In 1932, Qian SanqiangPeking UniversityPreparatory graduation[39]；From 1936Tsinghua UniversityBachelor degree[32]；From 1937 toUniversity of ParisStudying for doctor's degree in Curie Laboratory of the Radium Research Institute;In 1940, he obtained the doctor's degree of France;In 1946, he won the Henry Debard Microphysics Prize of the French Academy of Sciences;Promoted in 1947French National Centre for Scientific ResearchResearcher, research supervisor, and won the French Legion of Honor Officer Medal;In 1948, he returned to China and became a professor in the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University;Served in 1950Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDeputy Director;In 1951, he took over the post of Director of Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences;In 1954, he was appointed Secretary General of the Academic Secretariat of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;In 1955, he was elected as a member (academician) of the Academic Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and joined in the same yearCommunist Party of China；In 1956, he served as Deputy Minister of the Third Machinery Industry Department;In 1978, he was appointed as a member of the Party Leadership Group and Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;Served concurrently from 1978 to 1982Zhejiang Universityprincipal;On June 28, 1992, he died of illness in Beijing at the age of 79;Posthumously awarded in 1999Two Bombs and One Star Meritorious Medal[24]。
Qian Sanqiang, who was engaged in nuclear physics research in his early years, was an advocate of many interdisciplinary and cross cutting disciplines.Participated in the preparation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and presided over the Planning Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[13]。
In 1955, he was appointed as a member (academician) of the Academic Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Meritorious Medal of Two Bombs and One Star
On October 16, 1913, Qian Sanqiang was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. He lived in Beijing with his father when he was young and studied atCai YuanpeiHeadmasterKonde Middle School[15]。
In 1929, with the support of his father, he was admitted to the Science Foundation of Peking University, and also attended undergraduate courses.
Graduated from Tsinghua University in 1936[38], viaWu YouxunRecommended by professor, go to the Institute of Physics of Beiping Research InstituteYan KeatsThe director's assistant is engaged in the research of molecular spectrum.
In September 1937, under the recommendation of Yan KeatsUniversity of ParisThe Curie Laboratory of the Institute of Radium is studying for a doctor's degree. The supervisor isIrina Jolio Curie(1935Nobel Prize in ChemistryAnd followed the chemist Mrs. Ge Qindai to do the research on the radioactive source of poloniumJean Frederick Jolio CurieStudied at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry of the French Academy presided by Mr[25]。
In 1939, he completed his doctoral thesis "Collision between alpha particles and protons".
In 1940, he received a doctor's degree from France.
At the end of 1946, he won the Henry Debard Prize for Microphysics from the French Academy of Sciences[22]。
In 1947, he was promoted to be a researcher and research supervisor of the French National Science Research Center, and won the French Legion of Honor Officer Medal.
In the early summer of 1948, he accepted the invitation of several universities in Peiping and the Central Research Institute, gave up the good research and working conditions in France, and returned to China by boat with the infant in swaddling clothes.get intoTsinghua UniversityTeaching in the Department of Physics. During this period, he also served as the director of the Institute of Atomic Science of Beiping Research Institute[19]。
In April 1949, Qian Sanqiang gave Ge TingsuiwriteLetter,To Ge Tingsui, and to all overseas Chinese, a call was made that "national construction should begin immediately, and those who have aspirations should join in this great work".[36-37]
On May 19, 1950, the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was established, with Qian Sanqiang as the deputy director.
In 1951, Wu Youxun, the director, was transferred to the vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Qian Sanqiang took over as the director of the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[17]。
In February 1954, he was appointed Secretary General of the Academic Secretariat of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.One of his first important tasks is to prepare for the establishment of the academic department.After repeated deliberation and discussion, he presided over the drafting of relevant documents of the preparatory department.At the same time, he presided over the drafting of the Interim Organization Regulations of the Ministry of Education.
In 1955, he was elected as a member (academician) of the Academic Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;August, joinCommunist Party of China[18]。
On November 16, 1956, the Standing Committee of the First National People's Congress decided to establish the Third Ministry of Machinery Industry in charge of the atomic energy industry (changed to the Second Ministry on February 11, 1958),Song RenqianRen Minister, Qian Sanqiang, Liu JieYuan Chenglong, Liu WeiLei RongtianHe is the only scientist among the vice ministers.
In 1958, participated in theSoviet UnionThe construction of the atomic reactor was assisted, and a large number of nuclear scientists (including his wife He Zehui) were gathered. He will alsoDeng JiaxianAnd recommended to the team developing nuclear weapons[17]。
Qian Sanqiang gives a lecture in Zhongnanhai, Beijing
On October 16, 1964, at the age of 51, he participated in the development of China's firstAtomic bombExplosion succeeded[20]Three days later, Qian Sanqiang was sent to the countryside of Henan Province to participate in the "four clean-up" movement and receive re education from poor and lower middle peasants[27]。
During the Cultural Revolution, Qian Sanqiang was sent to Shaanxi May 7th Cadre School[17]。
In 1978,the Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionLater, Qian Sanqiang was appointed as a member of the Party Leadership Group and Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and began to resume the work of the department.
From August 1978 to June 1982, served concurrentlyZhejiang Universityprincipal[33]。
On July 24, 1980, he gave a lecture in Zhongnanhai on the topic of Brief Introduction to the Development of Science and Technology.
On June 28, 1992, he died of illness in Beijing at the age of 79[26]。
Key achievements
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Scientific research achievements
Overview of scientific research
Qian Sanqiang has made many important achievements in the research of nuclear physics, especially found the phenomenon of triple fission and quadruplication of heavy atomic nuclei and made a scientific explanation of the triple fission mechanism[1]。
Qian Sanqiang led the construction of China's first heavy water atomic reactor, the first cyclotron and a number of important instruments and equipment in the 1950s.So that China's reactor physics, reactor engineering technology, drill chemical radiobiology, radioisotope preparation, high-energy accelerator technology, controlled thermonuclear fusion and other scientific research have been carried out successively.After the Soviet government stopped providing technical assistance to China, on the one hand, a group of nuclear science and technology experts were quickly selected and sent to the Second Mechanical Engineering Department to directly take charge of the key tasks in all aspects of the atomic bomb development; on the other hand, they organized joint research with relevant leaders of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Many key technologies have been solved in time, and certain work has been done for the successful development of the first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb.As early as 1960, the Institute of Atomic Energy organized two research groups for the theory and experiment of neutron physics to carry out the pre research work of hydrogen bomb, making theoretical preparations for the research of hydrogen bomb, which helped China develop the hydrogen bomb only two years and eight months after the explosion of the first atomic bomb[3]。
academic exchange
In 1949, after the liberation of Peiping, the CPC Central Committee sent Qian Sanqiang to Paris to attend the World Peace Conference[17]。
In 1956, Qian Sanqiang led more than 40 scientific workers to practice in the Soviet Union.Just returned from the United StatesQian Xuesen, also came to the Soviet Union and inspected with Qian Sanqiang[27]。
personnel training
Educational advice
On May 7, 1990, Qian Sanqiang, the then Premier of the State CouncilLi PengI wrote a signed letter.He wrote: "We are deeply concerned and worried about the" fault "of Chinese talents.The talent gap is not only at the middle level, but also at the top level. For example, members of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who represent China's highest academic honor, are also facing this situation.On June 2, Premier Li Peng met with President Zhou Guangzhao in the office to further listen to the report on the work of the department and conduct research.On November 16 of the same year, the State Council approved the request of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for additional members of the academic department, and also stipulated that additional members of the academic department should be elected every two years.Since then, the work of the department has begun its standardized and institutionalized practice, and the development of the department has entered a new stage[34]。
Educational ideology
Qian Sanqiang believes that the requirements of the People's Republic of China for scientific and technological personnel must be both red and expert.He once used the concept of vector in mathematics to compare the relationship between red and expert: the arrow in the vector is the direction of progress, representing "red";The arrow length is professional. The longer the arrow length is, the higher the professional level is.Chinese scientific and technological workers must have the spirit of patriotism, dedication and dedication[23]。
Honor recognition
time
Honor recognition
Awarding unit
1955
Member (academician) of the Academic Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Qian Sanqiang was born in a scholarly family in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. His fatherQian XuantongHe is a modern Chinese philologist who studied at Waseda University in Japan as a teacher in his youth.After returning to China, he first served as a Chinese teacher in some middle schools, and then served as a professor in Beijing Normal University and Peking University[23]。
When Qian Sanqiang was 7 years old, his father sent him toCai Yuanpei、Li Shizeng、Shen YinmoConfucius School, a school for children founded by professors of Peking University[23]。
Anecdote of Renaming
Li Zhizhong, one of Qian Sanqiang's classmates in middle school, wrote to him, calling him "three strong". His father Qian Xuantong saw him and asked him who the "three strong" were.He replied: "The 'three strong' is the name given to me by the students in the aspiration. Because I am the third in the ranking, I like sports, and my body is strong, so I am called 'three strong'." Qian Xuantong immediately praised: "The name is originally a symbol. I think the 'three strong' name is good, which can be interpreted as determined to strive for progress in moral education, intellectual education, and sports." Since then, "Qian Bingqiu"Officially renamed as "Qian Sanqiang"[23]。
marriage and family
In 1946, Qian Sanqiang andHe ZehuiMarried in France and started a common scientific career[21]。After marriage, they had two daughters and a son, the eldest daughter Qian Zuxuan and the second daughterQian Minxie, young childQian Sijin。[35]
Character evaluation
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Qian Sanqiang has made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's atomic energy science and the development of the "two bombs".He has made important contributions to the organization and promotion of scientific research and international cooperation between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the state[1]。(Reviewed by Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Qian Sanqiang worked hard for the development of China's atomic energy science and made immortal contributions to the cultivation of China's atomic energy science and technology team.He is one of the pioneers and founders of China's atomic energy cause, the organization coordinator and chief designer of China's development of nuclear weapons[2]。(Review of Military Industry Culture)
Qian Sanqiang's life is a life of pursuing scientific truth, and also a life of making great contributions to the prosperity of the country and the development of science and technology[12]。(then President of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBai ChunliOn the symposium on Qian Sanqiang's centennial birthday)
He (Qian Sanqiang) has devoted his whole life to the creation of atomic energy and made indelible contributions to the country's atomic energy cause[16]。(Academician of the Chinese Academy of EngineeringRuan KeqiangComment)
He (Qian Sanqiang) is enthusiastic about the scientific cause, and intelligent and creative.Mr. Qian is also an excellent organization worker. In terms of spirit, science and technology, he has all kinds of moral qualities that a leader of a research institution should have[23]。(Irene Jolio, Qian Sanqiang's doctoral supervisor, commented by Curie)
Commemoration for future generations
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Qian Sanqiang
On October 17, 2003, on the 90th anniversary of Qian Sanqiang's birth, with the approval of the Small Object Nomination Committee of the International Astronomical Union, the international number 25240 asteroid discovered by the Schmidt CCD Asteroid Project Team of the National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on October 16, 1998 was named“Qian Sanqiang”[11]。
Bronze Statue of Qian Sanqiang
On May 21, 2007, on the occasion of the 110th anniversary of Zhejiang University, the completion ceremony of the bronze statue of Qian Sanqiang, the former president of Zhejiang University, donated by Huzhou Municipal Party Committee and the municipal government, was held on the west bank of Qizhen Lake in Zijingang Campus.
Qian Sanqiang Science and Technology Award
Qian Sanqiang Science and Technology Award isChina Nuclear Industry Group Co., LtdThe highest level of science and technology award can only be awarded once by one person, and is regarded as a lifelong honor[29]。
Qian Sanqiang's Centennial Birthday
On October 16, 2013, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Association for Science and Technology, and the China Nuclear Industry Corporation jointly hosted the "Centennial Birthday of Qian Sanqiang and the Symposium on He Zehui's Scientific and Technological Thoughts" to commemorate Qian Sanqiang and his wifeHe ZehuiPatriotism, outstanding contribution, noble character[12]。
documentary
In October 2013, CCTV-10 Science and Education Channel《everybody》The program broadcasts the documentary Qian Sanqiang[14]。
