The Sauber is a Sisra with a very small distribution, mainly in GermanySaxonyAndBrandenburgWithin the two states.The population ranges from 50000 to 60000.The area where they live is calledLusatia(Lausitz in German).
Wend，SlavA general term for tribal groups.In the 5th century, these tribes had settled in the eastern part of modern Germany, starting from the Oder River in the east and reaching westElbe RiverAnd Saale River.The Wenders occupy the Franks and othersGermanic nationalityThe eastern border area of the ruling area.Since the 6th century, the Franks have fought with the Winders from time to time, and by the beginning of the 9th centuryCharlemagneDuring his reign, he began to conquer the Wende people and forced them to convert to Christianity.germanic peopleThe annexation of the Wendi territory began during the reign of Henry I in 929, but when the Wendi rebelled in 983, the Germans lost control of the area east of the Elbe River.Wende farmers are resistingSlavandGermanicIn the process of hegemonic rule, Christianity was also rejected.
In 1125, the king of GermanyLothar II Under the command of Lothar II, Germany expanded eastward and invaded the Elbe Oder River area again.In 1147, the Catholic Church agreed thatHenry the LionLed a German teamCrusadersGo and attack Wende people.This crusade caused a large number of casualties among the Wende people. As a result, in the next few centuries, German colonial activities in the Elbe Ode River area were almost not resisted by the Wende people.German immigrants settled in the original Wende area, and they gathered into towns, and thesecities and townsIt has become an important commercial center in northern Germany.The Wende people became serfs and were eventually assimilated by the Germans.There are still a few Wende people living in their traditional residential areasLusatiaLusatia, known as Sorb, is a modernethnic minority。
Goode period
The Saub are the only remnants of the ancient Slavic tribe that once lived widely in today's eastern Germany.They moved here from Russenia in the 4th century, and were conquered by the Moravian Empire and German border governors successively after the 6th century. They were subordinate nations.From the 12th century to the 17th century, most of the Sorbons were Germanized, and only a small number of Sorbons still maintained their original language andnational culture。At the beginning of the 19th century, there were only about 150000 Sorbons living in Lusatia, Germany.With the acceleration of German industrialization at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, most of these Sobols were also Germanized, and even though they thought they were residents of the Sobols, they were also able to operateSorbian And German.
Nazi period
Nazi Germany During the rule period, the policy of forced assimilation was adopted for the Sobian people, and Sobian language place names were banned, and Sobian language newspapers were banned.The Sorbian teachers and intellectuals were expelled from Germany,nationalismThe inclined Sorbian are locked inconcentration camp。
the Second World WarLater, a large number of German refugees frompolandandCzech RepublicThe influx into Lusatia has intensified the tension between the Sob and the German nationalities in this area.The Sorbian people established the Lusatiya Sorbian National Representative Conference and requestedCzechoslovakiaGovernment protectionThey also sent troops to occupy the Lusatia region, or even establish an independent Sobo state in the region.
Democratic period
Democratic GermanyAfter its establishment, it recognized its minority status in Germany.After the unification of Germany,Federal GermanyThe government also recognizes the ethnic status of the Sob people.[1]
Language
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The language used by the Sobo people isSorbian (Sorben), also known as Wenden.The term "Wenden" has always had a negative meaning in the past, but it was used by the Lowland Sauber when they expressed themselvesIdioms。
There are two kinds of Sobo languages in the world, the Highland Sobo language (Hornjoserb š ć ina according to the correct writing of Sobo language) and the Lowland Sobo language (Dolnoserbsse). The latter kind of Lowland Sobo language is extremely endangered.Highland Sobo is closer to the Czech language family, while lowland Sobo is closer to the Polish language family.
Distribution range
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Sobian distribution area
According to the information of the Sobo public institutions, there are still 20000 to 30000 people in the world who are still actively using the Sobo languageresidentAnother overestimated data claims that there are still 7000 inhabitants who are actively using the lowland Sobo language in the world, while there are about 15000 people who use the highland Sobo language. According to their own statement, there are 60000 Sobo people in the world.Two thirds of these residents live in Oberlausitz in Saxony (theirrangeEspecially, they are located between Baucan, Carmenz and Houerzweida), and other residents live in the lowland Lusatia of Brandenburg (between St. Petersburg in the south and Luben in the north).
Another branch of the Highland Sobo people lives in the United StatesTexasLi County(Lee County), the Sorbian language was first strongly influenced by German, and then by English.
The rest of the Sobian reclamation areas are distributed inAustraliaIn some areas of Australia, in the 20 years from 1848 to 1860, there were more than 2000 Saubou people in Australia. Because most Saubou people in Australia did not know English at that time, most of them moved to German speaking areas.
Today, there are still many people of Sobo descent living in Poland.In Poland, the center with the most distinctive language and culture of the Sorbu is Zourow (Sorau, Sorow, written in today's Polish as ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ). Until the 18th century, Sorbu women and girls would still wear the traditional Zouro costumes that could symbolize the Sorbu, but at that time, Sorbu people were increasingly ignored and even oppressed by German policies,On the other hand, it was also affected by the natural assimilation process. As a result, by 1843, only 5.4% of Zou Rao people still called themselves Sobo people, but by 1900, only 0.1% of Zou Rao people still called themselves Sobo people.Today, almost all of this people use Polish, while only a few people use German as their mother tongue. The Sobo people in those days have beenGermanicChange.Later, at the end of the Second World War, most of the Sorbons were expelled from Poland because they regarded themselves as Germans in Poland, and the only remaining Sorbons still living in Poland have been assimilated by the Polish nation today.
Responsible organization
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Considering that the Sorb nationality does not belong to its own home country outside Germany, item 14 of the minutes of the conference in Article 35 of the Treaty of Unification clearly stipulates that Germany has the obligation to safeguard the Sorb nationality, so GermanyfederalPromote the preservation plan of the Sobo nationality with the strength at the national level.
The Saub Prize is a grant jointly established by the Federal Republic of Germany, Brandenburg and Saxony to support the preservation, development, promotion and expansion of the language, culture and tradition of the Saub, which is intended to enable the Saub people to express their feelings towards themselvesLanguage cultureThe recognition of.
The total amount of the promotion funds donated by the three donors in 2006 was 15.6 million euros. The number of the promotion funds donated by individual donors is as follows: 7.6 million euros by the Federation, 5.5 million euros by Saxony, 2.6 million euros by Brandenburg, and 5.6 million euros by the rest of the public subsidies. The list of the recipients is listed in detail on the grant website.
The cultural center of the Sob nationality is located in the two major settlements of Baozhan Kebuzi, where people can see the Sob nationality kindergartens and dozens of Sob nationality schools, each of which has a highland and a lowland Sob nationality liberal arts senior high school, both of which are in danger of being closed.
Central Committee established in 1912Interest Representative OfficeDomowina (Domowina means a kind of poeticExpressionThe real writing of the Sob language is Zwjazk 321 321 321 321 321 Ł iskich Serbow). It is a joint alliance of twelve Sob ethnic associations and federations, with a total of 5800 members. The predecessor of the Serbski Institute in Bao Shen was the Institute za serbski ludospyt, which was established in 1951, and was originally a college of the East German Academic University.The purpose of the establishment of the Sobo Ethnic Research Center is to support the actual SoboCultural StudiesThe promotion of the work and the promotion of the revival and preservation of the Sobo language and culture in the highlands and lowlands of Lusatia.
Similarly, people in Baoshen can also see a time-honored Duomou Minna Publishing House, where almost all books, newspapers and magazines about Sobu are published.
The Sobe Museum in Baocan is located in Zazihaus, Otenburg. With the regular exhibitions held by the museum, people can have a comprehensive understanding of the history of the Sobe nationality from the sixth century to the modern times and the way of life of the Sobe nationality.Through the special exhibition with fixed and changing themes, people can enjoy the Sobo peoplePainting ArtWorks of;The special exhibition will also discuss some special historical themes from time to time.The Sobo Museum is a county museum in Baoshen County. The museum can also be funded and promoted by grants set up for the Sobo nationality.
On December 10, 1716, six Sobo seminary students were awarded LeipzigUniversity CouncilWith the permission of, the first society of the Sobo people, the Sobo Missionary Seminar, was established.todayUniversity of LeipzigThe Sorboux Research Center in Germany is the only research center that has cultivated Sorboux teachers and Sorboux scholars.The teaching language in the research center is Sorbian in highland and lowland.More and more people abroad are interested in the Sorboux Studies of the University of Leipzig and the Sorboux University courses designed for the study of this academic field and come to study. In particular, many readers are fromSlavic languagesOf foreigners.
Since 1945, the Sob people have gained cultural autonomy and their ownEducational management organization--The Ministry of Culture's Sobo Working Group, some primary schools, a secondary school andBao CenA college that studies the ethnic arts of the Sobian people.90% of the Saub peopleprotestant。[1]
Media resources
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The publications include Serbske Nowiny (Sobo Daily), South Sobo Weekly Nowy casnik (New Newspaper), Sobo's monthly cultural magazine Rozhlad (Viewpoint), children's magazine P ł omjo (Flame), Catholic magazine Katolski Poso ł and Protestant church newspaper Pomhaj B ó h.
There is also Sobo Radio, a program of Central German Radio andBerlin–BadenProduced by Radio Brandenburg.In addition to Saturday, Kalou Radio Station and Hoyasved Radio Station have several hours of Sobo radio broadcasts every day, and all South Sobo radio broadcasts at Berlin Baden Brandenburg Radio Station can also be heard online.Berlin – Radio Baden Brandenburg broadcasts an hour longMonthly reportBubak，There is also the two-hour weekly radio Satkula broadcast by the Central German Radio.
Berlin Brandenburg Radio Station began to produce the half-hour North Sob TV magazine 321 321 经 yca (Germany) in April 1992. After experiencing some operational difficulties, the Central German Radio Station also began to broadcast the half-hour Wuhladko (German view) on September 8, 2001, which can be viewed by satellite every other Saturday.In addition, the Central German Broadcasting Stationtelevision channelPlay the Little Sand Man.
social customs and habits
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The main economy of the ancient Sobo people is agriculture andAnimal HusbandryIn addition to pottery making, fishing andhandicraft。In the Spree Forest area, most of their courtyards are scattered on the high hills beside the waterways, which are the roads in the villages.In the fake village of Upper Raoziz, there are scattered houses with top floors, granaries and stables, as well as pig pens, small workshops andstackAnd so on around a manor with the style of a central German village.The housing is side to side with street, generally three bedrooms (hall and one living room on the side).Today's houses are mainlyMasonry structureOf.In the area between Bauzen and Kamens, in the Diocese of Hoyersveida Schleifer, Cautbus and Spree ForestNational costumeThe Sobo people of.The wedding ceremony of the Sorbian people keeps the ancient customs.White is a sad color.Their ancient musical instruments include Gusle, a string plucker, Kozo, and an ordinary leatherBellowsOfbagpipeAnd Tarakwa, which has 13 holes and 4 keysOboe。Songs, proverbs and stories are very rich in folk literature.[1]
Many customs have been preserved, the most important of which are Easter knights and traditional colored eggs.Many myths and legends have been handed down, such as P ř ipo ł dnica/P ř ezpo ł dnica, W ó dny mu ∨, the accusation of the gods (Bo ∨ e sadle š ko), the dragon (obersorb. zmij,niedersorb. plon）。
In the center of the highland Sobu, it is roughly divided into Bautzen, Kamenz, and Wittichenau.There are Jesus figures nailed to the cross on the roadside and in the garden in front of the house, just like a church orChapelLogo of.This national belief has supported the existence of the Sobo nationality to this day.The clothing of the Sobo nationality is also impressive.Older women wear them every day, while young people only wear the dress of unmarried women on major festivals, such as the Holy Spirit Knot of Christ.
Sobo National Song and Dance Troupe[2](Serbski ludowy ansambl) was founded in 1952 on the proposal of Domodena.Under the donation and sponsorship of the maintenance of the Sobo nationality, balletchoirandSymphony OrchestraThese three itemstraditional culture。
