Europe has the sixth largest area in the world, with a population density of 70 people/km ². It is the third most populous continent in the world, second only toAsiaandAfrica, more than 99% of the population belongs towhite race, relatively simple.Europe is humanliving standardHigh, environmental andHuman Development Index One of the higher and livable continents.[1]
The northernmost point of Europe is Norway's Nolchen Point, and the southernmost point isSpainOfMaroki angle, the westernmost end isPortugalOfRocca angle。Europe is the second smallest continent and continent in the world, only a little larger than Oceania. It is collectively calledEurasia, and together with Asia and Africa, it is called Asia Europe Africa continent.
becauseCulture、Economics、PoliticsFor example, the borders of Europe are always different, so there are many 'Europe' concepts.[1]
The full name of Europe is Europe.There are some legends about the origin of the name Europe.stayMYTHOSMedium,Demeter(Demeter) is a goddess in charge of farming. She bless the world with abundant grain and prosperous people and animals.In the portraits of the goddess, people always draw her sitting on the back of a bull.In ancient times, bulls were indispensable farm animals for human beings. Since the goddess was in charge of farming, she would naturally sit on the back of the bulls.Another name of this goddess is Europa. People call Europa the name of a continent out of respect for the goddess.In addition, there is a widely spread legend: "the king of gods"ZeusGot itPhoeniciaEuropa, the king's beautiful daughter, wanted to marry her, but was afraid that she would disagree.One day, Europa was accompanied by a group of girls at the seaside.When Zeus saw it, he quickly turned into a strong and docile bull and came to Europa. Europa saw the lovely bull lying beside him and stepped on the back of the bull.Zeus has a lookEuropaIn the plan, he immediately stood up and walked forward, avoiding the crowd, then rose into the air, and then jumped into the sea to break the waves, taking Europa to live together on a land far away.[1]
ancient
The earliest human settlements in Europe can be traced back to Europe in 35000 BCPaleolithic Age。Settlements, farming techniques and domesticated livestock appeared in Europe in the first 7000 yearsNeolithic AgeEarly.From the earliest recorded civilization to the temporary regression and disappearance of civilization 1200 years ago, copper was the main metal material for making tools and weapons. Historians named this periodBronze Age。
EuropeClassical period700 years agoancient GreekThe text starts again.The Republic of RomeEstablished in the first 509 years.RomanIt expanded its territory to the whole of Italy, followed by the whole Mediterranean area and Western Europe.Imperium RomanumIts territory reached its maximum in about 150 AD.In 313, ChristianityConstantine the Great Legalization of governance.Just a few generations later,ChristianityBecomes an imperialState Education。In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts.Then the barbarian tribes began to invadeWestern Roman Empire。VisigothsIt was one of the first tribes to cross the Roman border to the south and west and enter the territory of the former Roman Empire. At the beginning of the fifth century, it besieged Rome for three times.In 418, it was established in the original Roman EmpireThe Kingdom of Visigoth。In 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire wasDethrone, Europe entersthe medieval timesPeriod.[1]
Some parts of Southeast Europe and the Mediterranean are still getting trappedImperium RomanumControlled byConstantinopleNot Roman rule.stayJustinian I Under the rule of the emperor, the Roman army restored imperial rule in most of the Mediterranean region, but the territory of this expansion began to be eroded in the late sixth century.Constantinople's control over the western territories has weakened, and moregermanic peopleInvasion and establishment of kingdoms.Most of the eastern Mediterranean territory remained in the hands of the Christian emperors of Constantinople throughout the 6th century.Historians generally call the remains of the Roman EmpireByzantine Empire。
An unexpected and serious threat to its power and territory - the Arabian Peninsula and the Islamic nations that had just unified and converted to Protestantism - emerged in the seventh century.The provinces of the former Roman Empire in the Middle East and North Africa wereArab EmpireOccupy and Islamize.
Charlemagne
In Western Europe, many new countries only use Latin as the written language, some still retain the Roman customs, and have a common Christian faith.Latin BibleTranslated by Wu JiadaIt appeared in 410.Many Christian areas in the West were taken overFranks, especiallyCharlemagneAdminister.Charlemagne was crowned king by the Pope in 800.His territory was divided two generations later, and Europe was attacked by three groups:scandinavian peninsulaOfVikings, North AfricanMuslim, andHungaryMazar people.Reactions to these attacks vary: some regions unite to counter the threat, while others look at their own.Since the middle of the tenth century, the threat of Muslims and Mazars to Western Europe has been eliminated, but the Vikings are still aggression and threatbritish islesThe longest.
The division of the Eastern and Western churches in 1054 AD intensified in 451Carlston ConferenceThe contradiction that has already appeared in the past, and then aims to rescue the East from the Muslim occupationcrusadeBegan to weaken the Byzantine Empire.However, the crusaders were not limited to recapturing Muslim lands in the East: the papal power was also in Spain at this time,Southern France，LithuaniaAnd other pagan regions.The feudal society began to disintegrate after the Mongolian invaders broke through the frontier of Europe, and the growing trade with other regions first brought the Black Death to southern Europe, then most of Europe.The complicated feudal hierarchy developed, and most nobles in the new country were close relatives to each other due to intermarriage.
Relying on the knowledge relearned from Muslim and Jewish scholars in Spain and the Middle East, as well as their own monastery collections, through the rediscovery of Greek and Roman knowledge and many key innovations learned from the Muslim world (including universities, scientific medicineTypography, trade association, citation index and astronomy), Europe came to life from the Middle Ages - the doctor's hat and clothes worn by scholars today evolved from the clothes worn by learned Muslim scholars when they graduated.Spanish in 1492Recovering lost ground movementandChristopher ColumbusOpening the colonial gate from Europe to America and ending it at the same timecrusadeAnd began to colonize America westward.[2]
Modern times
Factories during the Industrial Revolution
stayThe RenaissanceThen knowledge gained respect and began to challenge traditional scientific and theological dogmas.Protestant reform begins, German priestMartin LutherChallenge the authority of the Pope.meanwhileHenry VIIIThe chaotic emotional life, the desire to have a son, and the political ambition also made the British church break away from the papal control, and also enabled England to adopt a more flexible alliance policy in the ensuing religious war between Germany and Spain.However, the religious war continued untilThirty Year War, the war ended in《Treaty of Westphalia》；Glorious Revolution This agreement was confirmed.
Starting from the UK, the inflow of resources from the New World, plusindustrial revolution, making it possible for a new economy to rely more on manufacturing and trade than on a self-sufficient agricultural economy.EarlyBritish EmpireThe colonial uprising in America established a representative government and divided the empire.The political reform of the European continent has beenFrench RevolutionInspired by, the people shouted "freedom, equality and fraternity".Later French leadersNapoleon Bonaparte It conquered and reformed the social structure of the European continent through the war until 1815.As more and more small property owners gained the right to vote, socialism and trade union movements surged in France and Britain, and the revolution swept Europe in 1848.The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in the Austro Hungarian Empire in 1848.Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861.The Balkan countries started fromOttoman EmpireRegain independence.
stayFranco-Prussian War Later, Italy and Germany were unified by various states in 1870 and 1871 respectively.In the process of pursuing the establishment of an empire, global conflicts broke out, until this ambition reached its peak and World War I broke out.In the hopeless war and extreme poverty, Russia in 1917October RevolutionPromise to give "peace, bread and land",Eastern EuropeAnd the political situation of the world has changed to radicalization until today.Germany was defeated and signed《Treaty of Versailles》, paid the price of economic collapseGreat DepressionIt can be seen at a glance, leading to a new outbreakthe Second World War。capitalismAndcommunismDefeatedFascismWestern Europe has formed a free trade areaIron CurtainAndSoviet UnionThe latter formed the communist police state system.Berlin WallAfter the collapse in 1989, Europe signed a new alliance treaty. By 2007, there were 27 European countries and more than 400 million people.Military organizations after World War IINorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationIt has also expanded to include Russia's neighbors - this is the most significant period of European integration and military advantage since the Roman Empire in the first century.[2]
Europe is located inAsiaTo the west ofEurasiaPart of.Its north, west and south are respectively adjacent toarctic ocean, Atlantic Oceanmediterranean seaandBlack SeaThe east and southeast are adjacent to Asia, just like a large peninsula protruding westward from Eurasia.
Most of Europe is located inNorth temperate zoneInside, it is the middle distance between the continents inhabited by people in the worldequatorThe farthest continent.It has no tropics.
From the land and sea position, Europe faces the Atlantic Ocean, backs the hinterland of Asia, and is located on the west bank of the mainland.Mid latitudeThe west bank of the continent ofWesterliesAs a result, the westerly wind blows all year round in most parts of Europe, and the climate of various places is deeply affected by the Atlantic Ocean.
Broken horizontal contour is a prominent feature of European physical geography.More than 1 3 of the total area belongs to peninsulas and islands, of which the peninsular area accounts for 27% of the whole continent area, which is unique among all continents in the world.
The Barents Sea isarctic oceanA marginal sea between continental Europe andSvalbard Islands、Franz Josef Land IslandsandXindi IslandIt covers an area of about 1.4 million square kilometers, all located on the continental shelf.The Barents Sea isEurasiaThe deepest one among the marginal seas in the north, most of which are between 200 and 400 meters, with an average depth of 229 meters.It has vast waterways connected with the Arctic Ocean, so the salinity of the sea water is close to that of the ocean, close to 35 ‰.Barents SeaDifferent from other marginal seas in the Arctic Ocean, the southwest is affected byNorth Atlantic Warm CurrentEven in severe winter, the surface water temperature can reach about 4 ℃, so although it is located in high latitude, the sea water is not frozen all the year round.
White Sea
The White Sea is actually a bay of the Barents Sea deep into the interior of the European continent. It has three bays: the Kandalak Sand BayOnega BayAnd Devonsk Bay.The White Sea covers an area of only 90000 square kilometers, with an average depth of only 89 meters.As the White Sea is surrounded by land on all sides, only a narrow strait connects with the Barents Sea, and the North Atlantic Warm Current cannot reach here, so the temperature of water here is low in winter. From November to May of the next year, the sea surface is covered with ice and snow, presenting a vast white landscape, hence the name of the White Sea.becauseNorth Dwina RiverandAnaniac RiverA large amount of river water flows into the White Sea. The salinity of seawater in the south of the sea area is low, between 2.0% and 2.6%, and the salinity of seawater in the north can reach 3.0% to 3.08%.
Europe is close to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and there is a large continental shelf between the mainland and the deep sea basin,british islesandthe north seaIs located on it.It used to be part of the European continent,Quaternary glaciationLater, when the sea water rose, the North Sea appeared,british islesIs formed.There are still traces of ancient European rivers on the bottom of the North Sea.North of BeihaiNorwegian WeihaiAnd southernBay of BiscayThe continental shelf is relatively narrow, and the deep water basin is not far from the coast.[3]
Baltic position
The Baltic Sea is located inscandinavian peninsulaIt covers an area of 386000 square kilometers with the European mainland, and most of the sea areas are 60-130 meters deep, with an average depth of 86 meters.It has many bays deep into the mainland, among whichGulf of BothniaIt is the largest, accounting for almost one third of the entire Baltic Sea area. The larger bays also haveGulf of Finland, Riga Bay, etc.Due to the injection of a large amount of river water, high latitude, low evaporation, and only some shallow and narrow channels connecting with the North Sea, the salinity of the Baltic Sea is generally very low, about 7% in the middle, 2%~3% in the bay, and even all fresh water near the estuary.The salinity of deep water is slightly higher, but the maximum is not more than 20%.In winter, the surface seawater temperature in the middle is 1~3 ℃, and it drops below 0 ℃ in the bay and coastal areas. The Bothnia Bay and the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland are icebound from November or December, and the ice age lasts until April or May of the next year.
mediterranean seaandBlack SeaIt is the two continental seas in southern Europe.The Mediterranean Sea is located between Europe, Asia and Africa, the Black Sea is located between Europe and AsiaDardanelles Strait、Marmara Sea、Istanbul Straitbe interlinked.There are many peninsulas and islands in the Mediterranean Sea, which divide the Mediterranean Sea into several basins of different depths,Submarine topographyQuite complicated.Except for a few islands in the northwest, there are basically no islands in the Black SeaAzov SeaShallow outside.Most of them are plains with a water depth of 1500-2200m.Around the Mediterranean Sea, there are either mountainous peninsulas orDesertThere is not much river water injected, and it is hot and dry in summer with large evaporation, soSeawater salinityHigh. The average salinity of surface seawater is 3.8%. There is a large amount of river water injected into the Black Sea. The average salinity of surface seawater is only 1.7%~1.85%, and the bottom is only 22.5%.The sea level of the Black Sea is slightly higher than that of the Mediterranean Sea, resulting in the surface current flowing from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean SeaIstanbul Strait, the average flow rate is 2.3~4.6 km per hour;At the same time, there is selfmediterranean seainjectionBlack SeaAnd the flow is small.stayStrait of GibraltarThere are also surface currents and deep countercurrent flows from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea.From the Atlantic andBlack SeaThe surface current is an important factor to maintain the water balance in the Mediterranean Sea.[3]
Small towns on the Mediterranean coast
The Mediterranean Sea is rich in biological resources, with more than 8000 species of animals and plants.Black SeaThe number of plant and animal species is much less, only 1/7 to 1/6 of the Mediterranean.Because the salinity of the upper sea water in the Black Sea is low and the vertical circulation of the sea water is weak, the deep water is often in anoxic state, and there is a large amount ofhydrogen sulfideAgglomeration.The hydrogen sulfide zone starts at a depth of 150~200 meters, and the organic world can only live above this depth. From about 200 meters to the seabed, it is a lifeless world.
The horizontal contour is broken, the land and the sea are intertwined, and the area of Europe is small (10.4 million square kilometers), which makes all parts of the continent not too far from the sea, and the farthest place in Eastern Europe is only about 1600 kilometers away from the sea.In this way, the influence of the ocean on the continent will be deepened, and the oceanicity of the European climate will be deepened.
Europe has a winding coastline and many excellent harbors, which also facilitates human economic activities.[3]
topographic features
The average height of the whole European terrain is 340 meters. The terrain is mainly plain, and a series of mountains stand in the southThe AlpsSystem, whereMont BlancWith an altitude of 4807 meters, Mont Blanc belongs to France and becomes the highest peak in Western Europe.Europe has a dense river network with abundant water. The longest river isVolga River3690km long, the second largest river isthe danubeWith a total length of 2850km, it is the largest river flowing through countries in the world.EuropeancoastlineVery tortuous, with many peninsulas, islands, bays and inland seasscandinavian peninsulaIt is the largest peninsula in Europe.Europe is the only continent without a permanent populationTropical climateA continent ofPolar ClimateIt also occupies a small area, so the climate is mild and the precipitation distribution is relatively uniform.
Erbruch
The topography of Europe has many unique features.The highest point is atGreat Caucasus MountainsOfErbruch, 5642m in height.
First of all, Europe is the lowest continent in the world, with an average height of only 340 meters.The plain with a height of less than 200 meters accounts for about 60% of the total area of the whole continent. The proportion of the plain is second to none in all continents.The European plain stretches for thousands of kilometers from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Ural foothills in the east without interruption, forming a great plain across Europe.Europe's mountains cover a small area, with fewer mountains. Mountains above 2000 meters above sea level only account for 2% of the total area of the continent.
Second, the topography of Europe can be roughlythe BalticEast bank toBlack SeaThe west bank line is divided into two parts: the eastern part is dominated by plain, and the terrain is relatively simple; the western part is interlaced by mountains and plains, and the terrain is relatively complex.The distribution of topography is closely related to the geological structure foundation.
Erbruch
Third, during the Quaternary glacial period, there were two major glacial centers in Europe. One wasscandinavian peninsulaOfContinental glacierCenter, one isThe AlpsThe former has a great impact on Europe. Because of its role, the northern half of Europe is all overGlacial Geomorphology。
Western Europe is flat and plain;Nordic Europe has the Scandinavian Mountains;Central EuropeThe Alps, the temperature is low;In southern Europe, there are Carpathians (Balkans), Apennines (Apennines) and Pyrenees (Iberia);Europe has four peninsulas（Iberia；Apennine Peninsula ；Balkan Peninsula；scandinavian peninsula）The temperature of the three plains (Eastern Europe, Bode and Western Europe) is warmer than that of the same latitude, which is mainly affected by the North Atlantic Warm Current.
1. General topographic characteristics:Mainly plain, glacier landform is widely distributed, and high mountains gather in the south.
2. Topographic area composition:Above 200 meters above sea levelplateau、hillThe Heshan Mountains account for about 40% of the total area of the continent, and the plains below 200 meters above sea level account for 60%.
3. Distribution characteristics of mountains:The AlpsAcross the south,Scandinavian MountainsIt is relatively gentle, with steep fjords deep inland along the coast.
4. River distribution characteristics:The river network is relatively dense, with many short and abundant rivers connected by canals.[4]
hydrology
The major rivers flowing through several countries in Europe include the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, Ode, etc.In addition, the main rivers include Seine River, Loire River, Gallon River, etc. in France, Wova River, Dnieper River, Ural River in Russia, Thames River in Britain, Po River in Italy, etc.
Besides rivers, Europe has many lakes.The glacial lakes left by glaciers make Finland known as the country of thousands of lakes.[5]
Most of Europe has a mild and humid climate.Most of them are located in temperate zone, and they are the continent with the widest distribution of Shanghai Ocean climate in the world.Because of the vast plain, the humid westerly blowing from the Atlantic Ocean can penetrate into the interior, and the influence of the North Atlantic Warm Current makes the entire coastal area of Western Europe very humid, and the European continent transits from the marine climate to the continental climate from west to east.[4]
European Climate Map
Europe is located in middle and high latitudes, and to the west issea。The coastline is jagged due to the effect of seawater, and the ocean is the main reason for controlling the climate.Affected by the sea, Europe has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, high relative humidity and cloudy, including the inland areas in the north of the Alps.
In the east of the European continent, there is less rainfall, low relative humidity and clear sky. This climate phenomenon is widespread in the vast piedmont area where Europe meets Asia.These impacts are banded along the north-south path and crossNorway、DenmarkAnd Germany.The AlpsThe seasons of mobility in the southern mountainous areaSubtropical highThe system is dominated, so the rainfall in this area varies significantly with the season, with rainy winter and dry summer.[7]
The highest temperature in summer is in the Mediterranean region.AthensThe average temperature in July is 27 ℃, 25 ℃ in Granada, Spain, and 23.5 ℃ in Turin, Italy.The average temperature in summer gradually decreases to the north and coastal areas, and the average temperature in July in Telangso and Waldo in Norway is about 11 ℃ and 9 ℃.In winter, the temperature gradually decreases from southwest to northeast of Europe;thereforePortugalLisbonThe average temperature in January is 10.5 ℃,Soviet UnionThe average temperature of Argentina in the same month is - 14.5 ℃, and the average temperature along the Atlantic coast is quite high in winter. For example, the winter along the Arctic Circle in Norway is not colder than that in New York City.Rainfall is mostly concentrated in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal areas, and there is also a lot of rainfall in the islands on the northwest coast, such as the British Isles.The rainfall on the northwest coast is more than 2000 mm, and the rainfall gradually decreases to the southeast of the Black Sea.[1]
natural resources
Europe is rich in mineral resources such as coal, oil, iron and potash.Coal is mainly distributed inUkraineOfDonets coalfieldPolishSilesia, GermanRuhr Industrial Zoneandsaarland Lorraine in France and the north, central England in England and other places, all of which have world-famous large coalfields.Oil is mainly distributed inCarpathian MountainsMountain foothills, Beihai and its coastal areas.Other important ones are natural gas, potash, copper, chromiumlignite, lead, zinc, mercury andSulfurEtc.AlbaniaOfNatural asphaltWorld famous.Europe's forest area accounts for about 39% of the total area of the continent (including Russia).It accounts for 23% of the world's total area.The west coast is a world famous fishing ground, mainly includingNorwegian Weihai、the north sea、Barents Sea、the Baltic, Biscay Bay and other fishing grounds.[7]
Geography
Geography
name
describe
the danube
It flows through 10 countries, which is the largest river in the world.
Azov Sea
The deepest is 14 meters, which is the shallowest sea in the world.
Caspian Sea
The largest inland lake in the world (Haiji Lake).
Etna volcano
The volcano with the most eruptions recorded in the world.
Russia
The country with the largest land area in the world, covering an area of 17.07 million square kilometers.
vatican
The country with the smallest land area in the world, covering only 0.44 square kilometers, is also the only country in the world ruled by the Pope.
Monaco
With a population density of about 16000 people/km2, it is the country with the highest population density and the highest per capita GDP in the world. The per capita GDP is 172676 US dollars (2011) at the international exchange rate.[7]
NordicJutland Peninsula、scandinavian peninsulaOne Belt.includeDenmark、Iceland、Norway、Sweden、FinlandandFaroe Islands(Dan).It covers an area of more than 1.32 million square kilometers.There are many plateaus, hills, lakes, and QuaternaryGlaciationIt is all covered by glaciers, so there are many glacier landforms andfiord coast 。scandinavian peninsulaIt covers an area of about 800000 square kilometers,Coastal Norway Steep twists and turns, many islands and fjords.Scandinavian MountainsIt runs through the peninsula, with a length of about 1500 kilometers and a width of about 400-600 kilometers. The west slope is steep and the east slope is gentle. It is an ancient platform mountain. Some areas are covered by glaciersGlitter PeakThe highest point of the peninsula is 2470 meters above sea level.There are many volcanoes and hot springs in Iceland.Most areas in Northern Europe belong to temperate coniferous forest climate;Only the Atlantic coastal area, affected by the North Atlantic Warm Current, has a mild climateTemperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate。The river is short and fast, with rich water resources.The main minerals are iron, lead, zinc, copper, etc.The forest is widespread.Crops include wheatRye、oats, potatoesbeetMainly.Animal husbandry is relatively developed.The west coast is one of the four largest fishing grounds in the world.The fishing volume accounts for about 9% of the world's total fishing volume.
The Nordic countries have close historical backgrounds and similar social and political systems.Although not a community politically, they are all involvedNordic Council ；There are three language families:Indo EuropeanScandinavian branch ofUralic languagesOfUralic Finland UgricandSami, and Eskimo AleutianGreenlandic。[1]
The main minerals in Western Europe include coal, iron, oil, natural gas, potash, etc.The crops are mainly wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and sugar beets.It is rich in grapes and apples.Fishery and animal husbandry are relatively developed.Made in Belgium and FranceAldenma, made in EnglandBarkshire pig、Yorkshire pig、Large white pig、Elshire cattle、Pure blood stallionHolland cattle and other fine breeds produced in the Netherlands are famous in the world.
Western European countries are all developed countries.In a narrow sense, the terrain of Western Europe is mainly plain and plateau, and the mountain area is small.Located in the westerlies, most areas belong to the marine temperate broad-leaved forest climate, with abundant, stable and foggy rainfall.[1]
Central Europe
Central European landscape
Central European Fingerthe BalticTo the southThe AlpsCentral Europe to the north.includeGermany、Austria、Switzerland、poland、Czech Republic、Hungary、Slovakia、Liechtenstein。China and Europe cover an area of more than 1.01 million square kilometers.In the south are the high Alps and their branchesCarpathian MountainsThere are many subsided basins in mountainous areas;The north is plainquaternary glaciation Action, manyGlacial topographyAnd lakes.It is located in the transition zone from marine temperate broad-leaved forest climate to continental temperate broad-leaved forest climate.Except that the Danube, the second largest river in Europe, flows eastward through the southern mountains into the Black Sea, most rivers flow northward into the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.The main minerals arelignite、Hard coal, potash, lead, zinc, copper, uraniummagnesite, bauxite andsulfurEtc.The crops are mainly wheat, barley, rye, potato and sugar beet, as well as temperate fruits.
The livestock industry is relatively developed in SwitzerlandSimmental、Saanen goat、Tokenburg GoatAnd other fine livestock breeds are world-famous.[1]
South Europe faces Asia and Africa across the Mediterranean Sea. Since ancient times, it has been closely connected with West Asia and North Africa, and both of them are important places of origin of ancient civilizations;yesthe WestIn terms of, southern Europe is more pregnantancient Greek、Ancient RomeCulture, which established the early Christian society, laid the foundation for the western ideology and knowledge system.
Note:Turkey belongs to Asia according to its geographical location, and the sports circle and some political divisions belong to Asia. However, because of its pro Western policy, some international economic organizations have classified Turkey into Europe.But sovereignty still belongs to Asia according to political division.[6]
Eastern Europe
Eastern European scenery
Eastern Europe refers to the eastern region of Europe, geographicallyBelarus、Ukraine、Lithuania、Estonia、Latvia、Moldova、RussiaEuropean part.The terrain is as follows:Eastern European PlainIs the main body.There areUral MountainsThere are many hills and glaciers on the plain, many lakes in the north, and vast grasslands and deserts in the southeast.Northern Coastal RegionFrigid tundra climate, moving south totemperate grassy climate , Southeasttemperate desert climate。The Volga River, the largest river in Europe, flows southeastCaspian Sea。The main minerals are petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, phosphate, etc.It is rich in wheat, potatoes, sugar beetsSunflower。The livestock industry is relatively developed,Soviet Heavy Draft 、Orlov trotter And Don River horses are excellent breeds of horses.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it joined the European Union in succession, attracting enterprises from all over the world to set up factories with cheap labor. There are a large population, densely populated cities, developed transportation networks, and many famous industrial zones distributed here. Russia:Moscow、the Ural Mountains, Cusnec (Cusbacc,Western Siberian PlainLake Baikal Industrial Zone（Lake Baikal(northwest of L. Baykal).Ukraine: Donei Sub industrial Zone, the largest arms industrial zone in the Soviet Union.[1]
humanity
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race
The majority of European residents are white, and 99% are European（white race）It is a continent with a relatively single ethnic composition.[5]
population
Population in Western Europe
Population: 731 million (as of 2012), with relatively uniform population distribution and average density of 70 people/km2.
The urban population accounts for about 64% of the population of the whole continent, second toOceaniaandNorth America, ranking third.However, the population has a negative growth. The population distribution in Europe is the densest in the west. The valley in the middle reaches of the Rhine RiverParis Basin、BelgiumEast andthe ThamesThere are more than 200 people per square kilometer in the downstream, and most of the residents in Europe are European（white race）。[5]Religion: Most people believe in Catholicism and Christianity.[4]
Europe has the richest variety of languages in the world, of which more than 90% arelatin alphabetandCyrillic alphabetBased on.[5]
Politics
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There are 44 countries of origin in Europe. In addition, there are also countries involved in Europe (such as trans Eurasian countries or participating in European affairs), such asCyprus，turkey，Armenia，Georgia，Azerbaijan。
Geography:Some of these countries belong to Europe, and their social economy and culture are similar to Europe.
Political:Turkey and other countriesOrganization for Security and Cooperation in EuropeMember States, CyprusEuropean UnionMember States.During the Soviet period, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan were once European countries, but after the disintegration, they were attributed to Asia.
According to the comprehensive strength of each country, it can be divided into three categories:
First echelon:Countries marked in dark blue have strong national strength and international influence, including politics, economy, culture, military and other aspects. They are:
The second echelon:The countries marked in light blue have strong national strength and regional influence, are economically or moderately developed, and have some influence in military affairs. They are:
Third echelon:Most of the countries with the pan green logo are small regional countries. Even though the per capita living standard of some countries is higher than that of the first and second tier countries, their comprehensive level is not as good as that of the top countries, and their restrictions may be narrowterritoryOr others, they are:
Clipperton Island, French Guyana, French Polynesia, French Southern Territory and Antarctic Territory (Amsterdam Island, Sao Paulo Island, Korodet Islands, Kerguelen Island, Adeleland, French Indian Ocean Islands including Indian Reef, Europa Island, Glorious Islands, New Juan Island, Tromrand Island), Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte IslandFrench New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Bartholomew, French Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Saint Martin, Saint Eustatius)
Norway
Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land
Portugal
Azores, Madeira
Spain
Canary Islands, Western Sovereignty (Ceuta, Melilla)
britain
Anguilla, Ascension Island, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Malvinas Islands, Montserrat, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
The European Union (English: European Union; French: Union European é enne), referred to as the European Union (EU), is headquartered in the capital of BelgiumBrussels, is byEuropean Community(European Community, also known as the European Common Market) has mainly gone through three stages: the economic union of the three Netherlands Rupees, the European CommunityEuropean Union。In fact, it is a political entity and an economic entity that have an important influence in the worldRegional integrationOrganization.European Community, December 1991MaastrichtAdopted by the Summit《European Union Treaty》, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty (hereinafter referred to as the Treaty of Maastricht).On November 1, 1993, the Treaty of Malaysia came into force and the EU was formally born.
According to statistics in 2018, the EU has 28 member states (including the UK, which had not officially "Brexit" at that time), with a total area of 4.38 million square kilometers, a population of 510 million, and a GDP of 18.77 trillion US dollars.Its main institutions includeEuropean Commission，European parliament，Council of the European Union，European Commission ，European Court of JusticeandEuropean Central BankEtc.The EU has actively carried out all-round diplomacy, established diplomatic relations with nearly 200 countries and international organizations in the world, and established a regular leadership meeting mechanism with strategic partners.[12]
On January 31, 2020 (Greenwich Mean Time), the United Kingdom officially left the European Union, no longer a member of the European Union, and entered the "transition period".[13]
Encyclopedia x ignorance: illustrating the birth of the EU
Economics
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Since the 17th century, Europe has gradually become the world economic center.eighteenth century, Europe explodesThe first industrial revolution。Europe became the world economic center at that time.But Europe gradually declined after two world wars in the 20th century.Europe has made great contributions to the process of human history.Everything of modern civilization was laid down by Europeans.Europe's economic development level ranks first in all continents, and industry, transportation, trade, finance and insurance, etc. play an important role in the world economy.It is also in a leading position in the world in several fields of science and technology.Europe is the birthplace of modern industry, as well as geographical discovery and foreign colonial plunder in the 15th to 16th centuries.[4]
currency
Details of European per capita income
euro(EURO) YesEuropean Monetary Union(EMU) The name of the national single currency is the unified legal tender of EMU countries.
British pound, the legal tender of the United Kingdom.CHF，SwitzerlandLegal tender.Norwegian Krone，NorwayLegal tender.Russiarouble, legal tender of Russia.turkeylira, the legal tender of Turkey.[14]
Industry
Europe is the first continent to develop capitalist economy, with a high level of industrial production and agricultural mechanization.The gross domestic product ranks first among all continents in the world, of whichGross industrial productIt accounts for a large proportion.Most countries are not self-sufficient in food.The countries with high industrial development in Western Europe are mainly Britain, Germany, France, followed byBelgium, Netherlands and Switzerland, etc.The industrial production of Britain, France and Germany is in the forefront of the world's industrial production.
1、IndustryFeatured by processing type, fuel and various raw materials are imported in large quantities, and industrial manufactured products are exported in large quantities.
2. High degree of industrial mechanization and large industrial scale.[4]
Agriculture
European agriculture is a secondary production sector.High level of agricultural modernization, high degree of integration of agriculture and animal husbandry, and high level of intensification.It mainly grows wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, melons and fruitsbeet、Sunflower、flaxThe output of wheat accounts for about 50% of the world's total output, and that of barley and oats accounts for more than 60%.HorticultureDeveloped, main productionGrapeAnd apples.Animal husbandry is mainly about raising pigs, cattle and sheep.[1]
The RenaissanceThe movement was a great cultural movement in human history, which laid the common foundation of modern European bourgeois culturebourgeois revolutionWe have made preparations in ideology and public opinion.Europe's contribution to human history includes that advanced figures constantly send advanced ideas to the world's literary thought treasure house;It also includes the major social initiatives of one group of revolutionaries after another to promote social progress;It also includes major discoveries, inventions and creations made by a large number of scientists in the field of science and technology;It also includes a large number of writers, poets and musicians who have provided brilliant literary and artistic treasures to the world's literary and artistic palace.
Europe is a small countrypeninsulamainland.Its "short" performance isAverage altitudeOnly 340 meters;Its "small" area is 10.16 million square kilometers, second only to Oceania;The characteristics of the "peninsula continent" in Europe are more prominent: it is a large peninsula that the whole Eurasian continent goes deep into the Atlantic Ocean, and there are many small peninsulas on this large peninsula.The famous ones are:Balkan Peninsula、Apennine Peninsula 、Iberian Peninsula(Southern Europe)scandinavian peninsula(Northern Europe)Jutland Peninsula(Western Europe) (55 degrees north latitude, 10 degrees east longitude).[15]
modern education
Citizens of all European countries should receive compulsory education, or at least some kind of education and training.Compulsory education in Europe begins at the age of 6 or 7 and continues until the age of 15 or 16.In most European countries, basic education lasts only four to five years, while in a few countries it takes seven or eight years.After the completion of basic education, there are many types of higher level schools where students continue to receive education, including liberal arts and science secondary schools that continue to train talents for colleges and universities in advance, and some technical schools.At the same time, there are many prestigious colleges and universities in many countries that accept students who have completed junior high school education.With the promotion of this educational system, almost all European countries have low illiteracy rates.
Sculpture artArchitecture, art, literature and music are all traditional things with a long history in Europe.Many cities, such as ParisViennaRomeBerlinas well asMoscowToday, as the capital, it is also regarded as the cultural center of the country.In addition, there are many important theaters, museums, symphony orchestras and other important cultural facilities in many cities.[15]
religious activities
The religious believers in Europe are mainly Christians (91%, includingCatholicism、protestantismas well asThe Orthodox Church）。8% are Muslims, most of whom live in Russia (25 million). In addition, Turkey (5.9 million), France (5.5 million), Germany (3.2 million)AlbaniaMuslims are distributed in Europe (1.4-2.5 million) and Italy (1.1 million), and Muslims in Western Europe are mainly immigrants.Only less than 1% of European residents believe inJudaism(nearly 2 million people).Other religions (e.ghinduism, Buddhism, etc.) are also less than 1% of believers.[15]
international relation
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Asia
European countries have now established normal diplomatic relations with China (except the Vatican).European countries have established vast colonies in various parts of Asia. For example, Britain once owned India, Malaysia, etc;France owns Indochina todayIndochina PeninsulaEastern region;PortugalZeng GuanzhiTimor-Leste(already independent);The Netherlands once ownedEast Indies, that is, today'sIndonesia。SoSoutheast AsiaThe relationship between countries and European countries is very profound. Because of such a profound relationship, Europe still has a certain degree of influence on Southeast Asia in today's international relations;Under Spanish ruleCatholicismStatelythe Philippines，the pontiffAssignedcardinalIt also has political and social influence.Northeast AsiaJapan, Germany and Italythe axisAt present, Japan, South Korea and European countries are mainly based on economic relations, and political alliances have gradually decreased.[2]
America
Although Europe and the United States have strong historical origins and ties in culture, folk customs and other aspects, roughly in the middle of the twentieth century, after the Second World War, the United States and Europe had a closer alliance.Before that, because Americaseventeenth centuryAt that time, it was a place for European countries to exile dissidents and prisoners. Therefore, in the early days of the founding of the United States in 1786, it had antagonistic relations with European colonialists, especially Britain, which had ruled the United States.Since then, the United States and Europe have implemented the policy of political non-interference for a long time, and they developed respectively from the 18th century to the 19th century.The two world wars in the 20th century severely damaged the vitality of Europe, but the American economy has a high growth. Western European countries all need American economic assistance, so they are naturally close to the United States.Plus Eastern European countriessocialist campAs a result, relations with the United States fell to the freezing point.
Cold WarDuring the period, the threat of the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union strengthened the closeness between other European countries and the United States except Eastern Europe.However, after the end of the Cold War, the threat disappeared, and the relationship between Europe (mainly EU member states) and the United States changed. Europe needs to have its own voice, so some European countries9 · 11 Incident、IraqProblemsPalestine Israel conflictEtcU.S.AThere are different opinions, even big differences, but its deep-rooted alliance will remain unchanged.In the above events, Britain was closer to the United States and formed a very firm alliance with the United States. However, it was also ridiculed that the original colonial democracy of the United States had almost become a vassal of the United States.Spain, Poland and other countries strongly supported the United States during the second war between the United States and Iraq, which made the United States praise these countries as new Europe. However, with the terrorist attacks on Spain, Spain has withdrawn from its alliance with the United States and withdrawn its troops from Iraq.[2]
Middle East
Geographically, Europe and the Middle East are close neighbors. Historically, the relationship between Europe and the Middle East has always been tense, basically due to the fundamental differences in religious concepts between the two countries: most European countries mainly believe in Christianity, while Arab countries in the Middle East mostly believe in ChristianityIslamismIt is a national religion.Many regions in the Middle East once became colonies of Britain and France after the First World War at the beginning of the 20th century.
Across Europe andasia minor peninsula Turkey, an Islamic country of the 20th century, has a very delicate relationship with traditional European countries. It is located at the junction of Asia and Europe, and it has already diedByzantine Empire, now eager to joinEuropean Union。[2]
Africa
The relationship between Europe and North Africa is similar to her relationship with the Middle East, because North Africa is across the Mediterranean Sea from Europe, and North Africa is also a region of Muslim countries.Historically, only in the Middle Ages,Arab EmpireOnce ruled SpainPortugalAnd southern France.From EuropeColonialismThe rise of Africa became European colonies, and FranceCentral African, West and North AfricaFrench West AfricaThe colony was the largest colony on the African continent at that time.European colonialists competed for natural resources in Africa. The situation was not improved until the 1950s when the independence movement of African countries and ethnic groups began, and many countries became independent one after another.Europe and Africa also follow the direction of economic and trade development.[2]
Oceania
Like the United States, Europe also played the role of exiling prisoners in the early days of developing Australia.However, due to the geographical distance between Europe and Australia, they have room for development. However, in terms of economic, cultural and kinship ties, Australia and Europe still have very close ties.The main immigrant groups in Australia and New Zealand all come from Europe, and develop Oceania with local indigenous peoples and other immigrants.[2]
Sports
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The sports level in Europe is very high. Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, France, ItalyEngland, Portugal, Czech Republic, etc;Germany, France, Greece, Italy, SpainLithuaniaEtc;In volleyball, Italy, Netherlands, etc. are all world strong teams.
Sports Events
category
Event name
Football Events
English Premier League, Italian League, German League, Spanish League, French League, Champions League and Europa League
Tennis Events
Professional Tennis Federation, International Women's Tennis Association, Grand Slam
Cycling Events
Tour de France, Tour de Italy, Tour de Spain
Basketball Events
FIBA European League, FIBA European Cup, ULEB European League, ULEB Cup
Rugby Events
Six Nations、World Cup[16]
Travel?
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Generally, it refers to one or more countries, including Britain, Greece, France, etc., and many countries generally refer to three, four, five or eight countries;Among them, three countries are France, Switzerland and Italy, four countries are Germany, France, Italy and Switzerland, four countries are 12 days, and five countries areTourist routesThere are five countries in France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria and Germany with 15 days, eight countries in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Italy, Austria and Switzerland with 15 days' travel, as well as northern Europe, eastern Europe and southern Europe, northern Europe with Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Iceland, and eastern Europe with AustriaThe tourist routes of Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and southern Europe include Spain, Portugal and Greece.[4]
Europe
The Czech Republic is becoming a favorite of Chinese touristsTravel?One of the destinations, yesUnionpay CardThe demand for cross-border payment services is growing rapidly.UnionPay cards can be conveniently used by about 800000 merchants and 230000 ATMs in 20 European countries and regions.[17]
