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energy resources

Material and natural processes that can provide a lot of energy for human beings under the socio-economic and technological conditions

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Energy resources refer to the material and natural processes that can provide a large amount of energy for human beings under the socio-economic and technological conditions,^[1] include coal 、 petroleum 、 natural gas , wind, river, ocean current, tide, vegetation fuel, solar radiation, etc.

Nature endows mankind with a variety of energy sources. One is the energy from the sun, including Solar radiant energy And coal and bioenergy indirectly from solar energy; The second is the energy from the earth itself,^[1] as geothermal energy and atomic energy ；^[2] The third is the energy generated by the interaction between the earth and other celestial bodies, such as tidal energy.

Energy is divided into primary energy, secondary energy renewable energy and Non renewable energy 。

Chinese name: energy resources
Foreign name: energy resources
Energy: Material that can provide some form of energy
Classification: Water energy nuclear energy , electric energy solar energy

renewable energy: Endless use and minimal pollution
Include: Coal, oil, natural gas, wind, river
Overview: A substance that provides some form of energy
Form by: Can be divided into multiple categories

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classification

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1. It is classified according to its form, characteristics or the level of transformation and utilization. World Energy Commission Promotion classification: solid fuel , liquid fuel gaseous fuel , water energy, nuclear energy, electric energy, solar energy biomass energy 、 Wind energy 、 Ocean energy and geothermal energy 。

2. According to whether it can be regenerated, it can be divided into renewable energy that can be continuously supplemented for use, such as wind energy; It can be formed only after a long geological age and cannot be regenerated in a short time Non renewable energy , such as coal, oil, etc.

Tidal power generator

3. According to the degree of impact on the environment, it can be divided into clean energy, such as Wind energy ； Polluted energy, such as coal.

4. According to the utilization, it can be divided into those that have been mass produced and widely used under the existing economic and technical conditions Conventional energy , such as oil, natural gas Hydroenergy and Nuclear fission energy Etc; New energy being promoted, such as solar energy Ocean energy 、 geothermal energy 、 biomass energy Etc. Most of the new energy is natural and renewable, which is the foundation of the sustainable energy system in the future world.

5. According to the source, one is the energy from the sun, including Solar radiant energy And coal and bioenergy indirectly from solar energy; The second is geothermal energy contained in the earth's interior, and the third is various nuclear fuels, namely Nucleus Energy; The fourth is the energy generated by the mutual attraction of the moon, sun and other celestial bodies to the earth, such as tidal energy.

6. According to formation, it can be divided into primary energy or primary energy directly obtained from nature without changing its basic form, such as coal, oil, natural gas, solar energy, wind energy, water energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, etc; After natural or artificial processing, it is converted into another form of secondary energy, such as electric energy, gasoline, diesel alcohol , gas, hot water hydrogen energy, etc.^[3]

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renewable energy

Solar energy: inexhaustible, minimal pollution; Unstable sunlight, Solar power plant Expensive.

Wind energy : inexhaustible, low cost, minimal pollution; The turbine is noisy and subject to geographical restrictions.

Water can pollute water and air; Due to small geographical restrictions, the dam will affect the ecological environment.

geothermal energy : inexhaustible, low cost; Due to geographical restrictions, it slightly pollutes the air and water.

Ocean energy : inexhaustible, low air pollution and little land disturbance; Less suitable locations, high cost, unstable energy output, disruption of normal tide, may affect aquatic life in the estuary.

biomass energy : wide distribution, large reserves and environmental protection; Low calorific value and thermal efficiency.

Non renewable energy

Coal: easy to obtain and low cost; It is easy to cause air and water pollution. Non renewable energy

Oil: cheap to use and easy to transport; It will cause air pollution, and oil leakage will pollute soil and water.

Natural gas: very little pollution; Reserves are limited.

Nuclear energy: it will not cause air pollution; It is expensive to build reactors, nuclear waste Processing is a problem, which occurs nuclear accident Risk of.

development

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requirement

The core requirements of a scientific and reasonable energy and resource utilization system are: in accordance with the principles of reduction, reuse and resource utilization, focusing on improving the efficiency of energy and resource utilization, focusing on energy conservation, water conservation, land conservation, material conservation and comprehensive utilization of resources, accelerating industrial restructuring, promoting technological progress, strengthening legal construction, improving policies and measures, and strengthening the sense of conservation, Establish a long-term mechanism to form an economical growth mode and consumption mode, and promote sustainable economic and social development.

Development content

First, we should speed up the development of hydropower. Water energy is renewable and clean energy with low operating cost and no air pollution Problem, accelerating hydropower development is conducive to improvement China's electric power industry Structure, reduce coal consumption.

Secondly, the power generation proportion of natural gas should be expanded. according to International Energy Agency According to the IEA, the proportion of natural gas power generation in the future power generation structure of IEA member countries will increase from 12.9% in 1995 to 19.6% in 2005, while the proportion of nuclear power generation will continue to decrease.

The third is to actively develop new renewable energy. In order to cope with the greenhouse effect, major countries in the world actively develop and utilize new renewable energy, including Wind energy , solar energy Ocean energy , geothermal biomass energy Etc. In addition to key points, China will do a good job Wind power generation In addition to the construction of the site, we also need to support solar energy geothermal energy 、 Tidal energy And biomass power generation pilot and research work, and build renewable energy power stations according to local conditions. We should actively encourage and support the development of new energy-saving technologies, organize the implementation of energy-saving demonstration projects, consolidate and improve the energy-saving technology service system, cultivate and standardize the energy-saving technology market, and gradually form a large-scale energy-saving industry.

energy crisis

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Since the industrial revolution in the 1970s, the consumption of fossil fuels has increased dramatically. In the early stage, coal was the main source, and after the 20th century, especially the Second World War Since then, the exploitation and consumption of oil and natural gas have begun to increase significantly, and continue to grow at the rate of 200 million tons per year. Several western oil companies monopolized the exploration, exploitation, production, sales, trade, storage and transportation of world oil. They use their political and economic strength to lower oil prices and obtain huge profits. The western developed countries are deeply benefited, making the rich countries richer, while the oil producing and exporting countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are still in poverty and backwardness. To this end, the Middle East countries initiated to defend national sovereignty, oil economic rights and interests, and oppose oil monopoly organization And coordinated the oil policy“ Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ”。 Since the 1970s, oil producing countries in developing countries have twice taken measures such as production reduction, embargo, price increase and nationalization to impact the oil supply of western developed countries. Some countries have implemented nationalization, and by 1981, 92% of the oil exploration rights had been recovered. The eight companies also controlled 8% of reserves and 1/5 of oil production, and earned a net profit of 570 million dollars this year. The western industrial developed countries have lost the source of cheap oil. As a result of reducing or interrupting the supply of oil, many factories have closed, the unemployment rate has risen, and production has declined energy crisis The economic development of the whole industrial developed countries has slowed down, stagnated and declined, deepening the economic crisis. And it also affects developing countries that rely on oil imports, so the energy problem has become a major global problem. Energy crisis refers to the impact on the economy due to the shortage of energy supply or rising prices. This usually involves shortages of oil, electricity or other natural resources. The energy crisis usually leads to economic shock. A lot of sudden recession It is usually caused by the energy crisis. In fact, electrical Production price The increase in production costs caused by. From the perspective of a consumer, the rise in the price of petroleum products used by cars or other means of transportation has reduced consumer confidence and increased their spending. In this regard, the world energy structure has to change accordingly, and other forms of energy, such as nuclear energy, water power, geothermal energy, have been gradually developed and utilized. In particular, the by-products of nuclear weapons that began to be used militarily in the Second World War Nuclear power generation After being used for peaceful purposes, its scale has continued to develop. Many countries have now entered the era of atomic energy.^[4]

environmental problems

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environmental pollution

Energy is an important source of environmental pollution. Due to low energy utilization efficiency and coal and oil dominated energy-resource structure , resulting in serious environmental pollution.

Industrial energy

Taking China as an example, China mainly faces the following energy and environmental problems: First, the emissions from coal combustion sulfur dioxide Causing serious acid rain pollution. Since 1995, China has become the world's largest emitter of sulfur dioxide, surpassing Europe and the United States. Sulfur dioxide emissions from thermal power plants nationwide account for 40% of the country's total, and are expected to account for 60% by 2010. In the mid-1990s, China's economic losses in crops, forests and people's health caused by acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution amounted to more than 110 billion yuan, which was close to 2% of the gross national product of that year, and became an important factor restricting China's economic and social development. The second is caused by carbon dioxide generated by fossil fuel combustion Global climate change 。 Chinese CO2 emissions It ranks second in the world, accounting for 13% of the world. Experts estimate that the growth of coal based mineral energy consumption will make China's greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide The emissions of will increase significantly in the next 10 years, and may become stable in the next 20 years, and will reach the emission level equivalent to that of the United States in 2030. The carbon dioxide produced by the massive use of fossil fuels will global warming 。 The treatment of environmental pollution caused by energy has become a major issue that must be considered in China's national economic development, and will restrict China's socio-economic and energy development in the future.

To solve the contradiction between energy and environment in China, it is the most effective way to develop clean and renewable energy. At the same time, it is necessary to find a way out from technological progress, structural adjustment and mechanism innovation. On the one hand, energy development and utilization must put saving first and improve recovery ratio In terms of utilization, advanced technology and equipment should be adopted to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption per unit output value; On the other hand, we should pay full attention to structural adjustment. First of all, we should intensify economic restructuring, Optimize resource allocation 。 Secondly, further optimize energy-resource structure We will increase the proportion of high-quality energy, promote the clean utilization of coal, and actively develop new and renewable energy.^[5]

Development issues

Non renewable energy -- coal

1. Emissions during coal combustion sulfur dioxide Causing serious acid rain pollution;

2. Caused by carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion Global climate change 。 Extensive use fossil fuel The carbon dioxide produced will global warming 。 The treatment of environmental pollution caused by energy has become a major issue that must be considered in the development of national economy, and will restrict the future socio-economic and energy development.

3. Environmental pressure challenges the energy development strategy. Environmental pressure poses a huge challenge to the energy development strategy. Coordinating the relationship between economic development and the environment, energy structure transformation and the environment is a major issue to be solved in the first 20 years of the 21st century. If it is not handled properly, it will seriously affect the overall development of the economy and society.

4. From the perspective of the development process, China has actually taken the road of pollution before treatment. After the reform and opening up, China's serious environmental pollution has caused huge economic cost And environmental costs. Therefore, while maintaining rapid economic growth, it has become an extremely urgent and serious problem to pay full attention to energy and environmental issues and reduce environmental pollution. On the other hand, as a developing country, China is in the stage of rapid industrialization and urbanization, and its dependence on energy is increasing Economic growth mode The technology and management level are backward. In general, the urban centered environmental pollution is still increasing, and it is spreading from cities to rural areas environment disruption The scope of is still expanding. Therefore, China should take economic development as the primary starting point for formulating development strategies now and in the next 20 years. At the same time, however, China can no longer follow the old path of pollution before treatment, or it will lose the best opportunity to improve the environment and solve environmental pollution, and must try to coordinate the contradiction between energy and environment.

sustainable development

The energy on the earth is limited. Just like only cutting trees without planting trees, forests will also become wasteland. With such a large amount of consumption, the world's mineral energy resources will also be exhausted. 78% of the energy needed by human beings is underground fossil resources (including oil, coal and natural gas), which is less than 200 years old at the current consumption rate. At present, the world energy consumption is about 8 billion tons/year based on oil conversion, and the average consumption is 2 tons/person/year based on 4 billion people. At this consumption rate, by 2040, oil will first be exhausted; By 2060, nuclear power Fission reaction ）And natural gas will also end. The energy of the earth has been unable to provide the energy demand of nearly 11.6 billion people. With the increasing population of the world, the period of energy shortage will come ahead of schedule. Therefore, 21 Century new energy The development and utilization of is no longer a topic in the future, but a matter of urgency, relating to the sustainable development of mankind and the fate of future generations of mankind.

The so-called sustainable development refers to the development of nature and the use of natural resources, which not only meet the needs of contemporary people for survival and development, but also do not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs; We should not only ensure the moderate economic growth and structural optimization, but also maintain the permanent use of resources and environmental optimization, so as to achieve the organic coordination between the environment and the economy, and achieve sustainable progress and orderly development.

Therefore, we must estimate the possible crisis caused by the depletion of non renewable mineral energy resources energy conservation Put energy efficiency first, form a good habit of saving energy resources, and explore, research, develop and utilize new energy resources. Otherwise, it may cause serious consequences due to taking too much from nature, and even threaten the survival of human beings.

Serious environmental and resource problems have pushed the issue of sustainable development to the table. People have noticed that science and technology have made great contributions to the economic prosperity in the process of rapid growth of the world economy, but the science and technology used by mankind in the industrial era has brought various conveniences and comforts to the individual life of mankind, at the same time, it is also due to human's short-sighted and irresponsible attitude and behavior towards others and future generations, It has played a negative role in destroying the earth's ecological environment.^[6]

China's resources and energy

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characteristic

Energy resources are the basis of energy development. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, energy resources exploration has been continuously strengthened and multiple resource evaluations have been organized. China's energy resources have the following characteristics:

U.S. Nuclear Power Plants

The total amount of energy resources is relatively rich. China has more abundant Fossil energy resources. Among them, coal plays a leading role. In 2006, the coal reserve was 1034.5 billion tons, and the remaining proved recoverable reserves accounted for about 13% of the world, ranking third in the world. The proven reserves of oil and natural gas resources are relatively insufficient, oil shale 、 CBM And other unconventional Fossil energy The reserve potential is large. China has abundant renewable energy resources. The theoretical reserves of water resources are equivalent to 6.19 trillion kilowatt hours of annual power generation, and the economically exploitable annual power generation is about 1.76 trillion kilowatt hours, equivalent to 12% of the world's water resources, ranking first in the world.

The per capita energy resources are low. China has a large population and its per capita energy resources are at a low level in the world. The per capita coal and water resources are equivalent to 50% of the world average, while the per capita oil and natural gas resources are only about 1/15 of the world average. Cultivated land resources Less than 30% of the world's per capita level restricts the development of biomass energy.

The distribution of energy resources is uneven. China's energy resources are widely distributed but uneven. coal resource It mainly exists in North China Northwest China Water resources are mainly distributed in the southwest, and oil and natural gas resources are mainly located in the east, middle, west and sea areas. China's main Energy consumption The region is concentrated in the economically developed areas along the southeast coast, and there are obvious differences between resource occurrence and energy consumption regions. Large scale, long-distance Transportation of coal from north to south , transportation of oil from north to south West East Gas Transmission 、 West east power transmission It is the prominent feature of China's energy flow and the basic pattern of energy transportation.

It is difficult to develop energy resources. Compared with the world, the geological mining conditions of China's coal resources are poor, most of the reserves need to be mined by underground mining, and very few are available open-pit mining 。 Petroleum and natural gas resources have complex geological conditions, deep burial depth and high technical requirements for exploration and development. Undeveloped water resources are mostly concentrated in high mountains and deep valleys in the southwest, far away from the load center, which makes development difficult and costly. Unconventional energy resources have low exploration degree, poor economy and lack of competitiveness.

development

Since the reform and opening up, China's energy industry has developed rapidly, making important contributions to ensuring the sustained and rapid development of the national economy, mainly as follows:

The supply capacity has improved significantly. After decades of efforts, China has initially formed a comprehensive development of coal, electricity, oil, gas and renewable energy Energy supply A relatively complete energy supply system has been basically established. A number of super large coal mines of ten million tons have been built. 2006 Primary energy Total output 2.21 billion tons Standard coal , ranking second in the world. Among them, the output of raw coal is 2.37 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Several large-scale oil production bases have been built, including Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Tarim, etc. The crude oil output in 2006 was 185 million tons, achieving steady growth and ranking fifth in the world. The output of natural gas increased rapidly, from 14.3 billion cubic meters in 1980 to 58.6 billion cubic meters in 2006. The proportion of commercialized renewable energy in the primary energy structure has gradually increased. Power has developed rapidly, with the installed capacity and power generation reaching 622 million kilowatts and 287 trillion kilowatt hours respectively, ranking second in the world. energy Comprehensive transportation system Rapid development, significantly enhanced transportation capacity West to east coal transportation The special railway line and port terminals have formed the pipeline network for transporting oil from north to south West East Gas Transmission The trunk line has realized West east power transmission Interconnection with regional power grids.

solar energy

Energy conservation The effect is remarkable. From 1980 to 2006, China's energy consumption supported the average annual growth of 9.8% of the national economy with an average annual growth of 5.6%. At the constant price in 2005, 10000 yuan gross domestic product Energy consumption increased from 3.39 tons in 1980 Standard coal It dropped to 1.21 tons of standard coal in 2006 Energy saving rate 3.9%, reversing the rising trend of energy consumption per unit of GDP in recent years. The comprehensive efficiency of energy processing, conversion, storage and transportation and terminal utilization was 33%, 8 percentage points higher than in 1980. The energy consumption per unit product has dropped significantly, among which the gap between the comprehensive energy consumption of steel, cement, large synthetic ammonia and other products, as well as the coal consumption for power supply, and the international advanced level has been narrowing.

consumption structure Optimized. China's energy consumption has ranked second in the world. In 2006, the total consumption of primary energy was 2.46 billion tons Standard coal 。 China attaches great importance to optimizing the energy consumption structure. The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption decreased from 72.2% in 1980 to 69.4% in 2006, and the proportion of other energy increased from 27.8% to 30.6%. The proportion of renewable energy and nuclear power increased from 4.0% to 7.2%, and oil and natural gas increased. Final energy consumption The trend of structural optimization is obvious. The proportion of coal energy converted into electric energy has increased from 20.7% to 49.6%, and the proportion of commercial energy and clean energy in household energy consumption has significantly increased.

The level of science and technology has improved rapidly. China has made remarkable achievements in energy science and technology. The basic research achievements marked by "continental oil generation theory and application" have greatly promoted the development of scientific and technological theory of petroleum geology. The oil and gas industry has formed a relatively complete exploration and development Technical system , especially the exploration and development of complex blocks and the improvement of oil fields recovery ratio And other technologies in the world. The coal industry has built a number of large mines with international advanced level, and the comprehensive mechanization of coal mining in key coal mines has been significantly improved. In the electric power industry, advanced power generation technology and large capacity and high parameter units have been widely used, hydropower station design, engineering technology and equipment manufacturing technologies have reached the world's advanced level, and nuclear power has initially reached the million kilowatt level PWR Independent design and engineering construction capacity, High temperature gas cooled reactor 、 Fast breeder reactor Major breakthroughs have been made in technology research and development. Flue gas desulfurization Pollution control and renewable energy development and utilization technologies have improved rapidly. Positive and negative 500 kV DC and 750 kV AC transmission demonstration projects have been completed and put into operation successively, positive and negative 800 kV DC and 1000 kV AC UHV transmission The pilot demonstration project started.

Progress has been made in environmental protection. The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection. Strengthening environmental protection has become a basic national policy, and environmental awareness of all sectors of society has generally improved. 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Later, the Chinese organization formulated《 China’s Agenda 21 》And comprehensively strengthened environmental protection through legal, economic and other means, making positive progress. China's energy policy will also reduce and effectively control the environment disruption Environmental pollution is its main content. In 2006, the installation rate of dust removal facilities of coal-fired units and the rate of reaching the standard of wastewater discharge reached nearly 100%, the total amount of smoke and dust emissions was basically the same as in 1980, and the smoke and dust emissions per unit of electricity decreased by 90%. In 2006, the installed capacity of desulfurized thermal power generators built and put into operation nationwide reached 104 million kilowatts, more than the sum of the previous 10 years. The proportion of thermal power units equipped with desulfurization facilities in the total installed capacity of thermal power increased from 2% in 2000 to 30%.

The market environment has gradually improved. The environment of China's energy market has gradually improved, and the reform of the energy industry has progressed steadily. energy Enterprise restructuring Make breakthroughs, modern enterprise system Basically established. The investors have diversified, the energy investment has grown rapidly, and the market scale has been expanding. The production and circulation of coal industry have basically realized marketization. The power industry has realized Separation of government and enterprises 、 Plant network separation , a regulatory body has been established. The oil and gas industry has basically realized the integration of upstream and downstream, domestic and foreign trade. The reform of energy prices has been deepened, price mechanism Keep improving.

Challenge

With the rapid development of China's economy and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the demand for energy keeps growing, and a stable, economic, clean and safe Energy supply The system faces major challenges, which are highlighted in the following aspects:

The resource constraints are prominent, energy efficiency Low. China is relatively short of high-quality energy resources, which restricts the improvement of supply capacity; The uneven distribution of energy resources also increases the difficulty of sustainable and stable supply; Economic growth mode Extensive energy-resource structure Unreasonable, low level of energy technology and equipment and relatively backward management level lead to gross domestic product Energy consumption and main energy consuming products Energy consumption The national average has further exacerbated the contradiction between energy supply and demand. It is difficult to meet the growing consumption demand simply by increasing energy supply.

coal

Energy consumption is dominated by coal, and environmental pressure is increasing. Coal is the main energy source in China, and the energy structure dominated by coal will be difficult to change for a long time in the future. The relatively backward mode of coal production and consumption has increased the pressure on environmental protection. Coal consumption is the main cause of soot type air pollution and the main source of greenhouse gas emissions. With China Motor vehicle ownership With the rapid increase of, air pollution in some cities has become a mixture of soot and vehicle exhaust. If this situation continues, it will bring greater pressure to the ecological environment.

The market system is not perfect, and the emergency capacity needs to be strengthened. China's energy market system needs to be improved, and the energy price mechanism fails to fully reflect the degree of resource scarcity, supply and demand, and environmental costs 。 The order of energy resources exploration and development needs to be further standardized, and the energy regulatory system needs to be improved. There are many arrears in coal mine production safety, Grid structure Unreasonable, insufficient oil reserve capacity, effective response Energy supply The early warning and emergency response system for interruptions and major emergencies needs to be further improved and strengthened.

strategic target

China's energy development adheres to economic development, clean development and safe development. Adhere to development as the absolute principle, and solve problems in the process of progress by means of development and reform. Implement the scientific concept of development, adhere to people-oriented, change the concept of development, innovate the development model, and improve the quality of development. Adhere to the path of energy development with high scientific and technological content, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution, good economic benefits, and safe and secure energy, and maximize the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of energy.

China's energy development adheres to the basic domestic policy and the basic national policy of opening to the outside world. With the steady growth of domestic energy, China will ensure the stable supply of energy and promote the common development of world energy. The development of China's energy will bring more development opportunities to all countries in the world, will bring broad development space to the international market, and will make positive contributions to world energy security and stability.

The basic content of China's energy strategy is to adhere to the principle of giving priority to conservation, based on domestic and diversified development, relying on science and technology, protecting the environment, strengthening international mutually beneficial cooperation, striving to build a stable, economic, clean and safe energy supply system, and supporting the sustainable development of the economy and society with the sustainable development of energy.

Save first. China takes resource conservation as its basic national policy, adheres to energy development and conservation, gives priority to conservation, and actively changes economic development mode , adjust the industrial structure, encourage energy-saving technology research and development, popularize energy-saving products, and improve energy management Level, improve energy conservation regulations and standards, and constantly improve energy efficiency 。

Based at home. China mainly relies on increasing domestic energy supply, and constantly meets the growing demand of the energy market by steadily improving the domestic security supply capacity.

Diversified development. China will actively develop electricity, accelerate the development of oil and gas, and encourage development through orderly development of coal CBM , vigorously develop hydropower and other renewable energy, actively promote nuclear power construction, scientifically develop alternative energy, and optimize energy-resource structure , implement Multi energy complementation To ensure the stable supply of energy.

Rely on technology. China fully relies on the progress of energy science and technology to enhance its capacity for independent innovation, improve its ability to digest and absorb imported technologies and re innovate, break through the technological bottleneck of energy development, improve the manufacturing level of key technologies and major equipment, create new ways of energy development and utilization, and enhance its development potential.

protect the environment. China is committed to building a resource-saving and Environmentally friendly society To actively promote the coordinated development of energy and environment. Adhere to achieving protection in development, promoting development in protection, and achieving sustainable development.

Mutually beneficial cooperation. China's energy development is based on the domestic basis, adheres to the principle of equality, mutual benefit and win-win, and with a frank and pragmatic attitude International Energy Organization We will strengthen energy cooperation with countries around the world, actively improve cooperation mechanisms, deepen cooperation areas, and maintain international energy security and stability.

17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China It is proposed that we should accelerate the transformation of the development mode, optimize the structure, improve efficiency, reduce consumption and protect the environment GDP per capita By 2020, compared with 2000 Quadruple 。

In order to achieve the goal of economic and social development, the goal of the 11th Five Year Plan (2006-2010) for China's energy development is: by the end of the 11th Five Year Plan, Energy supply Basically meet the needs of national economic and social development, Energy conservation And achieved remarkable results, energy efficiency The system and mechanism of energy macro-control, market supervision, laws and regulations, early warning and emergency response in line with the socialist market economic system have been gradually improved, and energy has developed in harmony with the economy, society and environment.

China is a developing country with a large population and relatively insufficient resources. To realize the sustainable development of economy and society, we must take the road of resource conservation. China began to carry out energy conservation work in a planned and organized way in the early 1980s. By implementing the policy of "simultaneous development and conservation, putting conservation first", China had achieved economic growth by the end of the last century Quadruple 、 Energy consumption increase double The goal of. In order to further promote energy conservation, the Chinese government further proposed resource conservation as a basic national policy and issued《 Decision of the State Council on Strengthening Energy Conservation 》。 The Chinese government will always energy conservation As the main content of macro-control, as the breakthrough and starting point for changing the development mode and optimizing the structure. In promoting the work of energy conservation and emission reduction, we should achieve "six dependencies": relying on structural adjustment, which is the fundamental way of energy conservation and emission reduction; Rely on scientific and technological progress, which is the key to energy conservation and emission reduction; Rely on strengthening management, which is an important measure for energy conservation and emission reduction; Rely on strengthening the legal system, which is an important guarantee for energy conservation and emission reduction; Relying on deepening reform, this is the internal power of energy conservation and emission reduction; Relying on the participation of the whole people is the social basis for energy conservation and emission reduction. Developed and implemented《 Medium and long-term special plan for energy conservation 》The goal of reducing energy consumption during the 11th Five Year Plan period was set, and the energy conservation task was specifically implemented in provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and key enterprises. China is improving gross domestic product And energy consumption index system, incorporate energy consumption into the comprehensive evaluation and annual assessment of economic and social development in various regions, implement the energy consumption index bulletin system per unit of GDP, and implement energy conservation Target responsibility system and Accountability And build an energy-saving industrial system to promote the fundamental transformation of the economic development mode.

Total structure of energy consumption in China

energy conservation Is a realistic choice for China to ease resource constraints. advance Energy conservation It is a long-term and arduous strategic task for China's economic and social development. With the participation of the whole society, China adheres to the principle of government as the leader, market as the foundation, and enterprises as the main body to comprehensively promote energy conservation. China insists on improving energy efficiency Focus on transformation economic development mode 、 Adjust economic structure Accelerating technological progress is fundamental to building an energy and resource conserving industrial structure, development mode and consumption mode. Establish energy-saving industrial system and implement energy conservation Target responsibility system And evaluation and assessment system. We will improve the mechanism for promoting energy-saving technologies and encourage research and development of energy-saving technologies and products. deepen Energy system reform We will improve the energy price formation mechanism and give full play to the role of fiscal and tax policies and other economic policies in promoting energy conservation.

concrete measure

1、 Full implementation Energy conservation

We will promote structural adjustment. For a long time, the main reasons for China's low energy efficiency are Economic growth mode The proportion of extensive and high energy consuming industries is too high. China insists on transforming the development mode, adjusting the industrial structure and internal industrial structure as the strategic focus of energy conservation, and strives to form a "low input, low consumption, low emissions, and high efficiency" economic development mode 。 China accelerates Optimization and upgrading of industrial structure , vigorously develop High tech industry And the service industry, strictly restrict the development of high energy consumption, high material consumption and high water consumption industries, eliminate backward production capacity, promote the fundamental transformation of economic development mode, and accelerate the construction of energy-saving industrial system.

Strengthen industrial energy conservation. Industry is a key area of China's energy consumption. China adheres to the principle of high scientific and technological content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution, and full use of human resources New industrialization road We will accelerate the development of high-tech industries, use new and high technologies and advanced and applicable technologies to transform traditional industries, and improve the overall level of industry. Focus on strengthening steel, nonferrous metals, coal, power, petrochemical, chemical, building materials, etc High energy consuming industry Energy saving and consumption reduction. China implements energy conservation actions by thousands of enterprises, focusing on strengthening the annual energy consumption of 10000 tons Standard coal Energy conservation management of industrial enterprises above. Adjust the product mix, speed up technological transformation, improve management level and reduce energy consumption. We will support a number of major and demonstration projects to save energy and reduce consumption, and drive industry to improve energy efficiency. Further improve industrial energy efficiency standards and specifications, force the elimination of backward high energy consuming products, and improve energy efficiency Market access system 。

Implement energy conservation projects. China is implementing saving and replacing oil Cogeneration 、 Waste heat utilization , building energy conservation, etc Ten key energy-saving projects Support the construction of key energy-saving and demonstration projects, and encourage the promotion and application of efficient energy-saving products. China has vigorously developed energy-efficient and land saving buildings, actively promoted the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, and widely used new wall materials. We will implement projects to conserve and replace petroleum, and develop alternative fuels in a scientific way. Accelerate the elimination of old cars and ships, actively develop public transport, limit high fuel consumption cars, and develop energy-saving and environment-friendly cars. Accelerate the transformation of coal-fired industrial boilers (kilns), regional cogeneration and Residual heat and pressure Utilization, improvement Energy efficiency 。 Promote motor energy conservation and energy system optimization, and improve motor operation and energy system efficiency. Implement the green lighting project and accelerate the application of high-efficiency electrical appliances. We will accelerate the promotion of fuel-efficient stoves and energy-efficient housing technologies in rural areas, eliminate high energy consuming old agricultural machinery and fishing boats, and promote energy conservation in agriculture and rural areas. We will strengthen energy conservation in government institutions and give full play to the government's leading role in social energy conservation. accelerate Energy saving monitoring And technical service system, strengthen energy conservation monitoring, and innovate service platforms.

Strengthen management and energy conservation. The Chinese government has established a system of mandatory procurement of energy-saving products by the government, actively promoting the priority procurement of energy-saving (including water-saving) products, and selecting some products with significant energy-saving effects and mature performance for mandatory procurement. We will give full play to the policy oriented role of government procurement to promote the production and use of energy-saving products in society. Study and formulate fiscal and tax policies to encourage energy conservation, and implement comprehensive utilization of resources Preferential tax policies , establish multi-channel energy conservation Financing mechanism 。 Deepen the reform of energy prices to form energy saving Price formation mechanism 。 Implementation of fixed asset investment projects Energy saving assessment And audit system to strictly control the source of energy consumption growth. establish Enterprise energy conservation New mechanism, implement energy efficiency label management, and promote Energy Contract Management And energy conservation Voluntary agreement 。 Establish and improve energy conservation laws and regulations, and strengthen energy conservation management according to law. Strengthen the construction of energy conservation management team and strengthen the supervision and inspection of law enforcement.

Advocate social energy conservation. China takes various forms to vigorously promote energy conservation And constantly enhance the resources of the whole people Sense of hardship And saving consciousness. Advocacy Energy conservation Culture, and strive to form a healthy, civilized and economical consumption mode. We will incorporate energy conservation into the basic education, vocational education, higher education and technical training system, and vigorously promote and popularize energy conservation knowledge through the media such as press, publishing, radio, film and television. Continue to carry out in-depth development Energy saving publicity week Activities to mobilize the broad participation of all sectors of society and strive to establish a long-term mechanism for energy conservation in the whole society.

2、 Improve energy supply capacity

For a long time, China has mainly relied on its own energy resources to develop its economy, and its energy self-sufficiency rate has remained above 90%, far higher than that of most developed countries. China has become the second largest energy producer in the world and has a strong energy production and supply foundation. In the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, China will first base itself on domestic energy resources and focus on optimizing energy-resource structure And strive to improve supply capacity.

China's energy resources have great potential for development. The discovered coal resources only account for Resource reserves 13% of, Recoverable reserves It accounts for 40% of the discovered resources. The degree of development and utilization of water resources is only 20%. The degree of oil resource exploration is 33%, which has entered the middle stage of exploration and still has great potential. The degree of natural gas resource exploration is 14%, which is in the early stage of exploration and has broad resource prospects. Unconventional energy resources are still in the initial stage of development and utilization, with great development potential. The development and utilization of renewable energy has just started, and there is a lot of room for development. There are also good prospects for resource conservation, comprehensive utilization and recycling.

Develop coal in an orderly manner. Coal is China's basic energy, increasing supply capacity and optimizing energy-resource structure Ensure coal mine safety, reduce environmental pollution, improve resource utilization efficiency, and build a new type of coal industrial system It is an urgent need to ensure the development of the national economy. China has increased its efforts to explore coal resources, supported the resource survey and detailed geological survey of large coal bases, standardized commercial exploration, improved resource security, and steadily promoted the construction of large coal bases. adopt enterprise mergers And restructuring to form a number of large enterprise groups with a capacity of 100 million tons. We will continue to promote the integration of coal resources development, adjust and transform small and medium-sized coal mines, close and eliminate small coal mines that do not conform to industrial policies, do not have the conditions for safe production, waste resources and damage the environment, and further optimize the coal industry structure. Promote the coordinated development with relevant industries, encourage the implementation of coal power joint venture or coal power transport integration, and extend the coal industry chain. Improve the level of coal mine mechanization and comprehensive mechanization of coal mining, and promote the cleaner production And utilization, encourage the R&D and promotion of clean coal technology, and accelerate the research and demonstration of alternative liquid fuels. Actively develop circular economy, strengthen environmental protection, promote comprehensive utilization of resources, and accelerate CBM Industrialization development. Strengthen the construction of the coal transportation system and steadily improve the transportation capacity. establish Safety production responsibility system , increase coal mine safety transformation and Gas We will invest in prevention and control, and constantly improve the level of work safety.

Actively develop electric power. Electric power is an efficient and clean energy. Establishing an economic, efficient and stable power supply system is the basic requirement to ensure the stable development of the national economy and society. China adheres to structural adjustment as the main line and optimizes the power supply structure. On the basis of comprehensive consideration of resources, technology, environmental protection, market and other factors, optimize the development of coal power, build large coal power bases, and encourage development Pithead power station Focus on the development of large efficient environmental protection units. Positive development Cogeneration Accelerate the elimination of backward Small thermal power unit 。 Vigorously develop hydropower under the condition of protecting ecology and properly solving the resettlement problem. Actively promote nuclear power construction. Properly develop natural gas power generation. Encourage renewable energy and new energy power generation. Strengthen regional and power transmission and distribution network construction and expand West east power transmission Scale. Implement unified power planning and dispatching, establish and improve the power security emergency system, and improve the security and reliability of the power system. go on strengthening DSM , implement energy-saving dispatching, and strive to improve Energy efficiency 。

Accelerate the development of oil and gas. China continues to implement the policy of simultaneously developing oil and gas, steadily increasing crude oil production and striving to increase natural gas production. Increase the exploration and development of oil and gas resources, with emphasis on strengthening Bohai Bay , Songliao, Tarim, Ordos, etc Petroliferous basin Exploration and development, actively exploring new land areas, new fields, new strata and key sea areas, and effectively increasing Recoverable reserves 。 Deeply tap the development potential of major oil producing areas, strengthen the transformation of stable production, and improve recovery ratio , delaying the decline of production of old oilfields. Actively develop under reasonable economic conditions CBM 、 oil shale 、 oil sand And other unconventional energy sources. We will continue to accelerate the construction of oil and natural gas pipelines and supporting facilities, and gradually improve the national oil and gas pipeline network.

Vigorously develop renewable energy. Renewable energy is a priority area for China's energy development. The development and utilization of renewable energy will increase energy supply and improve energy-resource structure Promoting environmental protection plays an important role in solving the contradiction between energy supply and demand and achieving sustainable development. China has promulgated the Renewable Energy Law and formulated Renewable energy power generation Preferential access to the Internet, full purchase, price preference and social sharing policies. A special fund for renewable energy development was established to support resource survey, technology research and development, pilot demonstration project construction, and rural renewable energy development and utilization. Published《 Medium and long-term development plan of renewable energy 》And put forward the development goal of making the consumption of renewable energy reach 10% of the total energy consumption by 2010 and 15% by 2020. China will promote the cascade comprehensive development of hydropower basins, accelerate the construction of large-scale hydropower, develop small and medium-sized hydropower according to local conditions, and properly build Pumped storage power station 。 Promote solar thermal utilization methane And other mature technologies to improve market share. Actively promote Wind power generation 、 biomass energy And solar power generation and other technologies will be used to build a number of million kilowatt wind power bases to drive industrialization with scale. Actively implement the supporting and supporting policies for the development of renewable energy, foster a sustainable and stable growth of the renewable energy market, gradually establish and improve the renewable energy industry system, market and service system, and promote the technological progress and industrial development of renewable energy.

We will strengthen rural energy development. There are 750 million people living in rural areas in China. Limited by the level of economy and technology, most rural areas still rely on traditional ways to use Biomass energy 。 Solving rural energy problem is comprehensive construction New socialist countryside It is also a special problem for China. The Chinese government adheres to the principle of "adapting measures to local conditions, complementing multiple energies, comprehensive utilization, and focusing on practical results" to strengthen rural energy construction. China through implementation“ Guangming Project ”, "rural power grid transformation", "rural electrification of hydropower" and "power transmission to the countryside", while making full use of small hydropower, wind power and solar power generation, improved the energy consumption conditions for rural production and living, solved the power consumption problem of more than 30 million rural people and remote areas without power, and basically realized the same price for urban and rural power grids. China will continue to actively develop rural household use methane , biomass energy utilization, solar thermal utilization, etc., to provide clean living energy for rural areas. We will continue to promote the use of small rural energy facilities such as fuel-efficient stoves and kang, small wind power, and micro hydropower. Continue to increase rural quality Fossil energy And increase the proportion of rural commodity energy consumption. Continue to strengthen the construction of rural power grids and actively expand the coverage of power grids. Actively carry out Green energy demonstration county We will accelerate the development and utilization of renewable energy in rural areas.

3、 Promote energy technology

Science and technology are the primary productive forces and the source of power for energy development. China attaches great importance to the development of energy science and technology. The gap between the technical level of the energy industry and that of developed countries has been further narrowed, effectively promoting the overall development of the energy industry. In 2005, the Chinese government formulated the Outline of the National Medium and Long term Plan for Science and Technology Development, giving priority to energy technology development, accelerating the progress of energy technology and striving to provide technical support for the sustainable development of energy in accordance with the principle of independent innovation, key leap forward, supporting development and leading the future.

Following the laws and characteristics of scientific and technological development, China actively develops and promotes advanced and applicable technologies for conservation, substitution, recycling and pollution control, creating a good policy environment for energy technology progress. Gradually establish a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, market as the guide and the combination of production, learning and research. Vigorously organize the research, development, promotion and application of advanced energy technologies, and guide enterprises to accelerate technological progress and improve Energy efficiency 。 Vigorously strengthen the training of energy science and technology talents, focus on improving policies, regulations and technical standards, and create good conditions for the development of energy technology.

Vigorously promote energy-saving technologies. China regards energy-saving technology as the priority theme of energy technology development, focuses on tackling key energy-saving technologies in the field of high energy consumption, and vigorously improves the utilization efficiency of primary energy and terminal energy. Implement the policy outline of energy-saving technology and guide social investment in the application of energy-saving technology. Focus on the research and development of energy-saving technology and equipment in industries, transportation, construction and other fields, as well as the application technology of renewable energy and building integration, energy-saving building materials and so on. strengthen Energy metering , control, supervision and management, and actively cultivate energy-saving technology service system.

Promote key technology innovation. China encourages the development of clean coal technology to promote Coal gasification Research, development and promotion of advanced technologies such as processing and transformation Integrated coal gasification combined cycle , ultra (ultra) critical, large cycle fluidized bed And other advanced power generation technologies to develop Coal gasification Based Polygeneration technology 。 Focus on the third generation large-scale PWR Nuclear power technology , conquer High temperature gas cooled reactor Industrial experimental technology. Actively develop exploration and development of complex geological oil and gas resources and efficient development technology of low-grade oil and gas resources. Encourage the development of alternative energy technologies, and give priority to the development of large-scale renewable energy utilization technologies. Steadily promote positive and negative 800kV DC transmission And 1000 kV AC UHV transmission technology, as well as technology to enhance grid security.

Improve equipment manufacturing level. The equipment manufacturing industry is the basis for the development of energy technology. China relies on national key energy projects to drive technological progress in equipment manufacturing. Encourage the development of comprehensive mining equipment for coal mines, develop large-scale underground comprehensive mining, lifting, transportation and washing equipment for coal, and Large open pit mine Equipment. Encourage the development of large coal chemical complete sets of equipment Coal liquefaction And gasification Coal to olefin And other complete equipment. Encourage the development of large, efficient and clean power generation equipment, and develop coal power efficiency Generator Set , large hydropower and pumped storage units Heavy duty gas turbine Advanced megawatt pressurized water reactor Nuclear power unit , high-power wind turbine, etc., and ultra-high voltage Power transmission and transformation Equipment. Encourage the development of oil and gas exploration, drilling and production equipment, support large offshore oil engineering equipment, 300000 tons crude oil Transport vessel liquified natural gas Supporting equipment such as transport ships and high-power diesel engines.

We will strengthen research on cutting-edge technologies. Frontier technology is the potential of energy development and can lead the energy industry and energy technology to achieve leapfrog development. Key research in China Fossil energy Biomass energy and renewable energy hydrogen production, cost-effective hydrogen storage and transmission and distribution technology, research on the preparation of key basic components of fuel cells and stack integration Fuel cell power generation And vehicle power system integration technology. Research and break through micro and small fossil energy gas turbine Equal terminal Energy conversion Energy storage and cogeneration technology. Accelerate R&D Gas cooled fast reactor Design and core technology. Active research Magnetic confinement fusion and Natural gas hydrate Develop technology.

develop Basic scientific research 。 Basic research is the source of independent innovation and determines the strength and stamina of energy development. China focuses on the basic theory of efficient and clean utilization and transformation of fossil energy, the key principles of high-performance thermal power conversion and efficient energy-saving energy storage, the basic technology of large-scale utilization of renewable energy, and the basic theory of large-scale utilization of nuclear energy and hydrogen energy technology.

4、 Coordinated development of energy and environment

Climate change is a major global issue of general concern to the international community. Climate change is not only an environmental issue, but also a development issue. In the final analysis, it is a development issue. The massive development and utilization of energy is one of the main reasons for environmental pollution and climate change. Correctly handling the relationship between energy development and utilization, environmental protection and climate change is an urgent problem for all countries in the world. China is a developing country in the early stage of industrialization, with low cumulative emissions in history. From 1950 to 2002, China's fossil fuels carbon dioxide The emissions only accounted for 9.3% of the world emissions in the same period, per capita CO2 emissions Ranked 92nd in the world, with CO2 emission per unit of GDP Coefficient of elasticity It's also very small.

As a responsible developing country, China attaches great importance to environmental protection and Global climate change 。 The Chinese government regards environmental protection as a basic national policy and has signed《 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 》, founded the country climate change The response coordination agency submitted the Initial National Information Circular on Climate Change, established the Clean Development Mechanism Project Management Measures, and formulated《 China's National Plan for Climate Change 》And adopted a series of policies and measures related to environmental protection and climate change. China proposes to realize ecology during the 11th Five Year Plan period environmental deterioration The trend was basically curbed, and the total emissions of major pollutants were reduced by 10%, Greenhouse gas emissions Control the goal of achieving results. China is active Adjust economic structure and energy-resource structure , comprehensively promote Energy conservation We will focus on the prevention and treatment of prominent problems of environmental pollution, effectively control pollutant emissions, and promote the coordinated development of energy and the environment.

Fully control greenhouse gas emissions. China Accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development , actively play the role of energy conservation and optimization of energy structure in mitigating climate change, and strive to reduce Fossil energy Consumption. Vigorously develop circular economy, promote comprehensive utilization of resources, and improve Energy efficiency , decrease Greenhouse gas emissions 。 Relying on scientific and technological progress, we will constantly improve our ability to cope with climate change and make positive contributions to protecting the Earth's environment.

Vigorously prevent and control ecological damage And environmental pollution. China will pay more attention to the clean use of energy, especially coal, and, as the focus of environmental protection, actively prevent and control ecological damage and environmental pollution. Speed up the control of coal mining subsidence area CBM And establish and improve the compensation mechanism for coal resources development and ecological environment restoration. Promote the orderly mining of coal and restrict the mining of high sulfur and high sulfur ash content Coal, prohibited mining, including radioactivity And arsenic, etc Toxic and harmful substances Coal exceeding the specified standard. Actively develop clean coal technology and encourage its implementation Coal Preparation , processing conversion, clean combustion Flue gas purification And other technologies. Accelerate coal-fired power plants desulphurization For facility construction, new coal-fired power plants must install and use desulfurization devices according to emission standards, and existing coal-fired power plants should speed up desulfurization transformation. In large and medium-sized cities and suburbs, it is strictly prohibited to build new coal-fired power plants for pure power generation.

Actively prevent and control vehicle exhaust pollution. With the development of the automobile industry and the improvement of people's living standards, China Motor vehicle ownership With the rapid increase, the prevention and control of vehicle exhaust pollution has become an important part of environmental protection. China is actively taking effective measures to strictly implement vehicle emission standards and strengthen environmental protection Consistency check Ensure that the newly produced motor vehicles meet the standard stably; Strictly implement the annual environmental protection inspection system for motor vehicles in use; It is strictly prohibited to manufacture, sell and import motor vehicles that exceed the emission standards; Encourage the production and use of clean fuel vehicles with low pollution, and encourage production Hybrid electric vehicle , support the development of rail transit and Electric bus 。

Strict environmental management of energy projects. Strengthening the environmental management of energy projects is an effective measure to realize the coordinated development of energy construction and environmental protection. China strictly implements environmental impact assessing regime And curb extensive economic growth through strict environmental access system. The construction of new, expanded and reconstructed energy engineering projects and environmental protection facilities shall be designed, constructed and put into use at the same time. Strengthen the safety management of nuclear power projects and strengthen the management of nuclear power plants, research reactors nuclear fuel cycle The safety of facilities and the supervision and management of radiation environment shall be carried out, and the safety review and supervision of nuclear power facilities under construction shall be actively carried out. Further strengthen the ecological environment protection in hydropower construction, develop in protection, protect in development, and focus on improving the comprehensive utilization and ecology of water resources under the condition of meeting the requirements of comprehensive development and utilization of river basins environmental benefit 。

5、 Deepen energy system reform

Improving the development environment is the inherent requirement of China's energy development. In accordance with the requirements of improving the socialist market economy system, China has steadily pushed forward the reform of the energy system and promoted the development of the energy industry. In 1998, the strategic restructuring of petroleum enterprises was realized, and a new management system of petroleum industry integrating upstream and downstream was established. In 2002, according to Electric power system reform plan , the power industry has realized Separation of government and enterprises 、 Plant network separation 。 After the market-oriented reform of the coal industry, the reform and development was deepened in 2005 in accordance with the Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Coal Industry. China is further deepening in accordance with the requirements of concept innovation, management innovation, system innovation and mechanism innovation Energy system reform To improve the degree of energy marketization, improve the energy macro-control system, and constantly improve the energy development environment.

Strengthen energy legislation. Improve the energy legal system to increase energy supply, standardize energy market and optimize energy-resource structure Maintaining energy security and providing legal protection is an inevitable requirement for China's energy development. China attaches great importance to and actively promotes the construction of the energy legal system. The Clean Production Promotion Law and the Renewable Energy Law have been promulgated and implemented, and supporting policies and measures have been successively introduced; The revised Energy Conservation Law has been published; 《 Energy Law 》、《 Circular Economy Law 》The Law on the Protection of Oil and Gas Pipelines and the Regulations on Building Energy Conservation are being formulated as soon as possible; 《 Mineral Resources Law 》The Coal Law and the Electricity Law are being revised as soon as possible. At the same time, it is also actively starting to study legislation in energy fields such as oil and gas, crude oil market and atomic energy.

Strengthen safety production. In the process of energy development, China attaches great importance to safeguarding people's lives, continues to take practical and effective measures, and resolutely curbs the frequent occurrence of major safety accidents. China insists Prevention first The principle of "safety first, comprehensive management" will further strengthen the control and comprehensive utilization of coal mine gas, and rectify and close small coal mines that do not meet the conditions for safe production in accordance with the law. We will continue to strengthen coal mine safety supervision and guide local governments and enterprises to strengthen coal mine safety technology transformation and safety infrastructure construction. Comprehensively strengthen safety production education and enhance safety Sense of responsibility 。 We will continue to strengthen power safety, oil and gas production safety, strengthen supervision and management, and implement a work safety system under national supervision, local supervision, and enterprise responsibility. Further implementation Safety production responsibility system We will strictly enforce the law on production safety and strictly enforce the accountability system.

Improve the emergency system. Energy security is an important aspect of economic security, which directly affects national security and social stability. China implements unified power dispatching, hierarchical management, district operation, and overall arrangement for grid operation. A safety responsibility system has been established in which government departments, regulatory agencies and power enterprises are responsible for the division of responsibilities. Power grids and power generation enterprises have established emergency plans to deal with large-scale emergencies. According to the principle of unified planning and step-by-step implementation National oil reserve base Expand oil reserve capacity. Gradually establish oil and Natural gas supply Emergency guarantee system to ensure supply safety.

Accelerate the construction of market system. China will continue to adhere to reform and opening up and give full play to Market allocation resources We should encourage various economic sectors to enter the energy sector and actively promote the reform of energy marketization. We will improve the coal market system in an all-round way, build an open, orderly, healthy and orderly power market system that separates government from enterprises, is fair in competition, speeds up the reform of the oil and gas circulation system, and promotes the healthy and orderly development of the energy market.

Deepen the reform of the management system. China strengthens energy management System reform, improve the national energy management system and decision-making mechanism, strengthen the overall coordination among departments, local governments and each other, strengthen the overall planning and macro-control of national energy development, focus on transforming functions, straightening out relations, optimizing structure, improving efficiency, and form a management system with appropriate concentration, reasonable division of labor, scientific decision-making, smooth implementation, and strong supervision. Further transform government functions, pay attention to policy guidance, and attach importance to information services. Deepen the reform of energy investment system, establish and improve Investment regulation System. Further strengthen the standardized management of energy resources and improve Mineral resources development Management system, establish and improve the paid use and mining right Trading system, rectify and standardize the market order of mineral resources development.

advance price mechanism Reform. The price mechanism is the core of the market mechanism. The Chinese government, while properly handling the relationship between different interest groups and taking full account of the affordability of all sectors of society, actively and steadily promotes the reform of energy prices, and gradually establishes a system that can reflect the degree of resource scarcity, market supply and demand environmental costs Of Price formation mechanism 。 We will deepen the reform of coal prices and fully realize marketization. We will promote the reform of electricity prices, and gradually ensure that the prices of power generation and sale are formed by market competition, and the prices of power transmission and distribution are regulated by the government. Gradually improve the pricing mechanism of oil and natural gas, and timely reflect International market price Changes and domestic market supply and demand.

6、 Strengthening international cooperation in the field of energy

China is an active participant in international energy cooperation. In terms of multilateral cooperation, China is Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Working Group, ASEAN China Japan South Korea (10+3) energy cooperation, International Energy Forum World Energy Conference And a full member of the Asia Pacific New Partnership for Clean Development and Climate, an observer of the Energy Charter, and International Energy Agency 、 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries And other international organizations maintain close contact. In terms of bilateral cooperation, China and the United States, Japan, the European Union, Russia and many others Energy consumption Both countries and producing countries have established energy dialogue and cooperation mechanisms, strengthened dialogue and cooperation in energy development, utilization, technology, environmental protection, renewable energy and new energy, and carried out extensive communication and exchange in energy policies, information and data. In international energy cooperation, China not only undertakes extensive international obligations, but also plays an active and constructive role.

China has actively improved its laws and policies on opening up to the outside world, and has successively promulgated the Law on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures, and the Law on Foreign funded Enterprises, in an effort to create a fair and open environment for foreign investment. Established in 2002《 Provisions on Guiding the Direction of Foreign Investment 》, revised in 2004《 Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries 》And the Catalogue of Foreign Investment Advantage Industries in Central and Western China, encouraging foreign investment in energy and related fields of mining, production, supply and transportation, encouraging investment in equipment manufacturing industry, and encouraging foreign investment in energy industry in central and western China.

We will improve foreign cooperation in the exploration and development of oil and gas resources. In the field of oil and gas resources, China implements a foreign cooperation model based on product sharing contracts. In 2001, China promulgated the revised Regulations on the Exploitation of Offshore Oil Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Countries and the Regulations on the Exploitation of Onshore Oil Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Countries to protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign businessmen involved in cooperative exploitation in accordance with the law. Encourage foreign investors to participate in risk exploration of oil and gas, low permeability oil and gas reservoirs (fields), and improve old oilfields recovery ratio And other oil exploration and development fields. Foreign investors are encouraged to invest in the construction and operation of oil (gas) pipelines, oil (gas) depots and special wharves.

Foreign investment in exploration and development of unconventional energy resources is encouraged. In 2000, China issued Several Opinions on Further Encouraging Foreign Investment in the Exploration and Exploitation of Non oil and Gas Mineral Resources to further open the market for exploration rights and mining rights of non oil and gas resources. Foreign investors are allowed to conduct risk exploration in China in the form of sole proprietorship or cooperation with China. Foreign investment in mining and recovery Associated ore , Utilization tailings And those who exploit mineral resources in the western region can enjoy relief Mineral resources compensation Preferential policies. Further improve the management and services for foreign investment in exploration and exploitation of non oil and gas resources.

Foreign investors are encouraged to invest in and operate energy facilities such as power stations. China encourages foreign investment in the production and supply of electricity and gas. Encourage investment in thermal power, clean coal combustion power generation Cogeneration The construction and operation of hydropower stations dominated by power generation, nuclear power controlled by the Chinese party, and renewable energy and new energy power generation. Encourage foreign businessmen Investment scale Thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power and thermal power desulfurization technology and equipment manufacturing with capacity above. Encourage investment in coal Pipeline transportation Construction and operation of facilities.

Further optimize the foreign investment environment. The Chinese government faithfully joined World Trade Organization The relevant commitments of energy management On the other hand, administrative regulations and departmental rules that are inconsistent with WTO rules have been sorted out. In accordance with the transparency requirements of the World Trade Organization, the scope of public welfare geological data has been broadened, and the external release of energy policies will be further strengthened, the energy data statistics system will be improved, and the energy statistics data will be published in a timely manner to ensure the openness and transparency of energy policies, statistics and information.

We will further expand the use of foreign capital. China attracts foreign investment in the development and utilization of energy resources, pays attention to the introduction of foreign advanced technology, management experience and high-quality talents, and further realizes Fossil energy The transformation from resources to renewable energy, from focusing on exploration and development to more development service trade Change from mainly relying on external borrowing and foreign direct investment To make direct use of the international capital market.

For a long time to come, international energy trade will still be the main way for China to use foreign energy. China will actively expand international energy trade, promote the complementary advantages of the international energy market, and maintain the stability of the international energy market. In accordance with WTO rules and accession World Trade Organization To carry out energy import and export trade and improve fair trade Policy. Gradual change crude oil As the proportion of spot trade is too large, it is encouraged to sign long-term supply contracts with foreign companies to promote the diversification of trade channels. Support conditional enterprises Foreign direct investment and Transnational operation Encourage enterprises to participate in international energy cooperation, participate in overseas energy infrastructure construction, and steadily develop energy engineering technical service cooperation in accordance with international practices and market economy principles.^[7]

Resources and energy in the world

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Resource situation

The competition for energy resources in the world is becoming increasingly fierce. Since entering the new century, the contradiction between the limited world resources and the unlimited economic growth has become increasingly prominent. Although the progress of science and technology and the improvement of productivity have made the prospect of human resources available more and more broad. However, the rapid growth of world resource demand and the limitation and uneven distribution of existing resources have intensified the fight for world resources. Taking oil as an example, the international oil price has exceeded the threshold of US $60 per barrel, and even exceeded US $70 per barrel in August 2005, which is rare in history. At the same time, the global mineral resources gradually formed a monopoly, which led to the continuous rise in the price of mineral resources. Since the 1990s, 10 transnational mining companies have controlled 50% of the world's copper resources. Five multinational mining companies control more than 80% of the world's nickel resources. Although the world economy has gone through Structural reform , Yes oil crisis The ability to resolve is much better than 20 years ago. However, the excessive growth of international crude oil prices still has a great negative impact on the world economy.

In addition to economic factors, international political factors are also important reasons for the severe situation of world resources. Some big countries, proceeding from their own interests, try to use political, military and other means. Controlling the world's strategic resources has led to intensified competition for world resources and severe market supply and demand situation. The United States launched Iraq War One of the purposes of the "Three Gorges Project" is to control the oil resources in the Middle East, which has led to political instability in the region and a sharp decline in oil production and exports. Japan has disrupted the Sino Russian oil cooperation, and has also curbed China Energy supply Strategic considerations. As a result, Russia has raised the price of energy cooperation. These factors have contributed to the rise of international energy prices, not only exacerbating the political and economic turmoil in oil producing countries or regions, but also affecting the psychological expectations of both the supply and demand sides in the international energy market. So as to promote the continuous rise of international oil prices. At the same time, it has disrupted the mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation situation of international energy and triggered the Vicious competition 。 Energy issues are increasingly intertwined with political, economic and social issues. This increases the difficulty and complexity of solving energy problems. Driven by "national interests", the struggle for energy resources among countries in the world will become increasingly fierce, and energy issues will become an important cause of future international conflicts and turmoil.

Energy security

Energy security is Global issues Every country has the right to make rational use of energy resources to promote its own development, and the vast majority of countries cannot obtain energy security without international cooperation. To achieve stable and orderly development of the world economy, the international community needs to promote economic globalization towards a balanced, inclusive and win-win direction, and the international community needs to establish a new energy security concept of mutually beneficial cooperation, diversified development and coordinated guarantee. In recent years, the oil price in the international market has fluctuated significantly, which has affected the development of the global economy. The reasons are multiple and complex. The international community needs to strengthen dialogue and cooperation to solve the problem in many ways. In order to safeguard world energy security, China advocates that the international community should focus on the following three aspects:

Strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation in development and utilization. To achieve world energy security, we must strengthen dialogue and cooperation between energy exporting countries and consuming countries, as well as between energy consuming countries. The international community should strengthen energy policy consultation and coordination, improve the monitoring and emergency mechanism of the international energy market, promote the development of oil and gas resources to increase supply Energy supply Globalization and diversification, ensure stable and sustainable international energy supply, and maintain reasonable international Energy price And ensure that the energy needs of all countries are met.

Form an advanced technology R&D and promotion system. Saving energy and promoting diversified energy development is a long-term plan for achieving global energy security. The international community should vigorously strengthen the research, development and promotion of energy-saving technologies, promote the comprehensive utilization of energy, and support and promote countries to improve energy efficiency. Actively advocate cooperation in the efficient use of fossil fuels such as clean coal technology, promote the international community to strengthen cooperation in renewable energy and major energy technologies such as hydrogen and nuclear energy, and explore the establishment of a clean, economic, safe and reliable world energy supply system in the future. From the perspective of sustainable development of human society, the international community should properly handle such issues as capital investment, intellectual property protection, and the promotion of advanced technology, so that all countries in the world can benefit from it and share the fruits of human progress.

Maintain a safe and stable political environment. Maintaining world peace and regional stability is a prerequisite for achieving global energy security. The international community should work together to safeguard the stability of energy producing and transmitting countries, especially oil producing countries and regions such as the Middle East, ensure the safety and smoothness of international energy channels, and avoid Geopolitics Disputes disrupt global energy supply. All countries should resolve differences and resolve conflicts through dialogue and consultation. They should not politicize the energy issue and avoid resorting to force at will, or even causing confrontation.^[7]

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