Potassium ion

An ion obtained by the loss of the outermost electron of a potassium atom

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Potassium ion refers to the ion obtained by the loss of the outermost electron of the potassium atom, which has+1 valence and is written as K + 。 sylvite Soluble in water or melt You can also get potassium ions. Potassium ion Nucleus The external stable structure is 8 electrons.

Chinese name: Potassium ion
Foreign name: potassium ion

chemical formula: K +
Application: Regulate biological metabolism

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Potassium ion^[1] None in solution Oxidizability , on melt Extremely weak oxidizability under the condition of Ionic reaction 。

but Perchlorate Ions can combine with potassium ions to form slightly soluble Potassium perchlorate Precipitation, potassium ion Other precipitates include Potassium hydrogen tartrate , 6 Potassium chloroplatinate 、 Potassium fluorozirconate , cobalt sodium potassium nitrite Tetraphenylboronic acid Potassium, etc.

Potassium ionic Flame reaction It is purple and needs to be penetrated Blue cobalt glass (Prevent Na + It can be seen that the potassium ion in the solution is colorless.^[1]

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Functions in animals

Potassium ion is Intracellular fluid Main points of cation 98% of potassium in the body exists in cells. Both myocardium and neuromuscle need relatively constant potassium ion concentration to maintain normal Irritability 。 Serum potassium When it is too high, there is inhibition , can make the heartbeat Diastole Stop. Low serum potassium can excite the heart muscle and make the heart beat Systole stop it. The effect of blood potassium on neuromuscular function is opposite to that of myocardium. Normally, Daily diet The potassium content in is enough to meet the needs of the body, and will not appear Potassium deficiency 。 After potassium is absorbed by the intestine, about 30% of potassium is absorbed by Renal excretion The kidney has no limit on the excretion of potassium. Even if the body is in a state of potassium deficiency, the kidney continues to excrete potassium.

(1) Serum potassium ＞ 5.5 mmol/L is Hyperkalemia , see:

1. Decrease in potassium excretion, such as Renal failure Oliguria , long-term oral administration Spironolactone 、 Aminopteridine etc. diuretic ， Renal tubule Potassium excretion Functional defect ， Adrenocortical hypofunction ， uremia 。

2. Intracellular potassium migration, such as Crush injury , hemolysis, etc.

(2) Serum potassium<3.5mmol/L is hypokalemia, which can be seen in:

1. Excessive potassium loss, such as severe diarrhea, vomiting Adrenocortical hyperfunction 、 Barium salt Poisoned, use potassium diuretic.

2. Abnormal potassium distribution, such as low potassium Sexual cycle During the attack of paralysis, serum potassium decreased to 2.5 mmol/L, but it was normal during the interval between attacks.^[2]

Functions in plants

K + yes plant cell It is one of the most abundant cations in physiological function 。 The increase of potassium fertilizer in soil can significantly affect the growth of trees and increase K in plant tissues + Content, the influence coefficient on growth is 0 709, the overall impact coefficient on the tree body is 0 56。

K + Can promote cells Endoenzyme Activity. There are more than 50 enzymes in the cell or they are completely dependent on K + , or subject to K + Activation of, such as Pyruvate kinase , glutamine synthetase, 62 phosphofructose kinase, etc + Activate.

K + The activation of enzyme is the same as other univalent cations Inducible enzyme conformation The enzyme can be activated to improve catalytic reaction Rate of, in some cases K + It can increase the affinity of enzyme to substrate, K + It also activates membrane bound ATPase, K + May be involved in tRNA and ribosome Several steps in the binding process are involved in protein synthesis.

K + The distribution of different concentrations inside and outside the cell is an important reason for the formation of cell transmembrane potential. As the most abundant cation in plant cells, K + It is the main cation to balance the negative charge, so it can be used for anion (such as NO three - , malic acid root, etc.) are also very important.

K + It can regulate many physiological functions of plants, such as enhancing Plant photosynthesis , Enhanced plant Synthesis and transport of substances in the body, improving energy metabolism Etc. In non halophytes, K + It plays an important role in cell osmotic regulation, such as stomata Guard cell K in + The accompanying anion concentration change is caused by Stomatal movement Main reasons for

Potassium application is beneficial to plant Phenols Material metabolism The activity of related enzymes is kept at a high level, increasing the content of phenols and reducing the occurrence of some diseases, which can promote Carbon metabolism , improve plant tissue sugar content 。

Research shows that potassium is beneficial to improving the quality of wheat Fructan 、 sucrose 、 fructose and glucose The accumulation during the filling period promoted the degradation of fructan and the output of sucrose, fructose and glucose at the late filling stage.

Potassium pair sweet corn And sugar content of sugarcane stalks have a greater impact. Within a certain range of potassium content, the sugar content of stalks increases with the increase of potassium application, while excessive potassium application will reduce the sugar content of stalks, leading to Glucose metabolism disorder 。

Li et al. found that Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium It can increase the accumulation of sucrose in flag leaves and starch in wheat grains. N and K nutrition can increase sugar content in flag leaves.

N. P, K nutrition can increase sucrose in flag leaf synthetase Activity, N, P, K nutrition increased sugar and starch content And K nutrition has the most obvious effect. P nutrition increases the accumulation of polysaccharide, and K nutrition improves the polysaccharide colloid of wheat grains^[2]

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Agriculture

Potassium ion is an important agricultural fertilizer, which can be used as potassium fertilizer. Not only that, but also as a component of human body A large number of elements 。 It is an important component of the human body. It is an essential element for most organisms.^[2]

food

Daily food is rich in potassium Element. Algae Food generally contains more potassium, for example, 100g Laver The potassium content is 1640mg, 17.5 times of the sodium content; Kelp Potassium is 2.2 times of sodium; Sargassum fusiforme The potassium content is 3.1 times of sodium. Therefore, Seaweed soup , laver Steamed fish , laver Rice-meat dumplings 、 Mixed shredded kelp 、 Stewed Pork with Kelp It should be the top grade of summer dishes. In addition, Spinach 、 Amaranth Cuisine coriander , rape Cabbage , celery green Chinese onion 、 Garlic 、 Lettuce , potatoes Yam , fresh peas, green beans, soybeans and their products also have high potassium content; Food Buckwheat noodle 、 sweet potato High potassium content; Fruit with Banana Potassium is the most abundant.^[2]

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