The nine cities in the Pearl River Delta have a total area of 55368.7 square kilometers, accounting for less than 1/3 of the land area of Guangdong Province, and gathering 53.35% of the population and 79.67% of the total economy of the largest province in China.It is the leading area of China's reform and opening up, an important economic center in China, and plays a prominent leading role and plays a pivotal strategic role in the overall situation of the country's economic and social development and reform and opening up.[1-2]
The Pearl River Delta is the largest plain area in Guangdong Province.Advanced manufacturing bases and modern service industry bases with global influence, main regions of China's participation in economic globalization, national scientific and technological innovation and research and development bases, important engines of national economic development, and the gateway of the South to the outside world, radiating and drivingsouth China、Central ChinaandsouthwestThe leader of development is one of the three largest urban agglomerations with the largest population, the strongest innovation ability and the strongest comprehensive strength in China, and is known as the "Pearl of the South China Sea".[3]
World BankThe report shows that the Pearl River Delta has surpassedJapanTokyoAnd become the largest urban agglomeration with the largest population and area in the world.Now, the Pearl River Delta, driven by the national strategy, is working togetherHong Kong、MacaoConstruction of two special administrative regionsGuangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay AreaAnd become a member of the New York Bay AreaSan Francisco Bay AreaIt is one of the four largest bay areas in the world comparable to the Tokyo Bay Area in Japan.[2][4]
In 2022, the GDP of nine cities in the Pearl River Delta will total 10468.182 billion yuan, accounting for 81.07% of Guangdong Province and 8.65% of the country.[195]
Old name of Pearl River DeltaYuejiang Plain, short forPearl River Delta, YesXijiang River、BeijiangThe large delta formed by common alluviation andDongjiangThe Pearl River Delta is located in thePearl RiverDownstream, adjacentHong Kong and Macao, andSoutheast AsiaThe region faces each other across the sea, with convenient land and sea transportation, and is known as China's“the Namdaemun”。The vicissitudes of the modern Pearl River Delta have been recorded in detail in Chinese ancient books, and there are simple and profound insights, such as "In the past, there were big ears to the south of the Five Ridges, and gradually became islands, villages, and people." (Feng Fengchu, 1853, Shunde County Annals, Volume 3) This not only points out that the Pearl River Delta was once a sea,It also outlines the basic process of the formation and development of the Pearl River Delta.[6]
Pre Qin periodPearl River DeltaseaAt that time, the central part of the Pearl River Delta and some parts of Guangzhou (including the site of the Qinhan Shipyard on Zhongshan 4th Road in Guangzhou) were still submerged by sea waterEstuary。[6]At that time, people living in Guangdong were called“South Vietnam”They are mainly distributed in western and eastern Guangdong, that is, today's GuangdongZhuang nationality、the She ethnic groupOur ancestors.[7-8]During Qin Shihuang's unification of Lingnan, a Qin armyPanyu(Today, Zhongshan 4th Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City) set up a shipbuilding base and built a large number of ships specially.Later, Panyu City was built on the basis of the shipbuilding base, covering an area of about 0.05 square kilometers, which opened the 2200 year history of Guangzhou.[145]
After Qin unified Lingnan, Guangdong was sparsely populated. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants came from the Central Plains in the Qin Dynasty. By AD 2, Guangdong had a population of 375200.During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Panyu City had become an important foreign trade port in southern China, but the focus of Guangdong's economic and population distribution was stillguangdong andXijiang River Basin。This characteristic of population distribution is related to the two routes of migration from the Central Plains to Guangdong: first, the migration from the Central Plains to GuangdongHunan Guangxi CorridorXiaxijiang, settled in Gaoyao, Luoding and other places, and some reached farther southLeizhou Peninsula；The second is to go down to Dalian County, Yangshan, etc. along the river through the pass of Zhelingguangdong One belt, forming the population distribution of Guangdong in the Han Dynastyguangdong The mountain area has the largest population,Xijiang River BasinNext,[9]But the Pearl River Delta is still onesea。[6]
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, after a long period of sediment accumulation, the beaches of the Pearl River Delta gradually emerged, and the river network took shape.[6]Tang dynastyAt the end of the year, there were frequent wars in the Central Plains. In order to avoid war disasters and natural disasters, many clans came to Yuemei Lingnan via Nan'an (Dayu), JiangxiNanxiong Zhuji LaneAfter living for several years or decades, they gradually adapted to the climate and living habits of Lingnan area, and then gradually moved southward to the Pearl River DeltaWastelandAnd growingMarshlandIt has become the destination of agricultural migrants in Zhuji Lane, Nanxiong.[120-124]After the unification of the Song Dynasty, the Pearl River Delta built embankments and reclaimed land, which greatly increased grain and promoted population growth.At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of Han people in the north moved south to avoid chaos, and even more so in the Southern Song Dynasty, Guangdong accepted a large number of northern immigrants.According to the Northern Song Dynasty《Yuanfeng Jiuyu Annals》It is recorded that at that time, northern migrants accounted for 39% of the total population of Guangdong, and the Pearl River Delta has grown into another densely populated area.In the Yuan Dynasty, the coastal population increased rapidly, and the Pearl River Delta replaced northern Guangdong as the center of population distribution in Guangdong.[9]
Distribution of garrison troops in Guangdong garrison in the Ming Dynasty
the Ming dynastyIn the early days, the court actively developed the Pearl River Delta,Zhu YuanzhangImplemented nationwideGarrison garrisonThe policy of putting soldiers in the people, a large number of sergeants moved into Guangdong to reclaim land,[6]The Pearl River Delta has entered the stage of large-scale development and has gradually become the economic, cultural and political center of Guangdong. The population of Guangzhou Prefecture ranks first in the province.[9]The main task of garrison troops in Guangdong garrison is to guard the coastline of Guangdong, and at the same time, the garrison troops are scattered with ethnic minorities such as She and Yao.For example, there are Shiqi Village, Guanyong Village and Shayong Village in the left guard of Guangzhou;There are Tan Yitun, Zhou Yitun and Funing Tun in Guangzhou Right Guard;The avant-garde in Guangzhou includes Machong Village, Dabu Village and Dadongxiang Village;Guangzhou guards include Da Lan Yi Tun, Xiao Lan Er Tun and Xiao Lan San Tun.Guangzhou left back, right back, avantgarde, guard, Nanhai guard and Guanghai guard are basically 2240 mu per village.Hongwu PeriodJiangmen in Xinhui and Xiaolan, Dalan, Guzhen and other places in Xiangshan all have guards working on sand reclamation.At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the total area of garrison reclamation of Guangdong Weisuo exceeded 700000 mu.[10]
In the Qing Dynasty,Thirteen Factories It became the only legal special foreign trade zone of the Qing Empire, and the Pearl River Delta became the world trade center of the East in the 18th and 19th centuriesOpium WarSo far, this foreign goods firm has monopolized China's foreign trade for 85 years.Through the Thirteen Elements, China exported silk, porcelain, etc. to European countries such as Britain, France, Spain, etc., maintaining a trade surplus for more than 100 years. As a result, the world's silver continued to flow into China, and the Thirteen Elements were also known as "Jinshan Zhuhai, the Son of Heaven in the South".[11-13]Guangzhou MansionSince the Yuan Dynasty, it has been stable for more than 700 years.The residents in this area have long been in the same intermediate administrative division. Folk customs and folk customs are integrated to form a Guangfu people system with common regional cultural characteristics.[14]
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The Maritime Silk Road in the Han DynastyLinqu canalGuijiang RiverChannelXiaohe Ancient RoadtoXu Wen、HepuIt has been going to sea for nearly 1000 years.Until the Tang Dynasty (716),zhang jiulingCut through Dageng Ridge Road（Meiguan Ancient Road）Later, the channel function of Lingqu and Xiaohe Ancient Road gradually declined.At this time, Panyu (Guangzhou) became the political, economic and cultural center of Lingnan, and began the era of the Tang Dynasty Maritime Silk Road from overseas to the Central Plains via Panyu (Guangzhou) Port[146]。The port of Guangzhou became more and more prosperous after the mid Tang Dynasty. By the Song Dynasty, the income of goods imported and exported through Guangzhou and ship legs always accounted for 70% or 80% of the total in the Song Dynasty.At the same time, businessmen from Jiangxi and Fujian provinces near Guangzhou and from all over the south of the Yangtze River gathered in Guangzhou.[147]
Guangdong inSong GaozongShaoxingIn the 32nd year (1162), there was a population of more than 784000.But at that time, the grain produced by Guangzhou government could not be self-sufficient, and even the residents of Guangzhou city and nearby areas engaged in industry and commerce had to transport some rations from Guangxi states and counties far away.This is mainly because: most of the valley bottom basins or the plains impacted by both banks in the three river basins of Guangdong Province are cohesive red soil or white mud, while the Pearl River Delta and the Han River Delta were not formed at that time. The sandbars emerging from the water are not only the soil mixed with leaking sand and mud, but also often flooded by floods or salt tides, which are not conducive to farming.As for the hilly and mountainous areas within the territory, they are not able to be developed due to the small population.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, the Han people from the north came to Guangdong in succession due to the war, and they were designated to pass throughNanxiong County, first come to the government inZhuji LaneOne of the agencies reported to the Pearl River Delta, received a certificate and went to various counties in the Pearl River Delta for resettlement.Today, the Pearl River Delta, known as the cornucopia of Guangdong Province, was developed by them and also the beginning of the great development of Guangdong Province.[147]
Agricultural development
These migrants from the Central Plains came to the Pearl River Delta to cultivate and multiply, bringing rich experience in farming and water conservancy in the Central Plains and the south of the Yangtze River[160]Sangyuanwei, built in the Song Dynasty, opened the history of large-scale agricultural development in the Pearl River Delta[148]。Inside the mulberry garden“Sangji fish pond”It also emerged as the times require. Through dikes, streams and dou sluice irrigation and drainage, people developed depressions and river beaches, transformed ponds to raise fish, and planted mulberry and silkworm beside ponds.In this way, the silkworm excrement is fed to the fish and the mud is fertilized to form a benign ecological cycle.[149]
During the period from the beginning of the Qing Dynasty to the end of the 1920s, the export of Guangdong silk showed a booming trend, making the scale and scope of the mulberry base fishpond break through the original pattern, and the people continued to reclaim land.The local sericulture industry developed from five harvests per year to seven harvests and eight harvests per year in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and also created a miracle that may not have been expected in those years -- from "a boat of silk" in Sangyuanwei to the Qing DynastyThirteen Elements"A ship of silver returns", Yuguo opens trade and sails to the five seas.[150-151]
The Pearl River Delta has become a world famous processing, manufacturing and export base, and one of the preferred regions for industrial transfer in the worldElectronic information、household electrical appliancesAnd industrial clusters.Pearl River DeltaGuangdong ProvinceImportant scientific and technological resources are the main research and development base of high-tech industries in the province, the largest high-tech industrial belt in China, and an important production base of high-tech industries at home and abroad.
September 29, 2015, Pearl River DeltaNational Independent Innovation Demonstration ZoneIt has been officially approved by the State Council, including eight national high-tech industrial development zones in Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou Zhongkai, Dongguan Songshan Lake, Zhongshan Torch, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing. The goal is to build the Pearl River Delta into a leading area for opening up and innovation in China, a leading area for transformation and upgrading, a collaborative innovation demonstration zone, and an innovation and entrepreneurship ecological zone, and to build it into a world-class innovation and entrepreneurship center.[21]Pearl River Delta in 2016High tech enterprisesThe number reached 18880.[22]
The comprehensive informatization index of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is 67.6%, 3.3 percentage points higher than that of the whole province.The Pearl River Delta region and Shenzhen City were identified as the first batch of national levelElectronic information industryBase;The first linux public technology support service center in China has been completed and put into use.The "Greater Pearl River Delta" refers to the original nine cities in the Pearl River Delta. The region composed of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region is the busiest and most developed region in the province in terms of transportationGuangzhouIs the center,Railway、highway、waterway, civil aviation and other modes of transportation to connect Hong Kong and Macao, the province and the country.
1. The economy has achieved sustained and rapid growth.In 1986, the Pearl River Delta became a coastal economic open zone, which was able to accept overseas advanced technology, large amounts of capital and advanced management methods.At present, the Pearl River Delta has become one of the fastest growing and most dynamic regions in China.It has become an important commodity agriculture base, light industry base and foreign trade export base in China.
2. The overall level of export-oriented economy is relatively high.9 cities in the Pearl River Delta give full play to their adjacencyHong Kong and MacaoWith the geographical advantages and the favorable conditions for overseas Chinese to spread all over the world, we will take the international market as the guide and the domestic market as the support to promote the high-level and rapid development of the export-oriented economy.
3．Industrial structure optimizationReasonable.15 cities (including 2 counties) in the Pearl River Delta have completed the transformation from traditional agricultural economy to an important manufacturing center, and successfully achieved the secondthe service sector; the tertiary industryDual leading economic and social development in an all-round way.In general, the industrial structure of the Pearl River Delta has basically realized the transformation from traditional agriculture to industrialization, and then to industrial diversification.Controlledsugar、Silk weaving、food、papermaking、Mechanics、chemical industry、building material、shipbuildingAnd other industries, known as the Pearl of the South China Sea.
4. The most important economic feature of the Pearl River Delta is export-oriented.Pearl River DeltaGross National ProductAbout half of them are realized through international trade, and the total export volume accounts for more than 10% of the country.Many enterprises supply most of their products to the international market.The basic way for the Pearl River Delta to develop an export-oriented economy is to introduce funds, advanced technology, equipment and management from abroad.At the same time, the region has a close proximity to Hong Kong and MacaoSoutheast AsiaIt has the advantages of location, hometown of overseas Chinese, many excellent seaports, abundant labor force and other advantages, plus the preferential policies formulated by the state for this place, which makes it attractive for foreign investment and foreign enterprises to settle hereFengshui Treasure Land。
In the industrial layout of the Pearl River Delta, the east bank of the Pearl River occupies an important position in the global industrial chain with the electronic information industry of Shenzhen and Dongguan.Since 2014, the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee and the Guangdong Provincial Government have clearly proposed to build an advanced equipment manufacturing industrial belt on the west bank of the Pearl River.Today, "Zhuxi Equipment" has linked Foshan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen and other seven cities, one district and west coast cities together, becoming another important engine in the Pearl River Delta.[196]
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Hong Kong
The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone was first established by the Guangdong Provincial Government in 1994. Its development mainly benefits from its proximityHong Kong，Hong KongIt has always been the main source of investment in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. Hong Kong businessmen have abundant funds and have always played a leading role.Its comprehensive strength ranks second in China, second only to the Yangtze River Delta.according toUN HabitatThe State of the World's Cities Report was released toGuangzhou、Hong KongandShenzhenCorePearl River DeltaThe metropolitan area has become the largest super metropolitan area in the world.
On October 28, 2009, the relevant departments of the three governments of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao jointly released the Study on the Coordinated Development Planning of the Greater Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration in Macao, proposing to build the Pearl River EstuaryBay AreaGuangdong, Hong Kong and Macao jointly build world-class town clusters.[17]
Issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on February 18, 2019《Development Planning Outline of Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area》。According to the planning outline, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region and Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing in Guangdong Province jointly build the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area, not only to build a dynamic world-class city clusterInternational Science and Technology Innovation Center、“The Belt and Road Initiative”The important support for the construction, the demonstration area of in-depth cooperation between the mainland and Hong Kong and Macao, should also be built into a high-quality life circle suitable for living, working and traveling, and become a model of high-quality development.[18]The Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area, the New York Bay Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and the Tokyo Bay Area are called the four largest bay areas in the world.[19]
East and west banks of the Pearl River Delta
With the Pearl River Estuary as the boundary and Guangzhou urban area as the center, it is divided into urban agglomerations on both sides of the east and west. The urban agglomerations on the west bank are composed of Macao, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Jiangmen urban area, Taishan, Kaiping, Enping, Heshan, Foshan urban area, Shunde, Panyu, Huadu, Nanhai, Sanshui, Gaoming, Zhaoqing urban area, Dinghu, Gaoyao, Sihui, Fengkai, Huaiji, Deqing, Guangning.
The east bank city group leaders are composed of Hong Kong, Dongguan, Shenzhen urban area, Bao'an, Longgang, Longhua, Pingshan, Huizhou urban area, Huiyang, Boluo, Huidong, Longmen, Conghua and Zengcheng.
According to the geological, geomorphic and hydrological characteristics of the Pearl River estuary area, the downstream intersection of Shilong in the Dongjiang River, Jiangcun in the Liuxi River, Lubao in the Beijiang River, Lingyang Gorge in the Xijiang River and Shizui in the Tanjiang River is usually called the Pearl River Delta, with an area of about 10000 square kilometers.In 1915, W. Olivecrona deduced from the distribution of the buried oyster shells that the sediment from the west, north and east rivers accumulated together in the bay to form a delta, which was called the Guangzhou Delta.[6]Crocodile bones, shells and their C unearthed from the underground black clay layer in Xinhui and ShundefourteenIn terms of age, the central delta was still an estuary 2500 years ago.The ancient ship platform sleepers on the gray black clay layer of the estuary phase of the site of the Qinhan Shipyard on Zhongshan 4th Road, Guangzhou City, its CfourteenThe age is 2190 ± 90 years ago, which can be mutually confirmed by the age of other unearthed cultural relics. Therefore, some parts of Guangzhou were still in the estuary 2200 years ago.[6]
According to Ban Gu《The History of the Han Dynasty》28 volumes Geography Book 8 (written in 54-92 AD),Stagnant water(i.e. Xijiang River) "reaching Sihui County in the east and entering the sea", Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty《Water injection》(It was written in 515-524 AD) said that Langshui (i.e. Xijiang River) "reaches Gaoyao County in the east, which is called Dashui." "It also reaches Nanhai (county) in the east, Panyu County in the west (today's Sanshui County), which is divided into two parts, one of which flows into the sea in the south, one of which flows across the east of the county in the east, and one of which flows into the sea in the south." The east branch is divided into one Han River (today's Southwest Chong), and the other is under Panyu City (today's Guangzhou City). ",The main stream of the eastern branch "also runs east through Huaihua County (near the bridge abutment of today's city), and enters the sea." That is, the eastern branch of the lower reaches of the Xijiang River entered the sea at Shawan along today's Tanzhou Waterway. He quoted Bu Lu, the governor of the Sun Wu Jiaozhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 210) and the Three Kingdoms, who came to Jiuzhi (now Guangzhou), Nanhai Prefecture,Here, "the mountains and the sea are wide and the eyes are dim, the Gaoze mulberry soil is fertile, and the forest foot is full of birds and animals. Why not have sea monsters, fish and turtles, rare and strange foreign things, thousands of kinds of things, which are unforgettable." The Annals of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Annals, and Lu Kai Biography also said, "The state is ruled by the sea, and the sea is salty in autumn." About the sixth generation Ji Peiyuan《Guangzhou》According to the Taiping Chronicle, there was a village in the east of Guangzhou, called Gudou Village (today's Miaotou Village, Huangpu Port). Since then, there has been a boundless sea. According to the quotation in the Taiping Chronicle, during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-20 A.D.), the tide of the sea went straight along the river to Feilai Gorge in Qingyuan County (then called Zhongsu Gorge), so in the sixth century, the frontier of the west and north river deltas was in the Pozi Gorge Xiqiao Mountain Shiqiao Huangpu line,Dongjiang Delta may shrink near Shilong, and Shiziyang Estuary is between the two deltas.[6]
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the oldest flood control dike in the lower reaches of the Xijiang River was built from Xiangshanzui to Sandouhanji (today's Jinanwei) in Gaoyao Jinli in AD 996 (the second year of Song Zhidao). Sangyuanwei was built between the west and the north rivers around Xiqiao Mountain in 1054-1117. Malay alligators with Tang and Song cultural relics were unearthed from Tangxia, Tianhewei, Xinhui County, Leliu Wuqi Farm, Shunde County, and Siji, Guizhou outside Ganzhukou, respectively,A batch of Song porcelain and iron fishing and hunting tools were unearthed 1.8 meters below the lemongji alluvial plain in Fengjian, Shunde County.Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Baini River and the Guyun East China Sea in the lower reaches of the Beijiang River have silted up one after another, and the main stream is concentrated in the current Beijiang waterway. At the same time, the flow of the Xijiang River through Sixianjiao has gradually decreased, so the Shunde waterway and the Tanzhou waterway have gradually become the main stream in the lower reaches of the Beijiang River, while the main stream in the lower reaches of the Xijiang River flows into the sea from Makou Gorge to Ganzhukou. In the 13th centuryThe front edge of the Beijiang Delta is the line from Tianhewei, Xinhui to Guizhou, Shunde County to Shilou, Panyu County.[6]This is the Song DynastyZhuji LaneAs a result of the southward migration into the delta to build embankments for development, sea level decline also has an impact.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the court actively developed the Pearl River Delta and "ordered all generals to garrison the fields." In the Dongjiang River Delta, in the 26th year of Hongwu's reign (1393), the Three Village Jiwei (starting from Shilong in the east and bordering Tangxia, Xisha and Hetianxia in the west) was built, so that the distribution of the Dongjiang River to the north and south branches was determined.According to Li Xian et al《Unified Annals of the Ming Dynasty》According to (1461), "In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the land has been opened in Dongcun (near Dabu), Daxiaodong, Daheng and Machong DabuMilitary reclamation”。Huang Zuo's Guangdong General Annals (1560) pointed out that in the early Ming DynastyCity BridgeTo the east and southeast of the platform, we can see that at the end of the 14th centuryShiziyangIt has shrunk significantly.In terms of the west and north river delta, levees are also built on both sides of the west and north river downstream above Ganzhukou.[6]
Before the middle of the Ming Dynasty,Shunde CountyAndXiangshan County"Facing each other across the sea", Xiangshan County, due to the lack of farmland and grain, has a strong accumulation in the part of Wantou, the beaches are gradually exposed, and the river network has begun to take shape.According to Huang Zuo's "Guangdong General Annals", "Zhu Satan in Xiangshan Beihai said:" only son (now the only son mountain in the delta), Shipai (Shipai in the north of Xiaolan), Sanzhou (in Zhangjiabian), Haixin (now the port), Shunliu (now the south to the north), big and small sockets (now the delta, and the people's area) "," Shiqi Sea is in the northwest of the city, connecting Fuping, Haizhong Duozhou Pond, planting reed stains and mud into fields, "Tuntian in Xiaolan and Xiaolan.According to the Xinhui County Annals (1609) written by Huang Chun at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Guo Zhiyang attached the Huicheng, "Han Dynasty is the sea, Song and Yuan Dynasties is the tide field, and reeds are wild.".After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Waihai, Lile, Chakeng, Sanjiang and Muzhou areas of Xinhui County have all become land.It can be seen that at the beginning of the 17th century, a large area of land has been formed between Ganzhukou and Wugui Mountain, and the frontier of the delta is Sanjiang of Xinhui County, Zhangjiabian of Da'ao Zhongshan County, Port, and Nansha of Delta Panyu County.The chart in the middle of the 19th century reflects that the Shiziyang Ocean finally converged into a longitudinal waterway, and the delta front was close to the current position.[6]
The Pearl River Delta is located in the south central part of Guangdong Province, at the lower reaches of the Pearl River, bordering the South China Sea, with east longitude of 112 ° 45 '- 113 ° 50' and north latitude of 21 ° 31 '- 23 ° 10'. It is a compound delta formed by the sediment brought by the Xijiang River, Beijiang River, Dongjiang River and their tributaries, Tanjiang River, Suijiang River and Zengjiang River, in the estuary of the Pearl River Estuary. It covers an area of 1/5 of the hills, platforms and monadnocks scattered everywhere.The west, north and east are surrounded by hills and mountains, forming natural barriers.The southern coastline is 1059 kilometers long, and there are many islands. The Pearl River flows out of the sea in eight mouths, forming a relatively closed unique landform of "surrounded by mountains on three sides, facing the sea on one side, three rivers converging, and eight mouths diverging".[20]
Climatic characteristics
Most of the Pearl River Delta is located to the south of the Tropic of Cancer and in the south subtropical zone. It has a subtropical marine monsoon climate with abundant rainfall and heat. The rain and heat are in the same season.The annual sunshine is 2000 hours, and the distribution is relatively uniform in four seasons.The annual average temperature is 21.4-22.4 ℃, of which the average temperature in Fengkai, Deqing, Guangning, Huaiji, Heshan, Huidong and Boluo is lower, and the average temperature in Shenzhen and Zhuhai is higher.Average annual rainfall1600-2300 mm. Affected by the monsoon climate, the rainfall is concentrated in April September.Northerly wind prevails in winter, and the weather is dry.Southwest and southeast winds prevail in summer, with high temperature and rainy weather.[20][144]
hydrologic condition
The Pearl River Delta is located at the lower reaches of Xijiang River, Beijiang River and Dongjiang River, including four major river systems of Xijiang River, Beijiang River, Dongjiang River and delta, with a drainage area of 450000 square kilometers.The river network area covers an area of 9750 square kilometers, and the density of the river network is 0.8 km/square kilometers. There are more than 100 main rivers with a length of about 1700 kilometers. The waterways are crisscrossed and interconnected.The dense river network brings abundant water resources. The total water resources is 374.2 billion cubic meters, and the total transit water volume of Xijiang River, Beijiang River and Dongjiang River is 294.1 billion cubic meters.The delta flows through Humen, Jiaomen, Hongqimen, Hengmen, Modaomen, Jimingmen, Hutiaomen and Yakou to the South China Sea.[20]
land use
The total land area of the Pearl River Delta is 5.4733 million hectares, of which the surrounding hills, mountains and islands account for 30% of the total area.According to the General Plan for Land Use in Guangdong Province (2006-2012), the land use structure in the Pearl River Delta is dominated by non construction land. The non construction land (including agricultural land and other construction land) is 4.64 million hectares, accounting for 84.84% of the total area, of which the forest land area is 2.7849 million hectares, mainly distributed in Guangzhou, Huizhou, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing;The cultivated land area is 783000 hectares, mainly distributed in Guangzhou, Huizhou, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing;Construction land has continued to grow, and urban and rural construction land and transportation land have reached 826400 hectares.[20]
ocean resources
The Pearl River Delta coastal zone is 1479 kilometers long, accounting for about 36% of the coastline of Guangdong Province.There are 433 islands, 381 with an area of more than 500 square meters.The whole region has excellent port, fishery, oil and gas, marine energy and water resources, coastal seawater, beach and other tourism resources.The Pearl River Estuary is a national first-class protected animal——Chinese White Dolphin、Acipenser sinensisThe main distribution areas of and national second-class protected animalsYellow lipped fishSpawning grounds,Knife grinding gate water channelyesa shad、Eel、Anguilla marmorataAnd Chinese sturgeon.At the same time, this area is an important bird distribution area, including Guangzhou Xinzao, Shenzhen Futian, Zhuhai Qi'ao, Foshan Sanshui, Jiangmen Xinhui, Taishan, and Enping coastal and estuaries on the international migratory bird migration route.[20]
Animal and plant resources
The Pearl River Delta is rich in animal and plant resources.According to preliminary investigationXiangtou Mountain National Nature ReserveIt is represented by 1647 vascular plants (excluding bryophytes) and 305 terrestrial vertebrate wild animals.The west is represented by Beifeng Mountain National Forest Park, with about 1184 vascular plant species.In the north, represented by Dinghushan National Nature Reserve, there are 1993 vascular plants, 38 mammals, 20 reptiles, 178 birds, 85 butterflies and 681 insects.[20]
On December 17, 2008, the executive meeting of the State Council deliberated and passed in principle the Outline of the Reform and Development Plan of the Pearl River Delta, which clearly stated that Guangzhou should give full play to the advantages of the provincial capital city, strengthen the functions of high-end factor gathering, scientific and technological innovation, cultural guidance and comprehensive services, and further optimize the functional zoning andIndustrial layoutAnd build the core of the one hour city circle in the Pearl River Delta.Priority developmentHigh end service industry, accelerate the construction of advanced manufacturing bases, vigorously improve the ability of independent innovation, and take the lead in establishingModern industrial system。Enhance cultural soft power and enhanceUrban comprehensive competitivenessWe will strengthen the status of national central cities, comprehensive gateway cities and regional cultural and educational centers, and improve our ability to radiate and drive.Strengthen the city effect of Guangzhou and Foshan, and lead the Pearl River Delta region to create a city cluster with reasonable layout, perfect functions and close ties.Build Guangzhou into aGuangdongThe "best place to live" in urban and rural areas will be built to serve the whole country and the worldInternational metropolis。
Shenzhen, also known as“Pengcheng”, located on the east bank of the Pearl River Delta in southern ChinaThe People's Republic of ChinaGuangdong Province, the first special economic zone in Chinathe state councilIt was officially established on August 26, 1980.The total land area of the city is 1953 square kilometers.It is an emerging modern city with certain international influence in China, and has created a remarkable "Shenzhen speed".
Shenzhen andHong Kongbe linked mountains and rivers.In just 30 years, Shenzhen has developed from a small border town in the south to a modern international city, creating the worldUrbanization、industrializationandmodernizationThe miracle of.Shenzhen has the largest number of ports in China and the only city with sea, land and air ports. It is one of the main gateways for China to communicate with the world, with strong economic support and modernizationUrban infrastructure。Shenzhen's urban comprehensive competitiveness ranks first among mainland cities.By 2010, Shenzhen will be built into ChinaHigh tech industryBase and regional financial centerInformation Center, trade center, transportation center andtourist attraction, will becomemodernizationInternational city.
On December 7, 2008, Shenzhen wasUNESCOThe Global Creative Cities Network was recognized as the "City of Design" and became the first city in China to win this honor.August 26, 2010 is the 30th anniversary of the establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, and Shenzhen held the 2011The 26th World University Games。It was approved by Guangdong Provincial Government on February 28, 2011.Shenzhen andShanwei CitystayShanwei CityChina's first joint construction project in the westSpecial cooperation zone——Shenzhen Shantou Special Cooperation Zone，Shenshan DistrictIt has been included in Shenzhen.
Statistical survey of Shenzhen as the national housing rental industryonlyPilot cities take the lead in building rental industryValue addedAnd other emerging economiesgross domestic productbusiness accounting。In 2016, the added value of Shenzhen's new business economy was 156.553 billion yuan, accounting for 8.0% of GDP.Among them, the added value of the housing leasing industry was 103.739 billion yuan.Shenzhen is also a country“R&D expenditureIncluded in GDP "onlyIn pilot cities, R&D expenditure is included in GDP accounting as a form of fixed capital for trial calculation.
It is geographically connected with Guangzhou, inherits from its history, and shares the same culture. It is an important part of the "Guangzhou Foshan Metropolitan Circle", "Guangzhou Foshan Zhaoming Economic Circle", and "Pearl River Delta Economic Circle", and plays a leading role in the economic development of Guangdong Province.
Foshan is no less important than other cities in the "Belt and Road", and has established the Central Europe Center of Foshan New Town.On the evening of January 6, 2017,Midea GroupThe announcement said that the company had completed the delivery of the shares of Kuka Group by offer and had paid all the funds involved in this tender offer.
DongguanIt is a famous historical and cultural city in Guangdong Province,East bank of Pearl River Estuary, northGuangzhou, NanlianShenzhen。1700 years agoThree Kingdoms PeriodJianjun.In September 1985, the county was removed to become a city, and in January 1988, it was upgraded toPrefecture level cityThe city's land area is 2465 square kilometers.DongguanThe scale of economic aggregate has been expanding.The manufacturing industry has strong strength and complete industrial system.Is the largest in the worldmanufacturing industryAs one of the bases, the total output value of manufacturing industry accounts for more than 90% of the total output value of industries above designated size, formingElectronic information, electrical machinery, textile clothing, furnitureToys、papermakingAnd paper products, food and beveragechemical industryModernization supported by eight industriesindustrial system 。There are 45 global top 500 enterprises, overseaslisted companyThere are more than 800 investors from more than 20 countries and regions in the world,NOKIA、NestleMeijiSamsung、Shengyi TechnologyAnd a number of internationally renowned enterprises.
In 2016, there were 1042 new national high-tech enterprises, with a total of 2028, ranking first among provinces and inland cities.The number of patent applications and authorizations in the city was 56653 and 28559 respectively, of which, the number of invention patent applications was 17024, with a year-on-year increase of 52.46%, accounting for 30.05% of the total number of patent applications, ranking the fourth in the province;The number of invention patents granted was 3682, up 31.74% year on year, ranking the third in the province;The number of PCT international patent applications was 876, up 60.71% year on year, ranking the third in the province.The gathering of scientific and technological resources has accelerated, with one innovative R&D institution newly added in the city, totaling 32, and 59 incubation carriers of scientific and technological enterprises, including 11 national level ones;2016 China (Dongguan) International Science and Technology Cooperation Week was successfully held;At present, the city has introduced 26 provincial innovative research teams, ranking the third in the province;11 municipal innovative research teams were newly introduced, with a total of 27;The construction of the national independent innovation demonstration zone and the national sustainable development experimental zone has progressed steadily.The combination of science and technology and finance has been strengthened, and efforts have been made to promote science and technology credit, science and technology insurance and other work. The 12 contracted banks have issued 1017 loans to 655 enterprises in Dongguan, with a loan amount of 4.462 billion yuan. 39 enterprises have been promoted to purchase science and technology insurance, with a coverage of 3.4 billion yuan, a premium of 3.9949 million yuan, a total of 1.1456 million yuan of premium subsidies applied for, and a total of 122 million yuan of patent pledge financing loans.
ZhuhaiIt is one of the central cities in the Pearl River Delta, located in ChinaGuangdongIn the south of the province, it is a famous garden stylesea town, East andHong KongThe waters are connected to the southMacaoThe land is connected.Zhuhai is one of the first special economic zones established in China and enjoys the rights granted by the National People's CongressLocal legislative powerIn 2008, it was established as the west bank of the Pearl River Estuary by the State Councilcorecity.Zhuhai MunicipalityXiangzhou District, Doumen areaJinwan DistrictThe total land and sea area is 7660 square kilometers, of which the total land area is 1630 square kilometers,coastlineIt is 690 kilometers long, has 146 islands, and has the reputation of "City of One Hundred Islands".
Zhuhai is an important port city in China with a superior location, bordering Hong Kong to the east and Macau to the south by landZhuhai Jinwan International AirportAnd Pearl Harbor, the first deep-water port in South China.With the development of Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge, Guangzhou Zhuhai Intercity Light Rail, Zhuhai Zhuhai Airport Intercity Rail, Guangzhou Foshan River Zhuhai Intercity Light Rail, Guangzhou Zhuhai Railway, etcTransport infrastructureZhuhai will become a transportation hub connecting southwest China with Hong Kong and Macao and a regional central city in the Pearl River Delta.
To ensure its ownHigh-techandTravel?Status: Zhuhai restrains the development of heavy industry.Zhuhai is the only city in China that has been selected as the "National City" for its overall urban landscapetourist attractionTop 40 cities,2013 Chinacitysustainable developmentIn the index report, Zhuhai ranks first in China in terms of comprehensive ranking. It is a "happy city" issued by the state and has the title of "romantic city".According to the total industrial output, Zhuhai's main industries are:ElectronicsandCommunication equipment、Electronic instrumentandMechanicsOffice instruments.High tech focusedindustrial system , comprehensive developmentExport-oriented economy。Zhuhai has leapt from an economically backward border county to a new typegarden city。An industrial system focusing on high technology and an export-oriented economic pattern of comprehensive development have taken shape;The social productive forces have developed rapidly and the economic strength has been greatly enhanced;Construction of socialist spiritual civilizationWe have achieved fruitful results and taken on a new look.Zhuhai, as China'sSpecial Economic ZonesIt is one of the hot spots for foreign investment.Investors from 52 countries and regions have invested in Zhuhai,foreign direct investment Project 7303.JapanOfMitsubishiMitsuiItochu、Panasonic, ToshibaCanon, Ritong,U.S.AOfExxonMobil、Celanese、Flextronics，britainOfBPCompany,GermanyOfDaimlerChrysler、Siemens?，FranceOfCarrefourMore than 30 famous multinational companies, including Philips of the Netherlands, have settled in Zhuhai.
HuizhouSince the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, especially the Sui Dynasty, it has been the seat of prefecture (county), road, government, district, city and other administrative regions, and has become the political, economic, cultural, and transportation center of the Dongjiang River basin.The place under its jurisdiction, "the sea is crisscrossed, the mountains embrace the rear", takes the throat of eastern Guangdong to the east, controls the key points of Guangdong and Jiangxi to the north, and defends the main roads of Guangzhou by water and land. Its strategic position is very important, and it has always been a place of war.
Huizhou is a central city in the middle and lower reaches of the Dongjiang River. It is located at the intersection of Hakka culture, Guangfu culture and Chaoshan culture. Various cultures blend and assimilate each other. Guangdong Han Opera, fishing songs, folk songs, dragon dance, lion dance, spring cattle dance, Yao fire dog dance and other cultural activities are flourishing, and folk culture is colorful.[25]
ZhongshanThe city is located in the south central part of Guangdong Province, at the lower reaches of the West and North Rivers in the south central part of the Pearl River Delta, and connects Guangzhou City in the northPanyu DistrictAnd Foshan CityShunde District, westJiangmenUrban areaNew meeting areaandZhuhaiShidoumen District, Southeast CompanyZhuhai City, across the Pearl River Estuary Lingdingyang andShenzhen CityandHong KongThe Special Administrative Region faces each other.The administrative jurisdiction area is 1800.14 square kilometers.The land road in the city center is 86 kilometers away from Guangzhou in the north and southeastMacao65km, 52 nautical miles from Zhongshan Port waterway to Hong Kong.Zhongshan is a national famous historical and cultural city, which originated in ZhongshanXiangshan CultureIt is an important source of modern Chinese culture, and enjoys the reputation of "the hometown of Cantonese opera" in Guangdong Province and "the hometown of overseas Chinese".It has maintained the 5th economic aggregate of Guangdong Province for many consecutive years, andShunde, NanhaiDongguanTogether known asGuangdong Sixiaohu。It was once a harmonious city in China,the United NationsHabitat AwardNational environmental protection model city,National Garden CityAnd other honors.
Jiangmen
Jiangmen
Jiangmen City, located in the south central Guangdong Province, west of the Pearl River Delta, with a total area of 9541 square kilometers, Jiangmen is a municipal riverDeltaThere are 96 large and small islands along the coast of the alluvial plain, with a total coastline of 328.7 kilometers.Jiangmen has a subtropical marine climate with little frost and no snow, mild rain and plenty of sunshine.Jiangmen is known as "the first hometown of overseas Chinese in China", and also an excellent tourist city in ChinaNational Garden City、National Health City、National Environmental Protection Model Cityas well asChina Habitat Environment Example AwardCities are among the "Top 100 Cities with Comprehensive Strength in China".
Zhaoqing
Zhaoqing
Zhaoqing CityIt is located in the middle and lower reaches of the main stream of the Xijiang River in the central and western Guangdong Province.The total administrative area of the city is 1489100 hectaresDuanzhou、emperor's death、Gao Yao3 zones andGuangning、Deqing、Seal open、Huaiji4 counties and 1 county-level city;There are 91 towns, 12 streets and 1 ethnic township, 292 neighborhood committees and 1255 village committees in total.The total registered population of the city is 4.2982 million.In September 2010, the State Council approved the upgrading of Zhaoqing High tech Zone to the National High tech Industrial Development Zone.On October 27, 2012, Zhaoqing New Area was established.
As a national famous historical and cultural city and the birthplace of Lingnan culture, Zhaoqing is a place of great talent and rich cultural heritage.Mei Nunnery、Song City Wall、the seven star cragMoyan Stone Carvings, YuechengDragon Mother Ancestral Temple、Deqing AcademyDozens of national and provincial cultural relics protection units, the Seven Star Rock in the urban area, the integration of lake and mountain, the shadow of wave light rock, the mountain of Yangshuo, the water scenery of Guilin, known as "the first wonder of Lingnan";Dinghu MountainyesNational Nature Reserve, which was identified by UNESCO as the "Human and Biosphere" Ecological Positioning Research Station.
The transit expressways include Erguang Expressway (to Erenhot and Guangzhou), Guangzhou Kunming Expressway (to Kunming and Guangzhou) and Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway (to Jiangmen and Guangzhou);The transit national roads include G321 and G324, and the provincial roads include S118, S260, S349, etc. The total mileage of Xijiang inland waterway is 1225 kilometers, and the navigable mileage is 698.8 kilometers.Sanmao Railway（GuangzhouZhanjiang) runs through the whole territory.On December 26, 2014, Zhaoqing officially entered the "high-speed railway era".On September 22, 2015, 13 cities along the Guiyang Guangzhou and Nanning Guangzhou high-speed railways, including Zhaoqing, signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement in Foshan, marking the beginning of the construction of the Guangdong Guangxi Guizhou high-speed railway economic belt. Zhaoqing began to fully integrate into the national high-speed railway economic network.On March 30, 2016, Guangzhou Foshan Zhaoming Intercity Rail was opened and put into operation, directly leading to Guangzhou Railway Station.[26]
traffic
Announce
edit
Railway
The following rail transit data do not include transportation projects that are excessively ahead of schedule and cannot be constructed in the near future.
Han nationality in the Pearl River DeltaGuangfu peopleMainly from Nanxiong in northern Guangdong since the Tang and Song DynastiesZhuji LaneMoving southward in succession to the Pearl River Deltacentral plainsandJiangnanIt is formed by the clan, so Zhuji Lane is also called the former residence of Guangfu people, who areGuangzhou MansionShort name of the person.fromZhuji LaneUp to now, more than 180 surnames have been migrated and their descendants have multiplied to more than 70 million people in Qingyuan, Sanshui, Fogang, Xinxing, Gaoyao, Gaoming, Foshan, Nanhai, Panyu, Shunde, Guangzhou, Huadu, Conghua, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Xinhui, Jiangmen, Taishan, Kaiping, Heshan, Enping, Dongguan, Zengcheng, Longmen, Bao'an, ShenzhenBoluo, Huiyang and other 28 cities and counties, 668 townships (towns) and villages, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese communities.[120-124]
Many celebrities and families in the Pearl River Delta call Zhuji Lane "Sangzi Township 700 years ago".According to the Annals of Guangdong by Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, citing the Nanxiong Mansion Pictorial Sutra, "there was Zhuji Lane on the mountain in ancient times... Today there are many descendants in the South China Sea."Qu Dajun《Guangdong Xinyu》It is recorded that "my family from Guanggu came from Zhuji Lane in Nanxiong to visit his hometown".Qing Dynasty《Guangdong Tongzhi》As the saying goes, "The Abas are in front of the Shashui Temple in Baochang County, Nanxiong Prefecture. It is said that GuangzhouBeam storage、Huo TaoAll famous families originate from this ".Qianlong's Annals of Nanxiong Mansion said, "Many of the ancient families in Guangzhou moved here." During more than 200 years from the late Northern Song Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty,central plainsandJiangnanMore than 130 clans have moved southward from Zhuji Lane, and 797 families have moved southward to Guangzhou Fuzhu County.In modern times, Guangfu people emergedSun Yat-sen、Kang Youwei、Liang QichaoAnd so on.[120-124]
In the Pearl River Delta, in addition to Guangfu people, there are also Hakka people, Dan people and Hui and Manchu ethnic minorities living together in this area.[14]Hakka people were Han people and local people who moved into the triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong in the Tang and Song dynastiesthe She ethnic groupA branch of the Han nationality with a unique Hakka dialect system, cultural customs and stable emotional mentality,[28-30]Hakka people in the Pearl River Delta mainly migrated from the Jiangxi Fujian Guangdong Triangle in the Qing Dynasty.[31-33]As for the origin of the Dans, the academic circle has not been conclusive. Most researchers believe that the Dans are Han people who originally lived on the land.[118]The Hui nationality is the descendant of Arab Muslims who were naturalized in the Tang and Song dynasties.[34]Manchu is the descendant of the Eight Banner Garrison in the Qing Dynasty.[35-36]
Han nationality in the Pearl River DeltaGuangfu CultureAs the main body, it mainly passed through northern Guangdong since the Tang and Song DynastiesNanxiong Zhuji LaneImmigratedcentral plainsAndJiangnanFormed by the immigration culture, Zhuji Lane is the transit place for the Chinese nation to expand in southern Xinjiang, the birthplace of Guangfu culture, and is known as the "Chinese cultural post, the root of the world's Guangfu".[120-124]Guangfu culture has been inheritedChinese cultureThe essence ofChinese cultureOn behalf of.Pearl River Delta Since Ming DynastyGuangzhou MansionSince its establishment, the economy has developed, business has flourished, and culture and education have flourished.[159]
Architecture
ancestral hall
Guangfu Ancestral Hall is widely distributed todayGuangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay AreaIn the Song Dynasty, a large number of northerners crossed the Dayu Ridge into the south of the Five Ridges to escape the warZhuji LaneAfter settling down temporarily, I went south to the Pearl River Delta and opened a village to live in.These villages "live together" will generally compile genealogy according to the family name, and if conditions permit, they will also build ancestral temples.The Ming Dynasty issued the "Six Sacred Edicts", which required people to "be filial to their parents, respect their elders, live in harmony in the countryside, and teach their children lessons", and gradually relaxed the restrictions on folk temple establishment.Guangfu people, who passed the imperial examination and became officials in the imperial court, tried their best to build a temple and become boosters.As a result, the first peak of temple building appeared in Guangfu area.[172]
Guangfu Ancestral Hall
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, wars were frequent, and the construction of Guangfu Ancestral Hall fell into a low ebb.After the "one port trade" in Guangzhou, the economy recovered rapidly, and a large number of clan properties were accumulated. Guangfu ushered in the second peak period of building and repairing ancestral temples in history.People use patterns with local characteristics in decoration to convey family and country thoughts such as harmony, filial piety, ethics, loyalty and bravery.The other is the appearance ofChen Family TempleThe "He Clan Ancestral Temple" represented by "He Clan Ancestral Temple" is most concentrated in the places near the original Gongyuan, such as Xiaoma Station, Liushui Well, Yuehua Road, Guangwei Street, etc., such as How Family Ancestral Temple, Zhu Family Ancestral Temple, Zhao Family Ancestral Temple, etc.[172]
There are more than 1300 ancestral temples in Guangzhou, such as GuangzhouQiangang VillageOfGuangyu Temple, the prime minister of the late Southern Song DynastyLu XiufuThe Guangfu Family Ancestral Hall built by later generations in memory of Lu Xiufu records the hardships and glory of Guangfu people's ancestors moving southward from the Central Plains[173]。ShenzhenFenghuang Ancient VillageIs a national hero of the Southern Song Dynastyknown as a model of fidelity to the last Song sovereignsGuangfu Village, where descendants live together, has exquisite and complex architectural decoration of the Chinese clan ancestral hall[174-175]。Xinhui District, Jiangmen CityCixi VillageIt is the royal village of the Zhao family in the Southern Song Dynasty, where many Guangfu ancestral halls are preserved[176]。Doumen District, Zhuhai CityNanmen VillageIt is also a Guangfu village inhabited by descendants of the Zhao royal family in the Southern Song Dynasty. The ancestral temple of the Zhao family is preservedAxis handleAnd buildings[177]。Chang'an Town, Dongguan CityShangsha VillageyesFormer Residence of Sun Yat sen's AncestorIt is a village of Guangfu, with Sun's Ancestral Temple reserved[184]。Nanlang Town, Zhongshan CityZuobu VillageOfSun Gongci of ShuangzhuangIt is the ancestral temple of Sun Yat sen and a typical representative of Guangfu architecture.[185]
Wok ear room
The style of Guangfu folk houses was gradually established after the Southern Song Dynasty, and had been quite mature by the middle of the Qing Dynasty.The main representative forms are neatly arranged comb style villages and three two corridor style compound. The wok ear style gables rise one after another, forming a spectacular feature of Guangfu folk houses.[75]Wok ear roomIt is the tradition of the Pearl River DeltaGuangfu Folk HouseThe gable of the house is built into a wok ear shape, so it is called "wok ear house".[76]
Wok ear room
Guangfu Folk House Continues the Central Plains Folk HouseGrey brickThe architectural style of Daiwa also combines the characteristics of folk houses in Jiangnan. The wok ear gable is calledGuanyin pocket。The construction of the wok ear house is characterized by building a dragon boat ridge on the tile top and building a wok ear top on the gable for coping and wind protection.Generally, it is of brick and wood structure, with green brick (stone) walls, terraced brick floors, and red and white stone patios.The gable of the wok ear can prevent wind from entering the lane, allowing the wind to flow into the house through the door and window;In case of fire, the high gables can prevent the fire from spreading and invading.Brick carvings are inlaid on the wall of the wok ear room, decorated with colorful paintings of flowers, insects, birds, animals, people and legends, and the roof and surrounding dragons, cows, and aquatic plants.The layout of three rooms and two corridors in the wok house is traditional in ChinaCourtyard DwellingsThe continuation of "" has only changed due to special historical and geographical conditions.[77-85]
In the folk houses of Guangfu in the Ming and Qing Dynastieshigh-ranking officialOnly the village or the distinguished gentry are qualified to erect the wok ear sealing volcanic wall on the roof, which reflects the connotation of encouraging students to become officials and honoring their ancestors. Later, as long as the villagers become rich, they will build a wok ear house to show their wealth and style.According to legend and custom, the construction of the wok ear house must follow the standards, styles and dimensions proposed by the temple rules and genealogy.Only families with fame, official position and fame can build up different walls according to their grades and wealth. Otherwise, it will be a misnomer.The fire sealing wall of the wok ear room is also called the "leading wall", which is "leading";The front is high and the rear is low, and the layers go up one by one, which means "rising step by step";There are two rows of rooms on both sides of the courtyard, commonly known as "double climbing belt";Between the rows and columns, a bluestone road is paved, and all the way up, it is for the purpose of "going straight up".Every family member or clansman who has won an official title in the examination will erect a banner at the gate of the ancestral hall, which will be remembered in history and honor the ancestors.It is used to erect the flagFlagpole stoneIt is considered to be the "honorary certificate" of the ancient Jinshi and Juren.[77-87]
Distribution of Guangdong Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty
Village Tribute of Guangzhou MansionJinshiThe total number of people is 1283, including 260 people in Panyu, accounting for 20.3%;357 people in the South China Sea, accounting for 27.8%;238 people in Shunde, accounting for 18.6%;193 people in Dongguan, accounting for 15.0%[168]；231 people in Jiangmen[169]；138 people in Xiangshan (Zhongshan, Zhuhai)[170]。In the history of Guangdong, there have been 9 No. 1 Scholar and 5 No. 1 Martial Scholar, of which Shunde and Nanhai have each produced 3 No. 1 Scholar, and both of them are 2 No. 1 Scholar and 1 No. 1 Martial Scholar. Panyu has also produced 2 No. 1 Scholar, respectivelyJane Wenhui、Zhang Zhensun、Lunwenxu、Huang Shijun、Zhuang Yougong、Liang Yaoshu、Zhu Kezhen、Yao Daning。[171]
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong's humanities rose and talents rose. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong began to catch up with the Central Plains, especially Jiajing and Wanli. The imperial examinations performed wellGuangzhou MansionIt is also ahead of the whole province.In the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong was admitted to the middle schoolJinshi855 people in total, including 462 in Guangzhou, accounting for 55% of the total number of Jinshi in the province[37]。In the Qing Dynasty, there were 965 Jinshi in Guangdong, including 570 in Guangzhou, accounting for 59% of the total.[38]
language
Since Guangfu people in the Pearl River Delta mainly moved in from the Tang and Song DynastiesCantoneseIt has preserved the Central Plains phonology of the Tang and Song Dynasties, of which the most prominent feature is that it has preserved a relatively completeAncient ChineseUbiquitous "the entering tone”。The first official authoritative pronunciation and rhyme book in Chinese history published in the early Northern Song Dynasty《Song rhyming dictionary》(Full name《The Song Dynasty rebuilt Guangyun》）The pronunciation of the words marked in it is highly consistent with today's Cantonese, so a large number of Tang poetry and Song poetry can only be read in Cantonese to meet the basic "rhythmic beauty" of poetryNan HuaijinMy husband thinks Cantonese is the national language of the Tang Dynasty.During the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan government compiled《Central Plains Phonology》, in order to replace the original "Guangyun", and assign the ru tone to the other three tones, resulting in the structure of the initial consonant of the northern dialect, which is different from the ancient Chinese, without ru tone or voiced sound,Cantonese、Wu dialectSuch dialects have become relics of ancient Chinese.[39-40]
learning
Chen Xianzhang
In the Song Dynasty, Guangdong began to set up 26 academies.Guangzhou is the first academy with a slightly larger scale in GuangdongYushan AcademyIt was built in Jiading (1208-1224) of the Southern Song Dynasty. The site is located behind the government school in Guangzhou at that time (near Zhongshan 4th Road, Yuexiu District today). There were few academies in Guangzhou in the Song Dynasty. Except Yushan Academy, there were only two academies, Panshan Academy and Lianxi Academy, while there were six academies in Foshan.In the Yuan Dynasty, the academy founded in Guangzhou was recorded in historical records only by LuogangYuyan AcademyOne room.[140-141]In the Southern Song Dynasty, famous officialsCui YuzhiWith disciplesLi YouyingThe first academic school in Lingnan history, Jupo School, was founded in Guangzhou, which was the mainstream school of Lingnan learning at that time. The Jupo School attached great importance to benevolence, monarchy and talent in thought. Li Youying was the first exploration flower in Lingnan history cultivated by the Jupo School.[41]
In the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong academies gradually flourished, and the total number of academies ranked the third in the countryChen Xianzhang、As clear as waterSuch great scholars greatly changed the backwardness of Guangdong academies in the Song and Yuan dynasties and became an important academic center in China.[142]Guangdong Great ConfucianChen XianzhangHe put forward the philosophy of "nature as the religion" and "learning is more important than self satisfaction", which broke theCheng Zhu's PhilosophyThe dull and rigid mode opened the Ming DynastyCardiologyPioneer, founded“Jiangmen School”, becomeConfucianismAn important turning point in the history of development.In order to commend his great academic contributions, the Ming Dynasty sacrificed Chen Xianzhang in the 13th year of Wanli (1585)Confucian TempleHe became the only Confucianist in Lingnan who worshipped Confucius Temple, and one of the four people who worshipped Confucius Temple in the Ming Dynasty.[42-46]As clear as waterOn the basis of inheriting Chen Xianzhang's theory, with the principle of "recognizing the principles of heaven everywhere" as the patriarch, he put forward the concepts of "understanding the principles of heaven through objects" and "recognizing benevolence before learning, benevolence and all things in the world as one", and founded“Ganquan School”, ChengNeo ConfucianismAndsunny"Yangming School" was called "Wang Zhan's School" by people at that time.Zhan Ruoshui founded nearly 40 academies all over the country, with thousands of disciples all over the country, which promoted the development and prosperity of the mind learning in the Ming Dynasty.[47-48]
In the Qing Dynasty, the academies in Guangzhou developed unprecedentedly. The academies of schools were not only numerous in number, complete in form, but also concentrated in distribution.At that time, the provincialYuexiu Academy、Yuehua AcademyAnd government levelYangcheng AcademyIt is also known as the "Three Academies of Classical Learning in Guangdong", which is the center of Guangdong education in the early Qing DynastyWest Lake Academy、Yushan AcademyNot to mention giving wayXuehai Hall、Jupo Jingshe、Guangya AcademyIt also set off the reform atmosphere of Guangdong Academy.[140]1820Ruan YuanSupervise Guangdong, establish Xuehaitang, and promote GuangdongSinologyGuangdong has also become the whole countrySimple learningChen Li, Zhu Ciqi and other famous scholars have emerged as the focus of research.[142]In the Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou formedChen LiRepresented by“Dongshu School”Chen Li is a great scholar in Lingnan who knows astronomy and geography, music and rhythm arithmetic, and parallel proseSimple learningThe representative of.Qian MuChen Li was rated as "the second most important person in the late Qing Dynasty after Zeng Guofan, who advocated both Han and Song dynasties in academic history, and advocated the new style of study". His academic influence continued to the Republic of China.[49-50]At the same time, Foshan also appearedZhu Ciqi、Jian Chaoliang、Kang YouweiAs a representative of the "Jiujiang School", they proposed the combination of Confucian classics and historiography, as well as strengthening the independence of historiography.[51]
Before the Song Dynasty, the literary center of Guangdong was always located in northern Guangdong.Since the Song Dynasty, the Pearl River Delta has gradually replaced northern Guangdong as the literary center of Lingnan,Cui Yuzhi、Li YouyingHe was a person with national influence at that time, and Cui and him were even more in the south of the Five RidgesSong CiThe beginning.[54-55]In the 18th year of the Zhizheng era of the Yuan Dynasty (1358), more than ten young poets founded the Nanyuan Poetry Club in Guangzhou NanyuanSun Xuan、Huang Zhe, Wang Zuo, Li De, Zhao Jie, known as“Nanyuan Qianwuzi”They created a new situation in the Lingnan poetry world, formed the "Lingnan poetry school", and became one of the five major poetry schools in China in the early Ming Dynasty. The Lingnan poetry school has kept pace with the other four major poetry schools.[53]
brightJiajingDuring,Ou Daren、Liang Youyu、Li Min Table、Wu Dan、Li ShixingThe five people reunited with the Nanyuan Poetry Club because of their admiration for the "top five gentlemen", and were honored as“Nanyuan Houwuzi”。In the late Ming DynastyChen ZizhuangInitiated by,Li Suiqiu, Zeng Daowei, Gao Jiming, Xie Changwen, Qu Huainian, Su Xingyi, Liang Youkui and other 12 people joined the Nanyuan Poetry Club to revive the poetry world in southern Guangdong, known as "the staying power of Nanyuan".The writers in the Pearl River Delta in the Ming DynastyLunwenxu、Li Zhen、Huang Zhong、Chen Bangyan、Kuang LuEtc.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Pearl River Delta“Three masters in Lingnan”And“Lingnan Qizi”A group of poets represented byQu Dajun、Chen Gongyin、Liang Peilan、Cheng Keze、Wang Bangji、Fang Dianyuan、Fang Huan、Fang Chao、Zhang Weiping、Li WanfangAnd so on, the Lingnan poetry world and the Central Plains, Jiangsu and Zhejiang poetry world stand in a tripartite confrontation.“Three masters in Lingnan”His poems enjoyed a high reputation in the poetry circle of the Qing Dynasty and played an important role in the history of Chinese literature.In modern times, the Pearl River Delta still maintained its central position since the Song and Yuan DynastiesKang Youwei、Liang Qichao、Wu Jianren、Yellow knot、Liang Dingfen、Luo YinggongEtc.According to statistics, from the Western Han Dynasty to the modern times, there were native places to be tested in Guangdong, and there were collections of essays to be publishedLitterateurNearly 1800 people, including 1405 people in the Pearl River Delta, accounting for 78.1% of the total.[54-56]
Calligraphy
As clear as water
In the Song Dynasty, the calligraphers in the Pearl River Delta wereLi Youying、Cui YuzhiThe existing Nanshan stone inscription is fromLi YouyingHandwriting.Since the Ming Dynasty, more famous calligraphers and their works have emerged in the Pearl River Delta.Chen XianzhangHe was a great calligrapher in Guangdong at that time. His disciples were very numerous and formed a "Baisha Calligraphy School", which pioneered Lingnan calligraphy. The representative figures of the "Baisha Calligraphy School" wereAs clear as water, Zhao Shanming, Deng Qiao, Xiao Wenming, etc.The representative figures in the middle of the Ming Dynasty areLi Min Table、Li Min Zhong、Li MinhuaiThree brothers.
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guangdong's painting industry has developed greatly, with many talents, mainly represented by the Pearl River Delta.South China Sea in the Ming DynastyLin LiangHe is the most outstanding painter of ink painting, flowers and birds in the court, and he is also the Ming DynastyHospital bodyThe representative figure of flower and bird painting is also the ink painting of the Ming DynastyFreehand brushwork in traditional Chinese paintingPioneer of School, in the Ming Dynastyimperial-court decorative paintingChina is unique and has a significant impact on the painting world of later generations, including court painters, professional painters and literati painters.[57-59]DongguanZhang MuFamous for painting horses, XinhuiGao YanGood at landscape, ShundeLi JianExcellent in poetry, calligraphy and painting, ShundeSu Liupeng、Su RenshanEspecially good at characters, PanyuNesting、IncorruptibleIndustrial flowers, plants and insects attach importance to nature, creating the techniques of "bumping into water" and "bumping into color".The representatives of the Ming and Qing dynasties alsoYan Zong、He Hao、Zhang Yu、Xie Lansheng、Luotianchi、Zhang Ruzhi、Chen PuEtc.
In the Qing Dynasty, with the prosperity of Guangzhou's international trade, foreign painters also came here to make a living, and trained the first batch of Chinese oil painters, includingShi Beilin、Guan Qiaochang、Guan LianchangEtc,Shi BeilinHe is the "earliest oil painter in China".[60]After the 1830s, British paintersGeorge CheneryTo teach gouache painting techniques in China has greatly improved the level of "export paintings" in Guangzhou,Guan QiaochangThat is to say, he is his master apprentice,Guan Qiaochang"The Head of the Old Man" was selected into the exhibition of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and was the first Chinese painter to appear in the European art exhibition.[61-62]In modern times, the "father of Chinese oil painting" was born in the Pearl River Delta——Li Tiefu, andSitu Qiao、Luo Gongliu、Huang XinboAnd other famous painters.[63]
In the 1920sLv WenchengIn addition to creating music, Guangdong musicians recorded a large number of records,Guangdong folk musicIt became popular throughout the country.After the 1920s and 1930s, Guangdong music associations were established in Northeast, Northwest, Guangxi, Tianjin, Shanghai and other places;Since the 1960s, Guangdong music has been performed by music societies or professional literary and artistic groups all over China;In the Americas, Australia, Southeast Asia, Europe and other places where there are Guangdong expatriates, there are also many performances.[69-70]Since the 1940s, many famous Guangdong music songs have become state banquet and welcome music and are known as“national music”。Panyu District, GuangzhouShawan By the stateMinistry of CultureIt is named as "the hometown of Chinese folk art - the hometown of Guangdong music".[71-72]
Cantonese merchants(i.e. Guangdong businessmen) andShanxi 、Huizhou merchantsIt is also known as the "Three Major Business Groups" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties of China. It has dominated the business world for hundreds of years, represented by the Guangfu Business Group in the Pearl River Delta[73]。During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guangfu merchants traveled all over the countryGuangdong Guild Hall、Lingnan Guild Hall、Guangzhao Guild Hall、East Guangdong Guild HallIt is widely distributed throughout the country, with Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Guangxi having the largest number of distribution in today's provinces. Other provinces, such as Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Shandong, Northeast, Hubei, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Gansu and Yunnan, also have varying numbers of distribution.[74]
In 1685, the earliest official foreign trade professional group in Chinese history--Thirteen Factories emerge as the times require.In 1757,Thirteen Factories It became the only legal special foreign trade zone in the Qing Empire. This foreign goods firm has monopolized China's foreign trade for 85 years. The thirteen businessmen also became the richest group of businessmen in China before modern times. The representative figures areLu Guanheng、Liang Jingguo、Wu JianzhangEtc.[11]
Lingnan GardenIt mainly refers to the Guangfu Garden in the Pearl River Delta, which is one of the three major schools of traditional Chinese gardening art.The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of Chinese garden construction, which basically formed three centers: Beijing, Jiangnan and the Pearl River Delta.[89-90]Many officials and literati in the Pearl River Delta who have become official have built them after returning homePrivate garden, mainly for the purpose of cultivating one's moral character and enjoying one's life, and inviting a group of literati and scholars to recite poems and paint in their spare time.[91]
Ru ShundeQinghui GardenHe was the first scholar of the Ming DynastyHuang ShijunThe mansion of the Qing Dynasty, and later by the Qing Dynasty Daliang ScholarsLongying time、Longtinghuai、Long YuanrenThe family was built in succession;[92]PanyuYuyin Mountain HouseIt was the Qing Dynasty JurenWu BinAs built, he was awarded the title of Tongfeng Doctor by Emperor Xianfeng;[93]DongguanKeyuanCreated byZhang JingxiuWhen he went to Jiangxi as an inspector, he was proficient in gold and stone calligraphy and painting, music, chess and poetry;[94]FoshanLiangyuanThe owner ofLiang AiruHe was also a famous calligrapher and painter in Lingnan in the Qing Dynasty;[95]GuangzhouListen to Pine GardenHis master is a patriotic poet in the late Qing DynastyZhang WeipingHe was once the magistrate of Huangmei County in Hubei Province and the magistrate of Nankang Prefecture in Jiangxi Province;Xinglin Manor MasterDeng DalinHe was a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, and once served as a magistrate in Shandong. He was a poet and painter;Six Pine Garden isPan YouweiThe garden built for my father to enjoy his life. He was a Jinshi during the reign of Qianlong;Kangyuan isKang Youwei's grandfatherKang ZanxiuThe property purchased by Kang Youwei was once in the park when he was a childXiaopeng Immortal HallReading, completed in Kangyuan in 1887《Human axiom》One book.[91]
From the 18th century to the early 19th century, there were many reasonsThirteen ElementsThe grand and elegantPrivate garden, including Panjia GardenWujia Garden、Haishan Fairy HallMany famous gardens are called "Xingshang Garden".They are not onlyLingnan GardenThe peak work ofEuropeThe grand occasion of imitating "Chinese style" gardens in various countries has made Chinese style gardens popular in Europe for nearly a century.In the 1920s and 1930s, Guangzhou's old flower fields were still dotted with gardens. There were at least 30 gardens of different sizes, among which the most famous ones were Liufang, Zuiguan, Shuxiang, Qunfang, New Changchun, Cuilin, Yuxiangpu and Heji.With the withdrawal of the Thirteen Elements from the historical stage, the merchant garden gradually disappeared in people's vision.[96-97]Existing Qing DynastyFour major gardens in LingnannamelyQinghui Garden、Yuyin Mountain House、Liangyuan、KeyuanOther famous gardensBaomo GardenLingnanHeyuan、Yuehui GardenEtc.
traditional opera
Guangdong opera
Guangdong opera(Cantonese Opera), also known as "Guangdong Opera", originated fromFoshan, singing in Cantonese, is one of the traditional operas of the Han nationality.Cantonese Opera Originates fromSouthern OperaThe origin can be traced back to the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. It was introduced into Guangdong during the Ming and Qing dynastiesSea salt cavity、Ming opera style、Kunshan Tune、Bangzi tuneBased on various tunes and absorbing folk music from the Pearl River DeltaXipi）、ErhuangIt is a major opera in southern China, and its singing belongs toPihuangsystemPlate cavity。Cantonese Opera was formed in Guangdong and later spread to Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macao. Cantonese Opera is performed in places where overseas Chinese live in Southeast Asia and the Americas.[99-100]Cantonese Opera was listed in the first batch in May 2006National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, listed by UNESCO in September 2009World Intangible Cultural HeritageDirectories.[101]
Since the beginning of its formation in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Cantonese opera has been accompanied by national musical instruments and sung in the official language of the theatre.It is a performing art of kneading chorus to do chanting and playing, musicians to score music, stage costumes, abstract forms, etc.During the five years of Emperor Yongzheng's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Wu, a famous Beijing actor, was called Stalker Five. He fled to Guangdong in disguise to avoid the pursuit of the Qing government. He settled down in Dajiwei, Foshan Town, and took the Red Boat Children, a professor of Peking Opera and Kunqu Opera, as his means of transportation,Foshan was thus called the hometown of Cantonese opera.At that time, many festivals were held in Foshan, and it was necessary to perform Cantonese opera on God's birthday. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a poem on bamboo branches describing this grand occasion: "The Liyuan Song and Dance Contest was prosperous, with red boats moored in the sand at night, but every year, every day, thousands of people surrounded to see Qionghua".
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, in order to promote the revolution, the cultural people changed the singing language of Cantonese opera to Cantonese, making it easier for Guangzhou people to understand.After the Revolution of 1911, influenced by civilized drama and modern drama, and by western modern film art after the 1920s, Cantonese opera introduced era songs and western jazz music. In addition to playing national instruments, it also used violin, electric guitar, jazz drum, trumpet, etc.In the three decades before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Cantonese opera was basically divided into two major genres in terms of performance style: "provincial and Hong Kong class" and "roller coaster class" (or "homebound class").[99-100]Shenzhen Cantonese Opera is popular in Luohu, Futian, Nantou, Shekou, Xixiang, Fuyong, Shajing, Songgang, Gongming, Guangming, Pinghu, Dapeng and other Cantonese speaking areas.[102]
Cantonese OperaIt is a Cantonese dialect area popular in Guangdong and spread to Hong Kong, Macao, Southeast Asia and the Americas, where Cantonese overseas Chinese live. It is a variety of folk art performed in Cantonese dialect.It was formed in the middle of Qing Dynasty.The form of performance is one or two people standing and singing, and many people hold Gaohu, Yangqin, Pipa, Hengxiao, Longthroat, Erxian, Violin (a local folk musical instrument in Guangdong), Shortthroat, Yueqin and other professional accompaniment.Later, there were performances such as "rap", "play" and "singing".The aria music is extremely rich, which can be roughly divided into seven categories of its own system: 1. Bangzi;2. Two springs;3. Brand song;4. Absorb the tunes of dragon boat, wooden fish, Nanyin, Yuequ, etc;5. [Lover], [Flower Cutting], [Jade Beauty] and other ditties;6. New creation of Banghuang Zaqu after the 1911 Revolution;7. Guangdong folk instrumental music, i.e. "Guangdong music", written and sung, such as [Zhaojun grudge], [rain beats plantain], [double voice hatred], [Liu shakes gold], etc.It has been included in the national intangible cultural heritage list.[119]
Jasminum nudiflorum flower marketIt is the largest traditional folk custom in Guangfu on the eve of the Spring Festival, popular in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong, Macao and other places[133-134]。People in the Song Dynasty would place a "Pepsi Lucky" market on the dinner table during the Spring Festival. Persimmons, oranges and cypresses would be placed on the same plate, which means "Pepsi Lucky"[186]。In Cantonese, "orange", "orange" and "ji" are homonyms. During the Spring Festival, every family in Guangfu will put some orange pots at home, and hang some "Lishi" seals on the orange tree, which means good luck and good luck in the coming year[187]。The formation of the flower market can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Huadi (today's flower place) in Fangcun, Guangzhou, had become a flower and tree producing area. Rows of bamboo sheds were set up to display flowers, fruits and New Year's Eve supplies. People called it the "Flower Street"[188]。The winter jasmine flower market has been listed in the fifth batchNational Intangible Cultural Heritage List。[132]
Lion dance
Lion dance, belonging to ChinaLion danceSouth Lion in.In history, it was born from the palace lion dance of the Tang Dynasty,Five Dynasties and Ten KingdomsLater, with the southward migration of the immigrants from the Central Plains, the lion dance culture was introduced into the Lingnan area.In the Ming Dynasty, the Awakening Lion appeared in Nanhai County, Guangdong (today's Foshan), and is now popular in South China and overseas Chinese communities.Guangdong Lion Awakening is considered to be a lucky mascot to ward off evil spirits and avoid harm. Every festival or major event, there must be a lion awakening to help the people enjoy the festival. It has been passed down from generation to generation.[103]Shenzhen lion dance is mainly held in western regions such as Bao'an and Shajing“Songgang Seven Star Lion Dance”It was listed in the third batch in May 2011National Intangible Cultural Heritage List。[104]
piaose
piaose belong toShehuoOne of the performing arts forms, originated in the Central Plains area of the God Greeting Games, and then gradually spread to the southeast coast.[135]Guangdong piaose originated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and it is still an important art form in the Pearl River Delta area until now.There are community fires in the north and floating colors in the south, but the name is different. A floating color patrol is a community fire parade.During the Piaose cruise, several people push several color plates, and each color plate is decorated with figures in a fixed position. The figures are only supported by an invisible color stem, standing in the air, flying, so they are called Piaose.The biggest highlight of Piaose is "Sezai" and "Senv". They are dressed in gorgeous clothes, beautiful and elegant. They wave to tourists from time to time, "cute" people and become the object of camera capture.[129-131]The floating colors of the Pearl River Delta include PanyuSand BayZhuhaiDriftingZhongshanYellow GardenNanlangYakou Piaose, TaishanFloating color of pumiceEtc.[135-139]
Stealing Dragon Boat YesHan nationalityThe main customs of the Dragon Boat Festival, a traditional festival, originated fromJiangsu and ZhejiangThe area is the traditional festival custom of the Chinese Han people to commemorate Qu Yuan, and it is also the Han nationalityDragon TotemOne of the representatives of culture.[105-108]The history of Guangzhou dragon boat can be traced back toFive Dynasties and Ten KingdomsDuring the Southern Han Dynasty, the early dragon boat race in Guangzhou was just a palace activityLiu Gong(reigned from 958 to 971) In that year, the "Jade Pool" was dredged in the west of Guangzhou, and the dragon boat race was held every year on the Dragon Boat Festival in the lunar calendar.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the dragon boat race in Guangzhou was at its peak.[109]The history of dragon boats in Shunde, Zhongshan, Dongguan, Jiangmen and other places can be traced back tothe Ming dynasty[110-113]。Shenzhen“Songgang Dragon Boat Race”It was included in the second batch of Guangdong Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative List to commemorate the national heroes of the Southern Song Dynastyknown as a model of fidelity to the last Song sovereigns[194]。The Pearl River Delta has the custom of burying dragon boats at the bottom of the river to preserve them, which is called "Tibetan Dragon". The place where the dragon boat is buried is called "Dragon Boat Sinus". Every time before the Dragon Boat Festival, the dragon boat is dug up and repaired for dragon boat racing.[114-116]This custom is very similar to the custom in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. The dragon boats in Wuxi chisel through the bottom of the boat after each year's competition and sink it in the corresponding river channel wrapped in sackcloth. Only the tail of the dragon is exposed to the water, and it will be picked up and repaired when the next competition takes place. The river channel where the dragon boats are sunk is collectively called "Dragon Boat Creek".[117]
faith
Nanhai God
Nanhai Temple
In the 14th year of Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty (594),Emperor Wen of the Sui DynastyAn edict was issued to build a Sihai Temple to offer sacrifices to Sihai and build it in GuangzhouNanhai Temple, and VulcanZhu RongAlso officially honored as the "sea god" enshrined in the South China Sea Temple[190-191]。Guangzhou in the Song DynastyFuxu PortIt is more prosperous than that in the Tang Dynasty. The import and export commodities are more diversified than that in the Tang Dynasty, and the tax revenue is also more.Song RenzongIn the second year of Kangding (1041), an imperial edict was issued to designate Nanhai God as "Hongsheng Guangli King". From then on, Guangdong people took "Hongsheng King" as another name for "Nanhai God".[192]
Folks in charge of the legendSouth China SeaIn addition to the official ceremony in the Nanhai Temple, people have also formed a variety of solemn sacrificial activities and a large number of Nanhai God "leaving the palace" Hongsheng King Temple.There are more than 200 "Hongsheng King Temple" in the Pearl River Delta, which is actually the South China Sea Temple[192-193]。Hong Christmasalso calledNanhai God's Birthday、Polo's birthday, whose birthday is from February 11 to 13 of the lunar calendar, is a folk celebration of the South China Sea GodZhu RongThe God Greeting Competition held on the birthday.[191]
Northern Emperor
Foshan Temple
Northern EmperorAlso known as Xuanwu and Zhenwu Emperor, it is one of the most worshipped gods in Guangfu[178]。Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the worship of Xuanwu has become more and more popular, especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, when border disasters occurred frequently. As the main god of the north, Xuanwu's worship has received official support.In this context, with the massive southward migration of the population in the Central Plains, the Xuanwu Worship also came to Lingnan.In the early Ming Dynasty, King YanZhu DiIt is believed that the acquisition of imperial power was due to the expansion of the Northern Emperor, who listed the sacrifice of the Northern Emperor as a national ceremony. Therefore, the belief of the Northern Emperor was further spread throughout the country.[179-180]
Since the Ming Dynasty, the worship of the Northern Emperor has become one of the mainstream folk beliefs in the Pearl River Delta. The Northern Emperor's sacrificial ceremony has risen to become an official ritual system. Not only are the temples dedicated to the Northern Emperor all over the villages, but also the villagers' homes are widely dedicated to the Northern Emperor's shrine.Since the Ming and Qing DynastiesFoshan TempleBecause of its highest position of "self respect", it has become an official temple integrating political power, clan power and divine power.Foshan Ancestral Temple and Northern Emperor Worship have a considerable influence in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia.During the reign of Emperor Qianjia in the Qing Dynasty, the worship of the Northern Emperor gradually reached its peak, and even the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi, Jiqing, paid homage to the ancestral temples and wrote couplets in person. The status of the Northern Emperor also exceeded that of the Buddhist gods.On the third day of the third lunar month every yearNorthern Emperor's BirthdayDay,Han nationalityThe scale of folk celebration activities is grand.[125-128]
Kang Gong
Patriotic generals of the Song DynastyKang BaozuDuring his tenure as the garrison general of Gaoyang, Liao invaded the Central Plains. He rose up to resist and died for his country. People respected him as Kang Gong and Kang Wang. Later generations respected him for his loyalty and built "Kang Gong Temple" and "Kang Wang Temple" in the north and south of the Yangtze River[227]。Kanggong Temple is reserved in Guangzhou, Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Macao and other regions, and there is a custom of "Kanggong Festival".[228-234]
diet
Cantonese cuisineThat is, Cantonese cuisine[181], YesCantonese cuisineThe representative of is from the Central Plains.Featuring local flavors such as Nanhai cuisine, Panyu cuisine, Dongguan cuisine, Shunde cuisine, Zhongshan cuisine, Wuyi cuisine and Shenzhen cuisine[222-223]It is also the specialty of Beijing, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, Hangzhou and other foreign provincial dishes as well as western cuisine.In cooking, it focuses on frying and exploding, as well as stewing, frying and roasting. It stresses clearness but not lightness, freshness but not vulgarity, tenderness but not raw, and oil but not greasy. There are five flavors (fragrant, loose, soft, fat and thick) and six flavors (sour, sweet, bitter, hot, salty and fresh).The folk have the reputation of "eating in Guangzhou", with the characteristics of freshness, freshness, freshness, tenderness and smoothness. The "five tastes" and "six tastes" are excellent, and they are good at stir frying. It is required to master the right temperature and oil temperature.It is also compatible with many western dishes, and pays attention to the momentum and quality of dishes.[182-183]
Eating potted vegetables isGuangfu peopleThe traditional customs of the Pearl River Delta are the food culture and traditions with local characteristics[224-225]。According to the literature, in the first year of Xiangxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1278), the Southern Song Dynasty imperial court retreated to Guangdong, and Empress Dowager Yang and her younger brother passed through Dongguan and Hong Kong with the emperor at that time.Most of the soldiers came to Wusha Village, Chang'an.Everywhere they went, people went there one after another, and there were as many as 200000 soldiers who were loyal to the king.In the absence of dishes to hold food, coastal people skillfully use wooden pots to hold dishes made by three or five families together, which are stacked layer by layer, permeate each other, and overflow with fragrance, and are deeply loved by the emperor and soldiers.Since then, the custom of eating potted vegetables has spread along the coast of Guangdong.[226]
Hakka is a branch ethnic group of the Han nationality with distinctive characteristics of ethnic minorities in mountainous areas. Since the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, Han residents in the Central Plains have moved southward in a large scale, and some of them have arrived at the junction of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces, where they can communicate with the local peoplethe She ethnic group、Yao nationalityAnd other aboriginal people are mixed together and get married. After thousands of years of evolution, the relatively stable Hakka people finally formed.[203]
Guangzhou、Shenzhen、Foshan、Jiangmen、ZhuhaiHakka people in other regions are mainlythe Qing dynastyPeriod migration[204-208]。At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government twice ordered the "sea ban" to move to the border, which caused the coastal areas to be in a depression and the countryside to be deserted.In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the Qing government abolished it“Sea moving order”We will fully implement the "boundary restoration and reclamation" policy, and order people to be recruited for restoration and reward reclamation.At that time, the Hakka people in the mountainous areas along the border of Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi were suffering from "more people and less land", "narrow soil and poor people"Beijiang、Han JiangA large number of Hakkas from the river basin poured in, which opened the history of Hakkas going to the seaside.[205]
Folk song
Huang ZunxianHe believes that Hakka folk songs are the customs of ethnic minorities《Miscellaneous Poems of 1911》In the "self note", it was pointed out that "the natives have folk songs, many men and women love each other, and they should be officials and eggsLoosen one's mouthSongyuan villages still remain unchanged.At the end of each speech, there was a silent voice, just like a concubine calling for Siege. It was very sad and harsh. "Huang Zunxian also quotedZhang Yuanji"On the moonlit night in the Yaodong Cave, men and women sing with each other across the mountains, and love comes. The lingering sound is beautiful, and the legacy of singing immortals still remains. One word goes back thousands of times, and it is sad and fierce. It is commonly known as folk songs, especially among Hui and Chao nationalities." All these show the relationship between Hakka folk songs and the tradition of "good songs" of minority ethnic groups such as She and Yao.[242]
Hakka people are good at fighting songs and antithesis songs. For hundreds of years, they have kept singing in Hakka dialect in places where Hakka people liveHakka folk songsIn the tradition of singing, male and female singers are inspired by the scenery, sing impromptu and answer fluently.Jiangmen Heshan Hakka people“liu sanjie ( the third sister of the liu family”He was honored as a singer and became a god.In memoryliu sanjie ( the third sister of the liu family, they are in HechengKunlun MountainA Liu Sanjie Temple was built on the top of Dakun Mountain, and a singing stone was erected. Every year, Hakka people from 16 villages around Chengxi Village will gather here to sing all night long from 8:00 p.mFolk song, sing folk songs and offer tributes to pray in front of Liu Sanjie Temple for the sake of peace and prosperity in the coming year. The whole blessing ceremony didn't end until 8:00 am the next day[207]。
Doumen District, Zhuhai CityBaijiao Hakka Bamboo Board Folk SongIn terms of content, there are labor folk songs, current politics songs, ritual songs, love songsWedding Cry Song, mourning songs, etc., have different modes.Singing forms include solo, duet, group singing, singing and other forms.It mainly uses Hakka dialect in Chinese to sing, with unique artistic style and vivid, vivid and perceptible language, and uses diversified rhetorical techniques to express feelings, which is deeply loved by Hakka people.[238]
Grab fireworks
JiangmenHecheng Hakka Firecracker Festival“Grab fireworks”It includes traditional process ceremonies such as worship, returning artillery, robbing artillery, and receiving artillery, with the meanings of praying, celebrating the year, gathering, and fellowship.On the day of the activity, the whole village, men, women, old and young, and villagers at home and abroad gathered together to talk about their hometown, and pray that the new year will be a good year, with abundant grain, prosperous people, happy families, and long lives.During the fireworks show, Hakka characteristics and folk customs such as carrying baskets, preparing raw and cooked pigs, singing folk songs and so on are everywhere highlighted, with a unique local cultural color.[235]Shenwan Town, ZhongshanShenxi VillageThe villagers of Youpu Natural Village are fromChaozhou、XingningThey moved to this place for reclamation and cultivation, and gradually formed villages“Grab fireworks”It is the folk culture of Youpu Village with a history of more than 200 years.[236]
Kirin Dance
The Kirin Dance is popular in the Hakka area of Shenzhen. In addition to the famous Kirin Team in Bantian Village, Longgang, there are hundreds of teams in Shenzhen Kirin Dance, including Guanlan Songyuan Mansion, Zhangkeng Path, Osmanthus, Junzi Bu Kirin Team, Longhua Dachuankeng, Longshengtang, Dalang, etc.The traditional unicorn in Shenzhen has a head as big as a bucket, and a length of eight feet. The head and tail are connected by brocade quilts with scales.The unicorn has a single horn on its head, dorsal fin and protruding forehead, and its mouth is wide to the back palate;The Kirin's "neck" has five black, white, yellow, blue and red curtains. In the past, the trade rules believed that the first black curtain was the symbol of the "iron neck Kirin", which means that the head coach of the Kirin team is very famous, and the members have excellent martial arts skills, and they are recognized as the best in the surrounding area.[243]
Sanshan King Belief
First BeliefKing of Three MountainsGuangdong is the main body ofthe eastern part of Guangdong provinceThe Baiyue indigenous people in the area gradually became the common patron saint of the She, Fulao, Hakka and other people in eastern Guangdong. The Sanshan King Temple is also distributed in Huidong County, Dongguan, Xin'an County (including Hong Kong) and other counties in Huizhou.[239-240]
Hakka Round House
OneRidged houseIt's a huge HakkafortressThe bedroom, kitchen, large and small halls, wells, warehouses and other living facilities are available.GuangzhouGangpu enclosed ridge houseIt is built into a traditional Hakka shape. From the perspective of architectural projection, it looks like a tortoise back, implying the reproduction, health and longevity of descendants.The ridge house also integrates the decoration features of Guangfu buildings. The ridge of the roof is the dragon boat ridge, and the gable on the front of the house is the wok ear sealing volcanic wall, which absorbs the dragon boat ridgeGuangfu CultureThe Wooer gable represents the desire of the clansmen to encourage their descendants to study hard and become famous.[213]
ShenzhenJikeng ShijuIt's a typical LonggangHakka Round HouseThere is a watchtower at the end of the main building, and there is a wok ear wall upstairs.This kind of wok ear wall, also called "official hat wall", was one of the most prominent features of Guangfu architecture, and later in ShenzhenHakka architectureThere are also many applications in.[214]
