ligand

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ligand （ ligand , also known as Ligands ）It is a chemical term, which means "can and Central atom (metal or Metalloid ）Bond producing atom 、 molecule and Ions 。 In general, ligands provide at least one electron when participating in bonding. Ligand play Lewis base Role of. But in a few cases, ligands accept electrons and act as Lewis acid 。

stay Organic chemistry Ligands are often used to protect other functional group (e.g. ligand BH3 Protectable PH3 ）Or stabilize some easily reactive compounds (such as Tetrahydrofuran As BH three Ligands). Compounds formed by the combination of central atoms and ligands are called Complex 。

Metals and metalloids can only exist in a highly vacuum environment in a gaseous state without being bonded to other atoms. In addition, metal and Metalloid Will coordinate with other atoms or covalent bond The mode of bonding. The ligands in the complexes dominate the activity The activity of the central metal is also affected by the replace And the activity of ligands. stay Bioinorganic Chemistry 、 Pharmaceutical chemistry 、 Homogeneous catalysis and Environmental chemistry How to choice Ligands are important topics.

General ligands can provide Number of electrons (e.g Occlusal degree or Haptoe number ）Classify. The size of ligand can be expressed by its cone angle.

Chinese name: ligand
Foreign name: ligand
Another name: Ligands

Phonetic Name: Pei Ti
Ligand classification: four
Ligand charged or not: Electrification

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ligand

stay Organic chemistry Ligands are often used to protect other functional group (e.g. ligand BH3 Protectable PH3 ）Or stabilize some easily reactive compounds (such as Tetrahydrofuran As BH3 Ligands). Central atom and Ligands The combined compound is called Complex 。

The atoms in the ligand that can provide lone pair electrons to form coordination bonds directly with the central atom are called coordination atoms, such as C in CO, etc. The outermost electron layer of the coordination atom has lone pair electrons, and the common ones are the atoms of non-metallic elements with greater electronegativity, such as N, O, C, S and halogens.

General ligands can be provided according to their charge, size and Number of electrons And atom Characteristics.^[1]

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According to the number of coordination atoms in the ligand, the ligand can be divided into monodentate ligand and polydentate ligand.

Monodentate ligand: A ligand with only one coordination atom in one ligand. As NH three 、H two 0, etc.

Polydentate ligand: A ligand with two or more coordination atoms in one ligand. Such as diethylene triamine H two NCH two CH two NHCH two CH two NH two (DEN for short) and EDTA Root (EDTA for short)

Two ligands: Some ligands contain two pairs of lone pair electrons, but because the two coordination atoms are too close, each ligand can only select one of the coordination atoms to form a coordination bond with a central atom. This ligand is called two ligands. The two ligands are still unidentate ligands.^[2]

Introduction to Common Ligands

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List of Common Ligands

Ligand name	chemical formula (Bound atoms in bold)	Electrification	classification	annotation
Iodine ion	I	-1	Monodentate ligand
Bromine ion	Br	-1	Monodentate ligand
Sulfur ion	S	-2	Single tooth ligand (M=S) or double tooth ligand (M-S-M ')
Thiocyanate	S -CN	-1	Monodentate ligand
Chloride ion	Cl	-1	Monodentate ligand	Can also be used as Bridging ligand
Nitrate Ions	O -NO2	-1	Monodentate ligand
Azide Ions	N -N2	-1	Monodentate ligand
Fluoride ion	F	-1	Monodentate ligand
Hydroxyl radical Ions	O -H	-1	Monodentate ligand	It can also be used as a bridging ligand
Oxalate Ions	[ O -C(=O)-C(=O) -O ]	-2	Bidentate ligand
water	H- O -H	Electroneutrality	Monodentate ligand
Isothiocyanate Ions	N =C=S	-1	Monodentate ligand
acetonitrile	CH3C N	Electroneutrality	Monodentate ligand
pyridine	C5H5 N	Electroneutrality	Monodentate ligand
ammonia	N H3	Electroneutrality	Monodentate ligand
ethylenediamine	en	Electroneutrality	Bidentate ligand
2,2 '- Bipyridine	bipy	Electroneutrality	Bidentate ligand
1,10-o-phenanthroline	phen	Electroneutrality	Bidentate ligand
nitrite	O-N-O	-1	Monodentate ligand
Triphenylphosphine	P Ph3	Electroneutrality	Monodentate ligand
Cyanogen ion	C N	-1	Monodentate ligand	It can be used as a bridging ligand to connect two metal atoms by carbon atoms, or connect one metal atom by carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms respectively
carbon monoxide	C O	Electroneutrality	Monodentate ligand	It can be used as a bridging ligand to connect two metal atoms by carbon atoms

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