By manynucleotideAggregated organismMacromolecular compound, one of the most basic substances of life.Originally byMicheleIn 1868Purulent cellWas found and separated from.nucleic acidWidely found in all animalsplant cell. The internal acid in microorganisms and organisms is often the same asproteinSyngenetic formationNucleoprotein。Different nucleic acids have different chemical composition and nucleotide sequence.According to different chemical composition, nucleic acids can be divided into ribonucleic acid (RNA for short) andDeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA for short).DNA is stored, copied and transmittedgenetic informationThe main material basis of RNAprotein synthesisIt plays an important role in the process.
Transfer RNA, or tRNA for short, plays the role of carrying and transferring activated amino acids;
Messenger RNA, or mRNA for short, is a template for protein synthesis;
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid, or rRNA for short, is the main place where cells synthesize proteins.
Nucleic acid is not only basicgenetic materialAnd in proteinbiosynthesisIt also plays an important role in growth, heredity, variation, etcLife phenomenonPlay a decisive role in.
D-RiboseIt is lamellar crystal;Melting point 87 ℃;In aqueous solution, it isFuranoseAnd amyloseEquilibrium mixture。Ribose is a component of ribonucleic acid molecule and a very important sugar in life phenomena.
Another important ribose is deoxyribose, with the molecular formula of C5H10O4hydrogen atomSum of numbersOxygen atomA glutaraldehyde sugar whose number does not match 2:1. It is an important component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)[2]。
Deoxyribose
(Components of DNA)
English name: Deoxyribose
The molecular formula is C4H9O3CHO.D-2-deoxyribose is a hydrogen substituted derivative of ribose.It acts asDeoxyribonucleic acidThe composition of DNA is very important.The thymus glandnucleosideinDissociationGet.
The melting point of a-D-2-deoxynuclear furan sugar is 78~82 ℃,Specific rotation[a]D－55°。The melting point of β - isomer is 96~98 ℃, [a] D-91 ° → - 58 °.D-2-deoxyribose andaniline Crystalline semi acetals are formed, with a melting point of 175~177 ℃.[a] D+46 °, which is commonly used for D-2-DeoxyriboseOfSeparation and purificationAnd storageAcetal amineAndBenzaldehydeReaction to obtain 2-deoxyribose.2-Deoxyribose can be used for a variety of specialColor responseAnd quantitative determination can be carried out.The commonly used method is to apply 2-deoxyribose in sulfuric acid andacetic acidExisting andDiphenylamine reactionBlue, andferrous sulfateThe reaction is also blue, which is called Keller Gilani reaction.D-2-deoxyribose is easily mixed withethanol-HCl acts to form glycosides, whichGlycosideIt is easy to hydrolyze.
RNA is condensed from ribonucleotides by phosphate ester bonds to form long chain molecules.A ribonucleotide molecule consists ofphosphoric acid, ribose andBaseComposition.There are mainly four bases of RNA, namely Aadenine，GGuanine, C cytosine, UUracil。Among them, U (uracil) replaces T thymine in DNA and becomes the characteristic base of RNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA, short for Deoxyribonucleicacid), also known asDeoxyribonucleic acidIs the main part of chromosomechemical compositionAt the same time, it is also the material of genes.It is sometimes called "genetic particle" because in the process of reproduction, the parents copy part of their DNA and pass it to their offspring, thus completing the transmission of traits.
Deoxyribonucleotide
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OneDeoxyribonucleotideA molecule consists of three molecules: one moleculeNitrogenous base, one moleculeDeoxyribose, monomolecular phosphoric acid.Deoxyribonucleotides are geneticBasic structureAnd functional units, determiningBiological diversityIsDeoxynucleotideFour bases in（adenine(adenine, abbreviated as A),Thymine(thymine, abbreviated as T),cytosine (Cytosine, abbreviated as C) andGuanine(Guanine, abbreviated as G)Are in different order.Deoxyribonucleic acid(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA for short).Most DNA exists in the nucleus andChromatinIn, and withHistoneTogether.DNA is the basis of genetic material.Generally, there are five types: C, H, O, N and PElement composition。Deoxynucleotide is the basic unit of deoxyribonucleic acid.
