Aldose is a kind of monosaccharide, The C atom (designated as C-1) with the highest oxidation number in the monosaccharide is Aldehyde group , having the properties of alcohol and aldehyde. for example glucose 。 chemical formula The rule of is C n H 2n O n （n>=3）。 Glyceraldehyde （Glyceraldehyde， Malonaldehyde sugar ）It is the simplest aldose, which only contains 3 carbon atom 。 Five carbon aldose: D-xylose L-arabinose Ara D-riborib Hexaaldose: D-glucose glc D-mannose man D-galactose gal [1] Glucose (chemical formula C six H twelve O six ）It is the most widely distributed and important monosaccharide in nature, and it is a polyhydroxy aldehyde. Pure glucose is colorless crystal, sweet but not as sweet as sucrose (ordinary people cannot taste sweet), easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether. Natural glucose aqueous solution has a right optical rotation, so it belongs to "dextrose".
Encyclopedia x confusion: diagram of monosaccharide and polysaccharide Glucose plays an important role in the field of biology. It is the energy source and metabolic intermediate of living cells, which is the main energy supply material of organisms. Plants can produce glucose through photosynthesis. It is widely used in candy manufacturing and medicine. [1]
Optical rotation: the specific optical rotation value of α - D-glucose at 20 ℃ is+52.2
Solubility: the maximum concentration of single glucose solution is 50% at 20 ℃
Sweeteness: The specific sweetness of α - D-glucose is 0.7
Viscosity: the viscosity of glucose increases with the increase of temperature
Density: 1.544g/cm3
Melting point: 153 - 158 º C
Boiling point: 410.797 º C at 760 mmHg
Flash point: 202.243 º C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.362
Storage condition: 2-8 º C [1]
It is the most widely distributed monosaccharide in nature. Glucose contains five hydroxyl groups and one aldehyde group. It has the properties of polyol and aldehyde.
It is easy to decompose when heated under alkaline conditions. It shall be kept in a closed place. After oral administration, it is quickly absorbed and used by tissues after entering the human body. After 1mol glucose is completely oxidized by the human body, 2870KJ energy is released. Some of this energy is converted into 30 or 32mol ATP, and the rest is dissipated in the form of heat energy to maintain human body temperature. It can also be converted into glycogen or fat storage through liver or muscle.
(1) The aldehyde group in the molecule is reductive and can react with silver ammonia solution and be oxidized to Gluconic acid Ammonium. (2) The aldehyde group can also be reduced to hexanol.
(3) There are multiple hydroxyl groups in the molecule, which can be esterified with acids.
(4) Glucose oxidizes in the organism and emits heat.
(5) Glucose can be prepared by hydrolysis of starch catalyzed by enzyme or sulfuric acid.
（6） Plant photosynthesis ：6CO two +6H two O (chlorophyll, solar catalysis) - C six H twelve O six +6O two 。 (7) Glucose and new preparation Copper hydroxide Reaction. (8) Glucose decomposes into water and carbon dioxide 。 [2] 1. By Edible corn starch It is made by purifying and concentrating the sugar aqueous solution obtained after partial hydrolysis with food grade acid and/or enzyme. Due to the different degree of hydrolysis, the amount of D-glucose may vary greatly. The product made from corn starch is called "corn syrup". 2. Glucose can be made from starch by hydrolysis of hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid. It can also be made from starch under the action of starch saccharifying enzyme. [1]
Chinese name: glucose
Chinese alias: D-glucose ； α - D-glucose; D - (+) - glucose; Glucose syrup; Corn glucose; Corn sugar; Glucose; 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal English name: α - D-glucose
English alias: DEXTROSE; alpha-D(+)-Glucose； alpha-D-glucose；α-D-Glucopyranose；D-Glucose-12C6；Dextrose；Cornsugar；Grapesugar；Bloodsugar
CAS No.: 492-62-6
Molecular formula: C6H12O6
Molecular weight: 180.15600
Precision quality: 180.06300
PSA：110.38000 [1]
Safety instructions: S36/37/39-S26 [1]
Isomer
Psicose, allurose; fructose; Sorbose; Tagalose; Inositol;
Chiral isomer
Allose; Androse; Mannose; Glose; Idose; Galactose; Talose;
Optical isomer
α-D- Furan glucose ； β - D-furan glucose; α - D-glucopyranose; β - D-glucopyranose; [1] Under dry conditions, glucose has good stability, and the aqueous solution can be autoclaved. Overheating can lead to the decrease of solution PH value and caramelization.
Bulk finished products shall be stored in dry, low-temperature closed containers. [1]
central nervous system Almost all rely on the supply of blood sugar as energy. Once the blood sugar rises to 80 mg%, diabetes may occur. Glucose is produced by hydrolysis of starch in industry and was applied in 1960s Microbial enzyme Method to produce glucose. This is a major innovation and has obvious advantages over acid hydrolysis. In production, raw materials need not be refined, acid resistant and pressure resistant equipment is not needed, and sugar liquid has no bitter taste and high sugar yield. Glucose is mainly used as a nutritional agent for injection in medicine（ Glucose Injection ）。 In the food industry, glucose can be processed by isomerase to produce fructose, especially fructose containing 42% Fructose syrup Its sweetness is the same as that of sucrose, and it has become an important product in sugar industry. Glucose is an indispensable nutrient for metabolism in organism. The heat released by its oxidation reaction is an important source of energy for human life activities. It can be directly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing and leather industry, and as a reducing agent in the mirror industry and the silver plating process of hot water bottle bile. In industry, glucose is also widely used as raw material to synthesize vitamin C（ ascorbic acid ）。 [1] Molecular formula: C six H twelve O six
Molecular weight: 180.155
one kind monosaccharide 。 It is a component of many polysaccharides. with Dissociative state It is found in the peel of some plants, such as citrus peel, peach, apple and other fruits with a small amount of free mannose, ivory palm, yeast, red algae Serum globulin 、 Egg mucoid and Mycobacterium tuberculosis With D-mannose Glycan. [1] Physicochemical properties
Mannose is white crystal or crystal powder, sweet with bitter taste+ 29.3 ° (water); The melting point of β type is 132 ℃ (decomposition), - 17 ° →+14.6 ° (water). Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol. D-mannose and calcium chloride It is easy to form crystalline compound C6H12O6 · CaCl2 · 4H2O, and shows complex Variable optical rotation effect. D-mannose can be fermented by yeast. [1] D-mannose is composed of D-mannose rich glycans (ivory palm Yeast mannan Hydrolysis preparation. It can also be determined by D- mannitol (By product of kelp iodine production industry) Ferrous ion If exists, use hydrogen peroxide Oxidation synthesis. It can also be controlled by D-glucose Epimerization , or by D- Arabinose Carbon chain growth method. [1] Mannose is not metabolized well in human body. Therefore, the process of mannose entering into carbohydrate metabolism after oral administration is not obvious. Even g mannose entering from the outside will be detected by tissues in the body. Use of radioactivity in mammals Markers It was found that 90% of the mannose ingested would be discharged intact from the body through the urethra within 30-60 minutes. 99% of the residue will be discharged in the next 8 hours. During this process, the blood sugar concentration will not increase significantly. [1] Mannose in English originates from manna, which is Israel in the Bible Sinai Peninsula God's food: manna. In reality, manna is the sweet secretion of some trees and shrubs. The white wax tree secretes this kind of thing. [1]
Mannose, the only glyconutrient used clinically, is widely distributed in body fluids and tissues, especially in nerves, skin, testes, retina, liver and intestines. It is directly used to synthesize glycoproteins and participate in immune regulation. Many diseases are caused by the lack of enzymes in mannose glycosylation.
Its physiological effects in human body are as follows:
1) Adjustment immune system 2） macrophage There are four kinds of receptors on the surface that can capture antigens, all of which contain mannose 3) Increase wound healing
4) Anti inflammatory effect
5) Inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis, increasing cancer survival rate
6) It can avoid some bacterial infections, such as Urinary tract infection [1] Galactose is monosaccharide It can be found in milk products or beets. Galactose is a compound composed of six carbons and one Aldehyde group Monosaccharides composed of, classified as aldose and hexose. Galactose is a component of lactose in mammalian milk. It has been found from snails, frog eggs and bovine lungs D-galactose Composed of polysaccharides. It often exists in the brain and nervous tissue in the form of D-galactoside, and is also glycoprotein It is an important component of monosaccharide It's galactose. [2] 
