by Zhang Han fled to the west and retreated. Xiang Liang led the army to pursue.[113]Chu army savedTian RongAfter waiting,[80]Tian RongImmediately lead the army back to the state of Qi and expel the king of Qischool holidays for farming in the countryside。King Tian of Qi fled to the State of Chu.Tian Qiao's State MinisterTian JiaoEscape to the State of Zhao.Tian Jiao's younger brotherfieldHe was a general of the State of Qi. He went to the State of Zhao for help earlier, so he stayed in the State of Zhao and did not dare to return.[114]Tian Rong's supportTian Dan's sonTian ShiHe is the king of Qi.[47]
Counterattack the Qin army
After Xiang Liang attacked the Qin army under Dong'e City, he then pursued the Qin army.Many times, envoys were sent to urge Qi to send troops to attack westward with Qi's army.Tian RongSaid, "The State of Chu killedschool holidays for farming in the countryside, Zhao Guo killedTian JiaoandfieldOnly Qi can send troops. "Xiang Liang said:“school holidays for farming in the countrysideHe is the king of our allies. He came to me at the end of the road. I can't bear to kill him. "Zhao Zhao WangxieNot killedTian JiaoandfieldHe wanted to use them to trade with Qi, so Qi refused to send troops to help Chu.[47]
After the Qi army withdrew, only the Chu army was still chasing the defeated troops of Qin.Head beam dispatchLiu BangandNape featherLead another army to attackChengyang County, slaughtered the whole city of Chengyang.And attacked westwardPuyang CountyThe eastern region defeated the Qin army in Zhanghan.[50]The Qin army retreated into Puyang City and revitalized the army again. It held Puyang City and decided to open river levees to release water to protect the whole city.thereforeLiu Bang、Nape featherGo to attackDingtao County。Dingtao County failed to capture, and the two armies withdrew and attacked the city westward to reachYongqiu, smash the Qin army and kill itSanchuan CountySheriff ofLi You。Return to attackWaihuang County, Waihuang failed to conquer.[47-48]
To die in battle
Statue of neck beam[108]
It rained heavily from July to September in the old calendar,[96-97]Three months without stars.[79]
Top beam fromDong'e CountyThey set out and marched westward. When they reached Dingtao County, they defeated the Qin army againLiu Bang、Nape featherPeople killed againLi YouXiang Liang then looked down upon the Qin army even more, and became arrogant.Former Chudistrict magistrate[85]Song YiSo he admonished Xiang Liang and said, "After victory, an army with proud generals and lazy soldiers will inevitably fail. Now the soldiers are a little lazy, and the Qin soldiers are increasing day by day. I'm afraid for you." Xiang Liang refused to listen to his advice.So Song Yi was sent as an envoy to the State of Qi.Song YiMeet the envoy of Qi on the wayGao Ling JunxianHe said, "Are you going to meet Wu Xinjun?" Gaoling Junxian said, "Yes." He said, "I'm sure Wu Xinjun's army will be defeated. If you move slowly, you can avoid being killed. If you move quickly, you will catch up with disaster."[47][49]
In September of the second year of the Qin Dynasty (from September 27 to October 25, 208 BC),[82]The State of Qin indeed mobilized all its troops to reinforceZhang HanThe Qin army took advantage of the darknessTittleThe army that attacked Xiang Liang defeated the Chu army in Dingtao, and finally Xiang Liang died.[49][51]
Character evaluation
Announce
edit
Yan An：And the collapse of the Qin Emperor, the world's great treason.Chen Sheng, Wu Guangju, Chen,Military ministerZhang Erju Zhao,CorbelWu, Tian Dan, Qi, Jing Ju, Ying, Zhou Shi, Wei,Han GuangIf you lift Yan, the poor mountain will lead to the valley, and the heroes will rise at the same time, you cannot win.(Quoted from《Redords of the Grand History of China》）[110]
Sima Qian：Qin lost his way and was harassed by both arrogance and jie,CorbelThe industry is followed by the son feather.（《Preface of Tai Shigong》）[90]
Ban Biao：Therefore, though they are met with misfortune and steal their authority, they are as brave as faith and cloth, and as strong asbeam, Ji, Cheng Ruusurper who founded the Xin dynasty, spontaneous deathMoisten the wokVoltaic substance,Minced meatFission;AgainYaoyaoIt is not enough to count children, but those who want to spy on Heaven!（《Wang Ming Theory》）[111]
Fu Xuan：Chen HeCorbelZhichou shouts with his sword, and the people of the world respond to it.（《Fu Zi, Ping Fu》）[91]
Xu Yanbo：Once I didn't know that those who lost their integrity were easy to fall, and those who used them reversely were unsuccessful,Chen ShiHe ran away from the enemy with Lu Zuo,CorbelUse the fierce troops of all Wu Xuan to show their defeat virtue, and cut the snake to test their fame.（《Ode to climbing the Great Wall》）[92]
Du Yuanying：When officials heard that the king's soldiers were old, Chu Zi was defeated;To be arrogant and lazy,CorbelSo I died.（《Different strategies for Maocai》）[120]
Yin Zhu：In the past, each of the six countries had thousands of miles of territory. Their division was defeated by the Qin Dynasty, but it recovered after several hundred wars.Chen Sheng、CorbelTake all the people in Guandong for example. They will be defeated in the morning and die in the evening.(Xu Yan)[93]
Su Zhe：thereforeZhang HanKill at onceZhou Zhang, brokenChen Shi, downWei Jiu, deadTian DanThe front of the army is like hunting fox and rabbit.Later and laterCorbelWhen encountering, they fought hard again and again, and then broke it.Although Liang died, the sharp edge of Qin was slightly exhausted.（《Luancheng Collection》）[94]
Cai Dongfan：Liu Xiang started his army with the same trace but different feelings.Pei ordered Liu Bang to go from Xiao Heyan. If he did not repent later, he would not commit suicide.And the killer was Peizhong's father, not Zhenbang himself.ifCorbelIt is clearly the sincerity of the sheriff to call Liang Zheng. Liang Zheng might as well act according to him to avenge his father. Why should he askXiang nationalityIt's pointless!Kuang Chou is the Emperor of Qin. He has nothing to do with the prefecture. He killed him in an unnamed way. It's easy to see his greed and deceit.From this point of view, Liu Xiang's benevolence and violence can be divided into two parts. That is, Liu Xiang's success or failure can be determined from then on.Liu Bang, the old man, gave way and said "Gong", Xiang Liang was autocratic and self reliant, and the first section was just a small one.(Quoted from《Romance of the Former Han Dynasty》）[95]
Xiang Yan, famous general of Chu,the Qin stateWhen he led the army to destroy Chu, he was defeated and committed suicide.[55]
peers
Xiang Bo, and the top beam are bothNape feathercallStepfather[27][52]The history book does not specify whether Xiang Liang and Xiang Liang are compatriots or brothers of the same clan, or whether they are old or young.[53]Xiang BoHongmen FeastSave in timeLiu Bang, was later granted the title of Marquis Sheyang.[54]
Xiang Tuo（Xiang He/Item it）, Xiang YuCong BrotherSon,[57]The blood relationship with Xiang Liang is unknown.Later, he surrendered to the Han Dynasty and was granted the title of Marquis Pinggao.[58]
Xiang Xiang, a general of the Xiang clan, and his specific relationship with Xiang Liang was not examined.In the second year of the Han Dynasty, he belonged to the Han Army in Dingtao, and was later granted the title of Taohou by Liu Bang.[59]
Rounding off（Liu She），Xiang XiangHe was the son of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty and served as prime minister.[65]
Item fault（Liu Sui），Xiang BoHis son, unable to inherit the Marquis due to crime, was removed from the state.[64]
Xiang Ying, a general of the Xiang clan, was killed by the Changshan KingOpen earThe head was taken to Liu Bang.[63]
Xuanwu Marquis, Xiang Clan, surrenderLiu BangLater, he was granted the surname of Liu as Xuanwu Marquis.If his name fails to pass the exam, he may also be one of the following persons.[116-117]
Xiang Zhuang, Xiang Yu'sCong DiThe blood relationship with Xiang Liang is unknown. At the Hongmen banquet, Liu Bang wanted to be assassinated.[56]
Nape sound, a general of the Xiang clan. When Xiang Yu sent him to pacify Huaibei, he was led by the Han armyInfanticideDefeat in Xiapi County.[60]
Nape crown, a general of the Xiang clan, who was defeated by the Han army general in Lu County.[61]
Item shrewd, Xiang Clan General, and Han Army GeneralJin SheFighting in Jiyang County.[62]
Xiang Liang TombIt is located 2.5 kilometers northeast of Dingtao County seat and 100 meters southwest of Liuzhuang, Liudui.The existing sealed soil is 2 meters above the ground, 130 meters long from north to south, 52 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of more than 10 mu, and the plane is elliptical.It is a provincial cultural relics protection unit.In September 208 BC, Xiang Liang and the Qin army fought in Dingtao. They were defeated and died. They were buried on the spot.
brightWanli《Suqian County Annals》"The tomb of King Liang of the Han Dynasty was built 70 miles north. At the Longquan Society, people asked about the grave and suffered from severe disease. Today, people dare not approach it."
clearJiaqingThe Chronicle of Suqian County: "At this time, Chu Fangqiang was all buried in the tomb. The ancients preferred quality and called him the King of Liang by his name. They also called him the King of Liang. The King of Yan, the King of Ju, and so on, doubted this tomb of Liang." Xiang Yu then returned the pivot of Ji Fu to his hometown and buried it on the hill of Ma Ling, so it was called the Tomb of the King of Liang, that is, the Tomb of Xiang Liang.
