Transporter

A large class of membrane proteins

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Transport proteins are Membrane protein A large class of, mediated Biomembrane Chemistry inside and outside material as well as signal switching 。 Lipid bilayer In cells or Organelle A hydrophobic barrier is formed around it to connect it with surrounding environment Cut off. Although there are some Small molecule It can penetrate through the membrane directly, but most of the Hydrophilicity Compounds, such as sugars, amino acid ， Ions , drugs, etc., all need the help of specific transporters to pass through the hydrophobic barrier. Therefore, the transporter Nutrients Ingestion, Metabolites Release and signal transduction play an important role in a wide range of cellular activities.^[1]

Chinese name: Transporter
Foreign name: transport proteins
Type: Membrane protein

Role: Transport protein
Media: Pi transporter
Application: Nutrient uptake, metabolite release, signal transduction, etc

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brief introduction

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Transporter chloroplast There are many on the intima Transport protein , called transporters, whose function is to selectively transport molecules into and out of chloroplasts. All transporters on chloroplast intima Transport role It all depends on concentration gradient Driven, not Active transportation 。 This is not only related to Cell plasma membrane Is different from the transport protein of Mitochondrial intima Of Transport system In contrast, there are active transport proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

An important transport mechanism of transport proteins in chloroplasts is the "Pi transporter" through exchange, through which Pi and Phosphoglycerate 。 Chloroplast photosynthesis A large number of Inorganic phosphorus , and there are a lot of Intermediate product 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGAL) release. In chloroplast inner membrane phosphoric acid exchange Carrier protein (phase exchange carrier) Cell plasma membrane Inorganic Pi in is transferred to Chloroplast matrix And release 3PGAL formed in chloroplast matrix to cytoplasm 。 Phosphate exchange transporters are the most abundant proteins in chloroplast intima, accounting for about Total protein 12%.

Latest achievements

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On June 5, 2014, Tsinghua University announce: Tsinghua University School of Medicine Yan Ning Professor's research team first analyzed the expression of human glucose transporter GLUT1 in the world crystal structure , initially revealing the Working mechanism And the pathogenesis of related diseases. This research achievement is hailed as a major scientific achievement of "milestone significance" by the international academic community.

Yan Ning The research team started the research of GLUT1 in 2009. In the five-year process of tackling key problems, they have made bold innovations and made important breakthroughs in research ideas and experimental technology Structural Biology Has established China's Leading edge 。^[2]

Research History

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Human glucose Transmembrane transport It has been about 100 years since the research of. In 1977, for the first time red blood cell The glucose transporting protein GLUT1， The GLUT1 gene sequence was identified in 1985. After that, get GLUT1's three-dimensional structure Therefore, truly understanding its transport mechanism has become the forefront and most difficult research hotspot in this field. In the past few decades, many of the world's top laboratories in the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom and other countries have tried or are trying to tackle this problem, but they have never succeeded.^[2]

Social evaluation

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It is reported that this achievement is not only aimed at Glucose transporter Major breakthrough in research, and important for understanding others physiological function The transport mechanism of glucose transporters provides an important molecular basis, which reveals the entry of essential life sustaining substances into the human body cell membrane The process of transportation has important guiding significance for human beings to further understand the life process.

Tsinghua University School of Medicine Lu Bai The professor said, "The significance of this achievement mainly lies in two aspects. First, from the perspective of scientific research, it is the first to reveal the structure of human derived transporters, which can help people understand the most basic process of molecular transport in life science. From the clinical perspective, it is helpful to understand children epilepsy 、 cancer 、 diabetes Of Pathogenesis At the same time, it can be used as a potential target for drug research and development. "

This achievement is in《 natural 》After the magazine was published, 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Brian Kobilka Evaluation“ mammal Of Membrane protein Structure research is much more difficult than bacteria Homologous protein Therefore, few mammalian membrane protein structures have been obtained so far. However, to develop drugs for human diseases, it is very important to obtain the structure of human transporters. The structure analysis of GLUT1 is a challenging and risky work, so it is a great achievement. "

Academician of the American Academy of Sciences 、 UCLA Professor and transporter research expert Ronald Caback commented that "the academic community has studied the structure of GLUT1 for half a century, and Yan Ning The first person in the world to obtain GLUT1 crystal structure To some extent, she has defeated all the scientists who have been engaged in its structural research in the past 50 years. This is also the first structure of human derived transport protein obtained so far, and represents an important Technical breakthrough 。 This achievement is important for the research cancer and diabetes It's self-evident! "

Academician of the American Academy of Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Harvey Raudish, the clone of GLUT1 gene, commented that "this is an extremely important achievement, which finally clearly reveals Clone gene It has been speculated that GLUT1 has spanned 12 times for 30 years membrane structure And transport mechanism. "^[2]

Latest research

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ion channel And transporters

On July 5, 2021, School of Life Sciences, West Lake University 、 West Lake Laboratory Wu Jianping Team in《 natural 》The latest research results entitled "The Structure of a Mammalian Sperm Cation Channel Complex" were published online, reporting be fertilized Key in the process ion channel High resolution of complex CatSper three-dimensional structure 。 This is the first time in the world to reveal the appearance of this super complex, and identify a number of components that have never been found before, collectively referred to as“ CatSper channel body ”（CatSpermasome）。

traditional ideas It is believed that, ion channel be responsible for Ions Transport, the transporter is responsible for Small molecule Transport is irrelevant. CatSper channel body But it contains Channel protein And transporters. This has refreshed people's understanding of the composition of CatSper, and also overturned the understanding of ion channels and transporters in the Cells in fight the enemy separately Traditional ideas.^[3]

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