Manned space launch siteManned Space EngineeringOne of the key ground facilities ofLaunch area, technical area, test guidance areaastronautArea, first area measurement and control station and test cooperation area.Manned space launch site is mainly completedCarrier rocketandairshipTest launch work forPayloadProvide test launch conditions, provide astronauts with pre launch living, medical supervision, medical insurance and exercise facilities, have the ability to judge, control and command emergency evacuation and zero altitude escape lifesaving in the departure phase, complete tracking measurement and safety control in the ascending phase of the carrier rocket, and provideLaunch siteMeteorological and logistics support of the district.
Chinese name
Manned space launch site
Foreign name
Manned space launch site
Composition
Launch area, technical area, test guidance area, etc
Example
Jiuquan, Kennedy and other manned space launch sites
Manned space launch site is mainly composed of launch area, technical area, test guidance area, astronaut area, first area TT&C station and test cooperation area.
(1) The launch area is simple in design and built withUmbilical cord tower, diversion trough, rocket propellant filling system and other launch facilities and supporting buildings to complete the inspection, testing and filling of spacecraft, rockets and other systemsRocket propellant. Astronauts' cabin entry, near fire inspection, aiming and launching, etc.
(2) The technical area is the main place for technical preparation of each system, and implements command and control of spacecraft test launch.The facilities in the technical area are relatively complete, with a total of more than 30, mainly including the vertical assembly test workshop and the horizontal transfer test room.Test and launch control building, spaceship and payload assembly test building, spaceship refueling and fairing assembly building, movable platform and its supporting track, etc.
(3) The test guidance area is adjacent to the test cooperation area and located in the east of the central living area.The command area includes the test command control building and the communication building, which are equipped with complete command and communication equipment.The astronaut area is located on the west side of the test command building, which is used for the life, exercise, medical supervision and medical insurance of astronauts before boarding.
(4) The first area TT&C station makes full use of the original satellite TT&C station, adds some new TT&C stations, and is equipped with new TT&C equipment, which greatly increases the TT&C capability.
The layout of manned space launch site facilities fully reflects the design concept of "strengthening the technical area and simplifying the launch area".Each assembly and test workshop in the technical area has good environment and guarantee conditions. The pre launch preparation of each major system is arranged to be completed in the technical area to the maximum extent. In the launch area, only simple functional inspection and preparation are carried out before the launch;In the launch area, the mobile service tower and the underground control room are canceled, and only a simple umbilical cord tower is set;The close proximity of the technical area and the launch area can shorten the time of the product in the launch station, improve the launch efficiency and ensure good safety. In case of a launch accident, the loss can be minimized.
The standard building of manned space launch site is the vertical assembly test plant in the technical area (hereinafter referred to as the vertical plant).The vertical workshop is mainly used for the erection and hoisting of launch vehicles, launch vehicle testing, and joint testing of launch vehicles and spacecraft. The workshop has a total area of more than 30000 square meters and a total height of 90 meters. It has two vertical assembly test halls and two erection halls, ranking second only toKennedy Space Center39 The vertical building of the launch site.
In addition, the manned space launch site is also equipped with large facilities such as vertical integrated shipping facilities and umbilical service tower: (1) vertical integrated transfer facilities include three parts: movable launch platform, rail transit vehicle, vertical transfer track and foundation.The platform has a dead weight of more than 700 tons and a total weight of more than 1200 tons when launched. It is driven by a self generator frequency conversion control vehicle and is the first activity platform independently innovated and developed in China.The vertical transfer track is the link between the technical area and the launch area. The whole track adopts seamless steel rails, with a gauge of 20 meters, which is the widest railway in China;(2) The umbilical service tower is a standard building in the launch area, with a height of about 75 meters.It mainly provides working conditions for pre launch technical preparation, astronaut cabin entry and launch. The tower is also equipped with explosion-proof elevator and emergency evacuation slide for astronaut emergency evacuation.
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (the original 20 base of the General Equipment Department) is the first carrier rocket launch test base built in China. It is the main base for testing and launching Long March series carrier rockets, various test satellites in medium and low orbits, application satellites, manned spacecraft and rocket missiles. The base is also responsible for debris recovery, astronaut emergency rescue and other tasks. As of October 1, 2016,China has launched about 280 man-made satellites, 82 of which were launched in Jiuquan.[1]
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
In the conceptual study of manned space launch site and recovery site, Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan satellite launch centers and southern China were surveyed and selected. After comprehensive comparison, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center was selected as the site of China's manned space launch site.This is because Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center has the following unique conditions: (1) it has been built for 30 years, has a quite strong material foundation, and has basically complete living facilities, as well as complete technical support, measurement and control communication, railway transportation, power generation and distribution and other supporting facilities;(2) The launching site is the Gobi Desert, and the navigation area within 200km is basically a no man's area. There are no densely populated towns and important traffic arteries within 600km, so the safety of the navigation area is guaranteed;(3) The launch site covers an area of 50000 square kilometers, with open terrain, which fully meets the requirements of astronauts in the waiting and ascending phases. It is also the most ideal launch and recovery landing site for the advanced space shuttle transportation system, and has great development space for the future reusable single-stage horizontal takeoff and landing space shuttle.The space shuttle will be one of the most economical and reliable transportation tools to support the launch of the space station;(4) A large airport has been built in the site, which can not only meet the requirements of rapid transportation of spacecraft by aircraft, but also serve as a place for participants to get on and off the aircraft;(5) It can make full use of the land that starts from Kashgar in the west and ends in the west of Fujian and Minxi in the east, thousands of kilometers away, and has been basically formedSpace TT&C Network；(6) The climate of the site is dry and rainless, with few lightning days, which is easy to meet the launch conditions.[3]
The core building of the base is“Vertical assembly test plant”It is 74 meters high, 8 meters wide at the top and 14 meters wide at the bottom, with an overall weight of more than 350 tons.Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center includes large, medium and small, meteorological andSounding rocketLaunch site.In terms of landing site, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center has a main landing site and a secondary landing site.The secondary landing site is located near the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, and the main landing site is located in Inner MongoliaBadain Jaran DesertEasterlySiziwang Banner。Because of the first manned spacecraftShenzhou VAfter only one day's flight in space, the weather change of the main landing site can be predicted timely and accurately, so the secondary landing site has not been used;Launched in 2005Shenzhou-VI manned spaceship It will fly in space for many days, and the weather is difficult to predict accurately, so the auxiliary landing site will be used as the backup landing site.Every manned space launch, the base uses tens of thousands of people to work in the launch site area, and thousands of people in core posts, which requires very careful arrangements, coordination and command.
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is the earliest and largest satellite launch center. It is also a comprehensive launch site for various types of carrier rockets and sounding meteorological rockets. It has complete and reliable launch facilities and can launch medium and low orbit satellites with large inclination angles.Since its establishment in 1958, the Center has created ten impressive firsts for the development of China's space industry: on April 24, 1970, China's first man-made earth satellite rose here;On November 26, 1975, the first recoverable artificial earth satellite was launched here;May 18, 1980, the first remoteballistic missileFly here to the Pacific Ocean to reserve airspace;On September 20, 1981, three satellites were sent into space by one rocket for the first time;Then there was the first time to provide launching and carrying services for foreign satellites, and the first manned spacecraft was successfully launched from here... So far, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center has successfully launched 21 scientific test satellites, including 8 recoverable satellites, with a success rate of 100%.[1]
According to the plan,China Space StationAnd cargo spaceships will be launched at the newly built Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan.Will Wenchang in Hainan become the second manned space launch site in China?China Manned Space ProjectZhou Jianping, the chief designer, said in an interview with the Xinhua News Agency that if the manned moon landing project is implemented, the Hainan launch site is technically a better choice, "but now the manned space launch is still in Jiuquan".[4]
Baikonur manned space launch site
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Baikonur Space Launch SiteThe Soviet Union/RussiaThe largest spacecraft andMissileThe launch test base is located in Kyzylorda State in the southwest of Kazakhstan, with a distance to the westAral Sea45km, 288km north of Baikonur Town, and 24km south of Chulatan City.The altitude here is 90 meters. The temperature changes from - 40 ℃ to 50 ℃ within a year. The temperature difference between day and night is large, and it is often windy, but the rainfall is small.Former Soviet UnionBaikonur was chosen to build the launch site mainly because it is far away from densely populated areas and cities with developed industries.
Baikonur Space Launch Site
Baikonur Space Launch Site covers a total area of 6717 square kilometers, 75 kilometers from north to south, 90 kilometers from east to west, and has 60000 residents.It was built in 1955 and launched the world's firstArtificial earth satellite"Sputnik-1" opened a new era of human spaceflight.On April 12, 1961, the world's first manned spaceship "Dongfang" set sail from here, bringing the astronautsYuri Gagarin SendEarth orbit, making him the first messenger to fly into space.
The launch site is about 80 kilometers from east to west and 30 kilometers from north to south. Its central coordinates are 63 ° 20 'east longitude and 46 ° north latitude.When launching to the northeast, the spacecraft can be sent into thetrack。
The launch site is composed of launch area, support area, measurement and control station, etc.The launch area includes the central launch area, the eastern launch area and the western launch area.The main facilities of the central launch area include the general assembly test building, the control test building, the large ground launch pad, the underground silopropellantStorehouse, liquid oxygen plant and other auxiliary facilities as well as administrative, training and residential buildings.The eastern and western launch areas have test launch facilities, control facilities and auxiliary facilities for large launch vehicles and spacecraft.The support area is south of the launch areaLeninsk——Chulatam is the logistics support hub and personnel residence of the launch site, with airport, railway lines, and facilities for astronauts to stay and check up before flight.In order to track and observe the flight of spacecraft and missilesSiberiauntilthe pacific oceanThere are many TT&C stations on the 10000 km route.Since 1967Baikonur Launching Site Launched Soyuz spacecraftCosmos satelliteandSalute Space Station。
Kennedy Manned Space Launch Site
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Kennedy Space Center(Kennedy Space Center, abbreviated as KSC), located in the eastern United StatesFloridaMerritt Island on the east coast, founded in July 1962, isNASA（NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration is the most important place for manned and unmanned spacecraft testing, preparation and launch. Its name is in memory of the late President John F. Kennedy.The whole site is 55 kilometers long, 10 kilometers wide and covers an area of 567 square kilometers. About 17000 people work there.There is also a visitor center on the site, and visitors can also visit with the guide.Kennedy Space Center is an importantTourist spots。At the same time, because most areas of the Kennedy Space Center are closed, it is also an American National Wildlife Refuge.
The launch headquarters is in the No. 39 launch center, which is also the site of the aircraft assembly building.There are two launch sites 6 kilometers to the west and 8 kilometers to the south from the Kennedy Space CenterIndustrial areaThere are many support facilities and management headquarters of the center.
Kennedy Space Center
Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Navral, Florida, USA, is known as the gateway to space for human beings.It is on the verge ofAtlanticDue to the superior geographical conditions, it was established as a rocket test launch site in 1947.Here, the rocket is launched eastward in the area closest to the equator in the United States, which can use the additional speed of the earth's rotation to help the satellite into orbit. At the edge of the United States, facing the vast ocean, its southeast direction isBahamasandWest IndiesIt is suitable for building a series of monitoring stations and is an ideal launch site for various spacecraft.From the first man-made satellite of the United States to the space shuttle attracting worldwide attention, they all set off from here and flew into space.The Kennedy Space Center covers all theGeosynchronous orbitLaunch mission;The Apollo spacecraft, Skylab and various interplanetary probes were also launchedAmerican SpaceAn important base for launching.The Kennedy Space Center is 56 kilometers long from north to south and 20 kilometers wide from east to west.The center consists of two parts: technical position and launch position.In the technical position, there are rocket, satellite and spacecraft assembly and testing workshops.Particularly noticeable is the assembly building, which has a volume of 3.6 million cubic meters and a height of 160 meters. The building is equipped with various advanced test instruments and display and recording equipment.The launch site is 5 kilometers away, with a launch control center and a launch pad.The entire space center has 23 launch sites, of which the famous 39 launch site has two launch pads, A and B, from which many large spacecraft fly out of the earth.
Application and Development of New Technologies in China's Manned Space Launch Site
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AsManned Space EngineeringWith the success of China's manned space flight mission, the manned space launch technology, one of the key technologies, has made a historic breakthrough and achieved leapfrog development, creating conditions for sustainable development in the future.
"Three vertical" test launch process mode with Chinese characteristics
The "three verticals" refer to the vertical vehicle body assembly, vertical overall testing and vertical overall transportation of rockets and spacecraft.Its advantage is that the assembly test is completed at one time in the vertical working state, avoiding repeated assembly test and state change.The test work is completed in the technical workshop, which can shorten the occupied time of the launch pad, improve the launch reliability and emergency launch capability;Its disadvantage is that it needs to build a tall technical assembly test plant and a mobile launch platform, with high cost and great technical difficulty.Both the United States and ESA have adopted the "three verticals" model for space launch. On the basis of absorbing the advantages of the "three verticals" model of the United States, China has designed new, economical and practical facilities and equipment through independent innovation and new technological approaches according to its national conditions, which has brought China's space launch technology to a new level.[5]
Remote Test Launch Control Mode of "One Point and Multiple Stations"
The manned space launch site is equipped with a solid underground control room, and the remote test launch control mode is adopted to improve the safety and reliability of the launch;The technology area is equipped with a complete computer test and launch system and
The system adopts the control scheme of "one point, multiple stations" and highly automated test equipment.Using the existing experience of our country, the telemetry, remote control wireless test station system and manual control system are set as the redundancy of the computer test system, which further improves the reliability of the test launch.Long distance information transmission technology, with wired transmission optical fiber as the main solution and cable as the auxiliary solution, and wireless transmission adopts the dual data stream solution;In order to realize the remote control function, facilities such as injection, fire fighting, swing bar and aiming room in the launch area are connected to the test launch center through the computer industrial network.[5]
Development prospect of manned space launch site
Since China's manned space launch site has considered the needs of subsequent development during the demonstration, design and construction, it still has the ability of sustainable development after completing the first step of China's manned space launch mission, mainly as follows: (1) It can meet the requirements of launching small space stations.The spacious area of the general assembly test hall of the spaceship factory building and the two stations of the vertical general assembly test workshop can prepare two spaceships and the ship arrow combination at the same time;The space occupying time of the launching station is short, and the recovery of the launching station is fast.The launch site facilities can meet the requirements of small space station launch, space rendezvous and docking, and space rescue emergency launch with a little adaptation and sexual transformation;(2) It has the conditions for sustainable development.The main facilities of the launch site, such as the general assembly test hall of the spacecraft plant, the area of the vertical plant general assembly test station, the crane lifting height, the height and width of the gate, the main structure and foundation of the umbilical tower, the diversion channel, the clearance between the umbilical tower and the rocket, the vertical transportation facilities, and the safety distance between the technical area and the launch station, etc,Both take into account the launch requirements of the launch vehicle with a diameter of 5m, and reserve the position for the construction of the second launch station.[5]
