The sea route is the link connecting all elementsa shipThe track that runs or travels in the system plays a connecting role in the maritime space system.The sea transportation routes are distributed between oceans, which is also the advantage of sea transportation over other transportation modes.How to make the most effective use of this advantage is an important issue in system organization.The route is restricted by other elements in the system. When selecting a route, considergoods、a shipas well asPortIt is a relatively passive factor to make a reasonable choice only after a comprehensive evaluation of the system organization.[1]
Type of sea route
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Sea route
Compared with other transportation modes, the route of maritime transportation has the characteristics of less investment and natural formation. At the same time, it is also more affected and restricted by natural conditions, which is obviously reflected in the classification of routes.According to different classification standards, maritime transport routes can be divided into different types.[1]
1. According to the traffic waters
(1) Ocean routes are also called ocean routes.It refers to international maritime transport between countries or regions through one or more oceans.For example, the sea transportation from China to the United States and some European countries is collectively referred to as ocean transportation routes.
(2) Offshore routes refer to the sea transportation routes from the seaports of a country to the seaports of neighboring countries.For example, the sea transportation routes from China to Japan and South Korea.
(3) Coastal routes refer to the transportation routes between ports in the coastal areas of a country.For example, the sea transportation line from Shanghai Port to Dalian Port.
The routes that change with the seasons are called seasonal routes.Because ship navigation is affected by natural conditions, especially ocean currents, monsoon and other factors, ocean currents and monsoon will change direction or flow due to climate change, for example, with the change of season, the direction and flow of ocean currents, wind direction and wind force will also change.In order to save transportation capacity and speed up with the help of wind and ocean current, ships usually take different routes in different seasons.For example, in order to avoid the sea fog in winter and the storm in summer in the North Pacific, the routes from the Far East to the West Coast of North America are northward in summer and southward in winter.
(2) Perennial route
A course that does not change with the seasons.
3. According to the transportation capacity, distance and volume
(1) Main route
Also called trunk line, it is a sea route connecting hub ports or central ports, mainly referring to the world's major container liner routes.This kind of route connects all container hub ports in the world and navigates large container ships.For example, the main routes of global container liners include: Far East/North America, Far East/Europe, Europe/North America routes, including global pendulum routescontainer transportThe three main routes of.Most of the world's major container hub ports are located on these three routes.
(2) Branch route
Also called branch line, it is a sea route connecting diversion ports or exchange ports, which is a sea transport line providing services for main routes.Most of the ships running on the branch line are small ships.Most of the connected ports are local hub ports or diversion ports.
4. According to the organizational form
(1) Nonstop route
It refers to the transportation route from the port of departure (the port of departure) to the port of destination within the scope of water transportation, where the ship does not touch the port, load and unload goods or add or subtract barges halfway.The direct route has the advantages of fast transportation speed, fast ship turnover and cost saving, but it requires a relatively stable cargo flow between the two ports.Such routes are mostly trunk routes in liner transportation.
(2) Transit route
It refers to the transportation route in which the ship connects with the port, loads and unloads goods or uses barges from the port of departure to the port of destination within the scope of water transportation.
5. According to the departure time
(1) Regular route (liner route)
It refers to the route where ships are located, fixed and scheduled within the scope of water transportation.These routes are now mostly container liner routes, which are usually the "five fixed" routes with specified time, route, ship, cargo type and port.When setting the route, especially the main liner route, it is necessary to consider not only the cargo and route conditions, but also the comprehensive conditions of the port, including natural conditions, hinterland conditions, loading and unloading capacity, storage capacity, loading and unloading efficiency and a series of parameters that must be considered.
(2) Irregular route
Is relative toScheduled shippingAnother way of ship labor.It is different from liner transportation,Tramp transportThere is no scheduled shipping schedule, no fixed route and port of call, but follows the source of goods. The route of the ship must be arranged according to the charter party signed by the ship owner and the charterer.Non scheduled ships are mainly engaged in the transportation of bulk goods, such as grain, oil, ore, coal, timber, sugar, fertilizer, phosphate rock, etc.Generally, they are shipped by whole ship.
6. According to navigation technology
(1) Great Circle Route
It is the shortest voyage line between two points on the earth's circle.However, it intersects with all meridians at different angles (except the meridian and equator), that is, when sailing along the big arc, the course must be changed at all times.
(2) Constant route
It is not the shortest voyage line between two points on the earth surface (except the meridian and equator), but at low latitudes or when the heading is close to north and south, it is not much different from the great circle route.
(3) Isocyclic route
If the two places are at the same latitude, they will sail along the latitude circle, that is, the planned track is 90.Or 270..It is a special case of a homodrome route.
(4) Mixed route
In order to avoid the dangerous navigation area in high latitude, the shortest route combining the great circle route with the equal latitude circle route is adopted under the condition of setting a limited latitude.
In addition, in ocean navigation, the two places are far away from each other, and depending on the specific situation, the whole voyage may not use a fixed route.
7. According to climate and meteorological conditions
(1) Climatic routing
It refers to the route designed on the basis of the shortest voyage route, taking into account the climatic conditions in the navigation season and other factors that may be encountered.Such as routes recommended in route design drawings and World Ocean Routes.
(2) Weather route
It means that the meteorological routing company, based on the routeShort term weather forecastThe route recommended to the sailing ship after considering the meteorological conditions and the ship's own conditions.
On the basis of the above routes, the routes with the least sailing time, the fastest ship turnover and the highest operating efficiency are called optimal routes.
Formation of shipping routes
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A certain route that can be used by ships in waters around the world is called a route under the restrictions of natural conditions such as harbor, tide, wind direction, water depth and the distance from the earth's sphere.Among many different routes, the operation route selected by the maritime transport carrier for the purpose of maximizing economic benefits is called the route after comprehensive consideration of subjective and objective factors.The formation of routes mainly depends on the following factors:[2]
（1） Safety factors
The safety factor means that the route of the ship navigation must take into account various natural phenomena, such as wind direction, wave, tide, current, reef and drift ice.Because the above phenomena will affect the safety of ship navigation.
（2） Freight factor
Freight factor refers to the amount of freight volume along the route.If there are many cargoes and ships sailing, it must be a busy route.
（3） Port factors
The port factor refers to whether the water depth of the port through which the ship passes and stops is appropriate, whether the climate is good, whether the channel is wide, whether there is good storage and handling equipment, whether the inland transportation conditions are convenient, whether the port use fee is low, and whether the fuel supply is sufficient.
（4） Technical factors
Technical factors refer to the most economical and fast route selected technically when the ship is sailing.In addition to the above factors, changes in the international political situation, economic policies and shipping policies of relevant countries will also have a certain impact on the selection and formation of routes.The quality of route selection is directly related to the economic benefits of the shipping industry. Therefore, shipping companies attach great importance to route selection.
