Gasoline mixed with ethanol has two functions: one isEthanol octaneThe value is up to 115, which can replace the lead containing additives that pollute the environment to improve the quality of gasolineExplosion proof performance；Second, ethanol has a high oxygen content, which can improve combustion and reduce emissions of incomplete combustion pollutants such as carbon deposition and carbon monoxide in the engine.Creatures of the same volumeEthanol gasolineCompared with gasoline, combustioncalorific valueAbout 30% lower.However, because only 10% is added, the calorific value is not significantly reduced, and the engine can be used without modification.
development
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Industrially producedFuel ethanolMost are based ongrain cropsFor raw materials, they are limited in scale and unsustainable in the long run.withLignocelluloseThe second generation biofuel ethanol as raw material is the key to determine the future large-scale replacement of oil.
US Department of EnergyestimateCellulosic fuelEthanol may make an important breakthrough around 2012, while some European research institutions believe that it will be around 2015-2020. In addition, some research institutions believe that it is possible for cellulosic fuel ethanol to enter the stage of large-scale production and market application after 2025.In addition to fuel ethanol, some enterprises also choose to research and develop biomass gasification to produce biologydiesel oil, Fischer Tropsch synthetic diesel andBiomass liquefactionThe key issues of biodiesel production and other technologies lay the foundation for the future scale application of reserve technologies and for seizing the future market.
The American industry generally believes that productionCellulosic ethanolThe cost is between US $3-4/gallon, or US $0.8-1/liter.Realized in cellulosic fuel ethanolCommercializationAfter production, its production cost is expected to be about 0.53 US dollars/liter, slightly lower than the price of corn ethanol.If the price of corn and other food crops continues to rise, the price of cellulosic ethanol will be very competitive after mass production.However, the initial investment in the production of cellulosic ethanol is relatively large. According to the estimation of some research institutions in the United States, under the same production scale, the investment required for cellulosic fuel ethanol is 7-8 times that of corn fuel ethanol.
China incellulaseProduction technology, pentose fermentation strain construction and other aspects have not yet made fundamental breakthroughs. The raw material consumption of each ton of cellulose ethanol studied in pilot scale by each unit is more than 6 tons, and the production cost is estimated to be more than 5000-6500 yuan/ton of ethanol, which is not suitable for industrial production.Rational estimation, China'sCellulosic ethanolIt will take at least 3-4 years of research to form large-scale production.Cellulose of Henan Tianguan, Anhui Fengyuan and other companiesFuel ethanolThe R&D and demonstration of.
present situation
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Bioethanol
In the past two yearsEnergy consumptionChina is the first to seek new energy sources to replace oil.The United States and Europe coincidentally choose biologyFuel ethanolAs a major alternative transportation fuel, it has formulated an ambitious development plan.In January 2007, the President of the United StatesBushOn《State of the Union Address》China announced that the United States plans to reduce its domestic gasoline consumption by 20% in the next 10 years, 15% of which will be achieved through the use of alternative fuels. It plans to use 132.5 billion liters of fuel ethanol annually by 2017, seven times the annual use.In March 2007,european union27 countries have introduced a new common energy policy, which plans to realize the realization of biology by 2020Fuel ethanolThe consumption accounts for 10% of vehicle fuel.[1]
After an increase of 60% in 2008, the EU's ethanol production in 2009 continued to grow by 31%. The EU's ethanol production has increased from 2.8 billion liters in 2008 to 3.7 billion liters in 2009.Although some countries, includingAustriaAnd Sweden, whose ethanol production capacity increased significantly in 2009, France is still the largest producer.The production of ethanol in France increased from 100 billion liters in 2008 to 1.25 billion liters in 2009.Germany is also unwilling to lag behind. In 2009, its ethanol production increased by 32% to 750 million liters, while Spain, the third largest producer, produced 465 million liters.In total, 6 of the 18 ethanol producing countries in the European Union have not increased or remained unchanged.Austria and Sweden are the only countries whose ethanol production has more than doubled. Austria's production has increased by 102% and Sweden's production has increased by 124%.They are ranked as the fourth and fifth largest biofuel producers, respectively.The total consumption of ethanol in the EU is also on the rise, and the EU consumption in 2009 was about 4.3 billion liters.Compared with 3.5 billion liters in 2008, it has increased significantly.Germany consumes 1.143 billion liters, making it the largest ethanol consumer.France is secondBig consumptionChina, consumption 798 million liters;Sweden followed with 377 million liters of consumption.It is estimated that by 2020, 13% of all European gasoline must come from renewable raw materials.At present, only 3.5% of European gasoline is produced from renewable sources, and the renewable transportation industry is expected to grow at a rate of more than 10 times in the next 10 years.
Beihai Group(North Sea Group)LuxembourgThe largest independent fuel supplier of the Economic Union (Benelux), the company established an ethanol subsidiary on March 26, 2010, which will focus on ethanol sales and distribution.The new enterprise is named North Sea Global Ethanol (NSGE), headquartered in Zug, Switzerland, and S?O Paulo has subsidiaries.One of NSGE's goals is to integrate a fully sustainable supply chain with downstream end applications.
Beihai Group(North Sea Group) was originally formed by Van der Sluijs Group and FNR+Holding (Frisol, Beihai Oil, Reinplus Vanwuerden). The Group has made a decision to focus on integrating biodiesel and sugarcane bioethanol business to meet the needs of sustainable development.
North Sea Global Ethanol Company (NSGE) is an international ethanol trading, distribution and investment company, focusing on the global ethanol market.Not only deal with fuel ethanol business, but also develop industrial, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and drinking grade ethanol.
China develops biologyFuel ethanolIn recent two years, the upsurge of.In 2005, China produced 1.25 million tons of fuel ethanol, which increased to 1.33 million tons in 2006.China's fuel ethanol consumption has accounted for about 20% of gasoline consumption, becoming the third largest producer and consumer of biofuel ethanol after Brazil and the United States.
Ethanol production subsidies
By May 2010, three policies had shaped the future of the US ethanol industry.Although the profit margin has improved, the producers have come out of bankruptcy, and the government also supports the development of biofuels, the overall situation of the U.S. ethanol industry has improved, but its future development is still uncertain.The US ethanol industry did three major things in 2010: persuade Congress to continue to give subsidies and preferences to ethanol production, continue ethanol import tariffs, and increase the ethanol blending ratio in gasoline.
Bob, chairman of the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA)?Dean said at the National Ethanol Conference that the biggest challenge is to ensure that the government will extend the previous 45 cent/gallon ethanol tax subsidy program for another period of time, otherwise, nearly 40% of ethanol production in the United States will be seriously affected.It is understood that the total output of ethanol in the United States in 2009 was about 10.7 billion gallons, an increase of 16.5% over the previous year.
Researchers say that if the government cancels subsidies, 112000 people in the US ethanol industry will lose their jobs.Although this number is not large compared with the size of the labor force in the United States, if this happens in the United Statesunemployment rateAt the moment when it is close to 10%, its influence cannot be ignored by the authorities.
The US biofuel program has been legislated in accordance with the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS).Therefore, legislators need to make a choice whether to continue to fund local ethanol production or to meet RFS requirements by importing ethanol.
Recent situation of ethanol plant construction
Headquartered in Virginia, USAOssetchOn March 26, 2010, Osage Bio Energy (OBE) announced the development of winter barley ethanol as an advanced biofuel. It will use regional cereals, mainly winter barley, to produce ethyl alcohol and high-valueCo productTo supply the East Coast market.OBE will build the first plant for Appomattox Bioenergy (ABE) in Hopewell, Virginia in July 2010, which will be put into operation at the end of 2010 and can produce 65 million gallons of ethanol per year.
Clean Energy Capital,CEC）Announced on November 6, 2010, in the United StatesCaliforniaImperial Valley developed the first set of large-scaleCommercializationScale sugarcane ethanol refinery.The ethanol produced will comply with California'sLow carbon fuelStandards.The project will invest 575 million dollars to produce 66 million gallons of ethanol per year, which is enough to meet the power demand of 35000 households, and the generated bio methanol can provide heat energy for 10000 households.Sweet sorghum with similar characteristics to sugarcane will also be used.The strong demand for ethanol from refineries is due to the fact that the ethanol produced will meet the requirements of the most stringent low-carbon fuel directive in the United States.This business will sign long-term contracts with major international oil companies to sell ethanol and purchase sugarcane from local farmers.
The world's largest ethanol producer, American Poet, put the latest ethanol plant into production on March 15, 2011. This is the company's 27th ethanol plant, located inIndianaThe annual production capacity is 90 million gallons, which will make the state's total ethanol production exceed the target of 1 billion gallons.Poet acquired Poet Biofining in 2010, and is now completing the transformation with an investment of about 30 million dollars, including the use of the fermentation process BPX patented by Poet, which uses enzymes to replace heat, which can reduce energy costs.The unit also has a water recovery system and new pollution control equipment.
In September 2007, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) published a long report entitled "Biofuels: Is it a worse treatment than diseaseBioliquid fuelThe subsidy policy of.OECD "Sustainable Development" held in the same periodround table”On, forFuel ethanolEnergyInput-output ratio、Economy, social and environmental impacts, and the two parties supporting and opposing biofuels have launched a heated debate.
It seems that the United States and the European Union have not yet responded to the voice of doubt, while China has taken the lead in limiting and regulating the biofuel ethanol industry.At the end of 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on Strengthening the Construction Management of Biofuel Ethanol Projects and Promoting the Healthy Development of the Industry, suspended the approval and filing of corn processing fuel ethanol projects, and comprehensively cleaned up the projects under construction and proposed.In June 2008,NDRCTo stop the development of grain ethanol in an all-round way requires that the development of biofuels in the future must meet the requirements of not occupying farmland, not consuming food and not damaging the ecological environment.
Commercial use
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Ethanol vehicles
The world uses bioethanol to make ETBE (Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) insteadMTBE, usually 5~15% of the mixture is added without modifying/replacing the existing vehicle engine;Sometimes ETBE is also added to gasoline in the way of replacing lead to improveOctane numberAnd get cleaner gasoline;It can also completely replace gasoline as transportation fuel.
Used worldwideEthanol gasolineThe United States, Brazil and other countries are the main countries.It is used in the United StatesE85 ethanol gasolineThat is, 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline are mixed as fuel. In the United States, sugarcane and corn are used to produce ethanol. The price and performance of E85 gasoline are similar to conventional gasoline.As early as mid July 2003 in the United StatesWisconsin, USAEthanol vehicleFederation andGeneral MotorsE85 was introduced in six states of the United States as an alternative fuel for gasoline.Only about 140 gas stations in the United States provide E85, most of which are in the Midwest.There are 3 million cars that can use both gasoline and E85, and GM is stillMass productionThis kind of car uses two kinds of fuel.The United States consumes 3 billion annuallygallon% ethanol is added to the gasoline.Now E85 accounts forEthanol fuel85% are also being loved by the public.However, that does not seem to be enough.In order to save energy and protect the environment, the US Senate also passed an energy bill on June 28, 2005, requiring oil suppliers to add 8 billion gallons of ethanol to gasoline every year by 2012.
Research progress
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Japan has successfully developed a new technology to produce bioethanol from rice straw at low cost and high yield.[2]
Under normal circumstances, the starch in the straw is difficult to dissolve in water, so the existing technology mainly uses the cellulose in the straw to produce ethanol, and the starch is not effectively used.The technician added a special alkali solution to the straw raw material and confirmed that the starch can be fully dissolved in the alkali solution.Then, the dissolved starch is converted into sugar by a production process different from cellulose.[2]
Japan's experimental production equipment has been able to produce 315 liters of ethanol with 1 ton of dry straw. Compared with the original technology and equipment, the output has increased by more than 24%, and the cost has also dropped to 70.7 per literJapanese yen(about US $0.7).[2]
Bio ethanol has become an important clean fuel in the United States, Brazil and other countries. However, bio ethanol is basically produced from corn and other food crops, which often conflicts with food security and is not sustainable.[2]
according touniversity of adelaide Research, MexicoDesert plantAgave is expected to become a source of biofuels and other biochemical products.Australian Research CouncilPlant cell wallThe researchers of the Center of Excellence found that every hectare of agave plants can produce as much as 15000 liters of biofuel every year, and it can also grow in poor land under low rainfall conditions.
Researchers are looking for the best cultivation methods for ethanol production, such as using planting density and mechanization to maximize yield and optimize fermentation.Agave plants produce a large amount of sugar, which is easy to ferment into bioethanol.The researchers modeled ethanol production and predicted that each hectare of plants could produce 4000~15000 liters of ethanol per year.
