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Single cell protein

microbial biomass

synonym Thallus protein (Bacterial protein) generally refers to single cell protein

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Single cell protein, also called microorganism Protein, which is a microbial cell artificially cultivated with many industrial and agricultural wastes and petroleum wastes. Therefore, single cell protein is not pure protein , but is composed of protein Fat 、 carbohydrate 、 nucleic acid And nitrogen containing compounds, vitamins and inorganic compound etc. mixture A cytoplasmic mass. The important single cell proteins are yeast protein, bacterial protein and algal protein, whose chemical composition is generally dominated by protein and fat.

Chinese name: Single cell protein
Alias: Microbial protein

Classification: Petroleum protein, methanol protein, methane protein, etc
Named Date: 1967

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seven Scope of application
eight Related substances

classification

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According to different production materials, it can be divided into petroleum protein, methanol protein, methane protein, etc; According to the type of producing bacteria, it can be divided into bacterial protein, fungal protein, etc. In 1967, at the first World Single Cell Protein Conference microorganism Thallus protein They are collectively referred to as single cell proteins.^[1]

advantage

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Single cell protein has the following advantages: First, it has high production efficiency, thousands of times higher than animals and plants, mainly because microorganism Its growth and reproduction rate is fast. Second, there are many sources of raw materials for production, including: ① agricultural wastes and wastewater, such as straw, bagasse, beet residue, sawdust and other cellulose containing wastes, and agricultural and forestry product processing wastewater; ② Industrial wastes and wastewater, such as organic wastewater containing sugar discharged from food and fermentation industries Sulfite Pulp waste liquid, etc.; ③ Oil natural gas And related products, such as crude oil, diesel oil methane , ethanol, etc.; ④ H2, CO2 and other waste gases. Third, it can be industrialized. It not only needs less labor force, is not restricted by region, season and climate, but also has high output and good quality.

Production process

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The production process of single cell protein is also relatively simple: after the preparation and sterilization of the culture solution, put them and strains into the fermentation tank, control the fermentation conditions, and the strains will multiply rapidly; After fermentation, the cells are collected by centrifugation, precipitation and other methods, and finally dried to produce the finished single-cell protein^[1] 。

Nutritional characteristics

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Single cell protein is a kind of condensed protein product, containing 50%~85% crude protein. It has complete amino acid components, high availability, vitamins, inorganic salts, fats and sugars, etc. Its nutritional value is superior to fish meal and soybean meal^[1] 。

Among the mineral elements, zinc and selenium are rich, especially iron. In recent years, yeast products have been continuously developed. Selenium containing yeast and chromium containing yeast have special nutritional functions. The nutritional composition of feed yeast produced by different raw materials and yeasts is different. The crude protein content of petroleum yeast is up to 60%, followed by beer yeast and pulp waste yeast, with crude protein content of 47.2% and 45% respectively. From the principle of environmental protection and making the best use of everything, the latter two are most promising.^[2]

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Yeast protein

Yeast in fungi has been used earlier in food processing, including brewing, baking and other foods. In yeast protein Its content is more than half of the dry weight, but it is relatively short of sulfur-containing amino acids. In addition, because yeast contains a high amount of nucleic acid, if excessive yeast protein is ingested, the level of uric acid in blood will rise, causing metabolic disorder of the body.

Bacterial protein

The production of bacterial protein generally uses hydrocarbons (such as natural gas or asphalt) or methanol as the substrate protein The content accounts for more than 3/4 of the dry weight. The essential amino acid composition also lacks sulfur containing amino acids Fat The acid is also mostly saturated fatty acid.

These two microorganism Generally, protein cannot be eaten directly, and impurities such as cell wall, nucleic acid and ash need to be removed. Its principle is similar to that of soybean processing. Bacterial protein isolate is obtained after extraction and treatment of bacterial protein. Its chemical composition is similar to that of soybean protein isolate, and its nutritional value is similar to that of soybean protein isolate after adding sulfur amino acids.

algae protein

Chlorella and Spirulina are the most attractive microalgae. They are two kinds of microalgae that grow rapidly in seawater. Their protein content is 50% and 60% (dry weight) respectively. Among the essential amino acids, except for a few sulfur containing amino acids, other essential amino acids amino acid But it is very rich.

Biological species

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Used to produce single cell protein microorganism There are many kinds, including bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, molds and some Protozoa 。 these ones here microorganism Generally, the following conditions shall be met: protein Such nutrients are high in content, have no pathogenic effect on human body, taste good and easy to digest and absorb, have simple requirements for cultivation conditions, and grow and reproduce rapidly. The production process of single cell protein is also relatively simple: Culture medium After preparation and sterilization, mix them with strain Put it into the fermentation tank, control the fermentation conditions, and the strain will multiply rapidly; After fermentation, the cells are collected by centrifugation, precipitation and other methods, and finally dried to produce the finished single-cell protein.

Scope of application

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In the mid-1980s, the annual output of single cell protein in the world has reached 2.0 × 106 t, which is widely used in food processing and feed Medium. Single cell protein can not only be made into“ Artificial meat ”, for people to eat directly, and often used as food additives to supplement protein Or vitamins, minerals, etc. Because some single cell proteins have antioxidant capacity, food is not easy to deteriorate, so they are often used in baby powder, soup and condiments. Dry yeast has low calorie content and is often used as Diet food Additives. In addition, single cell protein can also improve some physical properties of food, such as Italy Adding active yeast into the cake can improve the thinning performance of the cake. Yeast protein concentrate has significant flavor and has been widely used as a food freshener. Single cell protein as feed Protein has also been widely used in the world.

The appearance of any new food raw material will cause problems such as acceptability and safety. Single cell proteins are no exception. For example, the nucleic acid content of single cell protein is 4%~18%, and eating too much nucleic acid may cause gout and other diseases. In addition, as a kind of food, single cell protein is also difficult for people to accept in their habits. But after microorganism With the efforts of scientists, these problems will be solved satisfactorily.

Related substances

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Single cell protein contains abundant nutrients. Among them, protein The content is up to 40%~80%, 10%~20% higher than that of soybeans, and more than 20% higher than that of meat, fish, and cheese; amino acid It has complete composition and contains 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for human body, especially those with less content in grains Lysine 。 Generally, adults can meet the requirements for amino acid Demand. Single cell protein also contains a variety of vitamins carbohydrate 、 lipid 、 mineral , as well as rich enzymes and Bioactive substances , such as coenzyme A Coenzyme Q Glutathione, ergosterol, etc.

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