Brain surgery generally refers toneurosurgery, which is based on neurosurgery, mainly on examination and surgery,combined treatment, subject of comprehensive evaluation.Medical ScienceIt is the youngest, most complex and fastest growing discipline in China.Previously, due to technical limitations, human brain surgery can be said to be a forbidden area. However, with the development of technology, advancedMicrosurgeryThe equipment carries out various microscopesNeurosurgery。
neurosurgery(Brain surgery) is a surgery based method,combined treatment, study the brain, spinal cord andPeripheral nervous system diseasesA science of.The scope of neurosurgery research includesnervous systemCongenitaldysplasia, trauma, infectiontumour, vascular diseases, genetic metabolic disorders and other diseasesPathogenesis, and explore new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. It is a high, sophisticated and cutting-edge discipline in the medical field, and the youngest, most complex and fastest growing discipline in medicine.When did it originate? It is difficult to unify the vast amount of prehistoric data and archaeological evidence.
From 220 to 265 AD, a generation of highly skilled doctorsHua TuoThere is a history of craniotomy for patients.
In 1879, Mac Ewen was in EnglandGlasgowFor the first timeCraniotomyHe successfully removed the flat shape of the left anterior cranial fossa for a patientmeningiomaGood results have been obtained.Neurosurgery as an independent discipline was established at the end of the 19th centuryNeurology、anaesthesiaTechniqueAseptic operationIt was born in Britain on the basis of development. Its initial development and maturity were in the United States after the beginning of the 20th century.
The initial development of neurosurgery has gone through a tortuous and difficult course, in which there are many neurosurgeons and other medical professionals who have made persistent efforts and pursuits. Some of them later became masters of neurosurgery, and their immortal achievements will always be remembered in the world medical history.
Havey Cushing is an outstanding person in the history of neurosurgeryNeurosurgeryTechnological innovator.In 1917, he first proposed the operating principles of neurosurgery, and designed and usedSilver clipHemostasis, electrocoagulation, and suture after operationDura materAndCaput aponeurosis, operate the brainmortalityGreatly reduced, and made great achievements in the early development of neurosurgery.
Dandy invented "Ventricular Air" in 1918Angiography”Thus greatly improving theLocation diagnosisThe success rate of the operation is doubled, and the mortality and disability rate are greatly reduced.
Moniz, a Portuguese, invented“Cerebral angiographyThe position and nature of intracranial lesions can be judged according to the changes of vascular morphology and position of cerebral angiography, so as to make the diagnosis more accurate and modernCerebral vascular diseaseDiagnosis andSurgeryThe treatment has made immortal achievements.
On March 12, 1920, the Society of Neurological Surgeons, the oldest and largest neurosurgical institution in the world, was established in Boston Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in the United States.Cushing, the world's first neurosurgery center, has served as the director for a long time. Neurosurgeons from all over the world went to study and became leaders of a generation. It can be said that this is the cradle of modern neurosurgeons.
In 1970, Hounsfield was in the nerveradiologyHas made an epoch-making invention, that is, electroniccomputerX-rayBody scanning（CT）。This non-invasive diagnostic technique has raised the level of neurosurgical diagnosis and treatment to an unprecedented level.
Another diagnostic technology in the early 1980s--nuclear magnetic resonanceImaging technology（MRI）It is used clinically and makes up for CT in neurosurgerydisease diagnosis Of, rightCerebrovascularLesions, posterior fossa lesions, especiallyMyelopathyIt shows great advantages.The application of MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical diseases has brought another great leap forward in neurosurgery.
In the early 1970sNeuroimaging, neurosurgery andneuropathyLearn asIntegrated interventional neuroradiology was born, which made many neurosurgeries think that the disease is incurable and difficult to treat, such as huge, located in functional areas and difficult to reach by surgerySpinal vascular malformation, intracranial giantaneurysmAnd other diseases have been effectively treated, which improves the safety of surgery.
Stereotactic radiosurgeryIt is another new treatment method developed since then. It uses computer and stereotactic to determine the intracranial target and select multiple groups of small dosesRadiationGather in the intracranial target to produceDestructive powerThe radiation dose of.The most famous isSwedenLeksell stereotactic r-unit produced, or r-knife, can be used forFunctional neurosurgeryDiseaseIntracranial tumorandVascular malformation The treatment of such diseases is extremely dangerous.
With the development of modern computer technology, neurosurgery has entered a new world in the new century.The future is computer andgenetic engineeringIn this era, neurosurgery and the whole life science will face new challenges and opportunities, which will be a problem that every neurosurgeon needs to face squarely.
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Brain surgery
This robot, called "neural arm", combines brain surgery with aerospace technology.Its appearance enables neurosurgeons to perform many high-risk operations.Built in robotMagnetic resonance imagingThe device can discern the smallest neural structure in the human body and draw a clear 3Dimage。
This set of surgical robot equipment costs up to 24 million dollars.Its manufacturer,CanadaMcdonald DeDwell Associates, Inc. was once a member of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA）Ofspace shuttleMake a mechanical device called "Canadian arm".
The control equipment of "nerve arm" is similar to acockpit, operated by the surgeon.By observing aStereoscopic imageThe display realizes operation.The display is connected to the machine touch, which can show the depth of the organPerspective view。At the same time, doctors can refer to thenuclear magnetic resonanceImages, even through robotsBuilt-in microphone Hear the sound of its operation in the human body.
The console also has a touch screen that displays 3D images.By adjusting the perspective, doctors can observe the patient's condition in an all-round way.
"Our goal is to make complicated and difficult surgery simple and easy, and make the surgery impossible to be completed by human beings possible," said Alex Greer, a robot engineer, when demonstrating the operation of "neural arm".
many yearsProfessional trainingAndclinical practice It gives surgeons accurate and stable hands.However, even so, it is impossible toAutomatic correctionFunction of the "nerve arm".It can automatically avoid any misoperation and ensure the safety and smoothness of the operation.However, this also means that the burden of surgeons will increase.
Leading the revolution of surgical concept
The surgical robot is the product of the integration of advanced technology.When the doctor walked into the operating room, he felt that scientists and robotics experts were working side by side with them to complete the operation seamlessly.Compared with the traditional surgery, which is completely completed by manpower, the emergence of surgical robots has introduced a new concept, which is a great leap.
