Truffle is a kind ofMushroomThe general name of, classified asAscomycetesWestern TrufflesTruffle(Scientific name: Tuber).There are about 10 different varieties, usually annual fungi, most of which arebroadleaf treeThe roots of pine trees grow with filaments, usually in pine treesOak、oakNext.
It is scattered at the bottom of the tree for a radius of 120~150 cm, and the massive main body is hidden 3~40 cm underground.Distribution inItaly、France, Spain, ChinaNew ZealandEtc.
Truffle has a special taste and is rich inprotein、amino acidetc.Nutrients。Truffles are extremely demanding to the growth environment, and cannot be artificially cultivated. The yield is scarce, which leads to their rarity and high price.Therefore, Europeans will combine truffles withcaviar、goose liverIt ranks among the "three world delicacies".
Among many kinds, FrenchTruffle（Tuber melanosporumVitt.) and ItalianWhite truffle（Tuber magnatumPico) has the highest evaluation.Common white truffleRaw food, ground and sprinkled onpastaorFried EggsOn.It can be cut into thin slices and added to the meat for roasting, or used for roastinggoose liver。SomecheeseTruffles have also been added.The taste of black truffle is not as strong as that of white truffle. It can be used as truffle salt or truffle honey.In the past, truffles were peeled, but now they are mostly ground to avoid waste.
In April 2016,AustraliaThe world's largest truffle was found, weighing 1.5 kg.
The truffle fruiting body is like a block, the small one is like a walnut, and the large one is like a fist.When young, the interior is white, with uniform texture, and when mature, it becomes dark black, with light marble like texture.
AscocarpSpherical, oval, brown or brown, some as small as beans, some as large asFuji apple, the surface is polygonalverrucate Object, reflecting red luster, with concave top;Its flesh (sporogenous tissue) is white at first, brown or gray later, and will turn black when mature;The cut surface is brown, with marble like patterns, emitting a forest like damp smell, and withDry FruitsThe fragrance is used to lure small animals to find things and bring the spores to other places for reproduction.
Truffles can be as small as peanuts or as big as handballs.TruffleGrowth cycleOnly one year.Its size has nothing to do with age.It grows, dies and is born only with the changes of the four seasons.Generally, black truffles mature in about December until the next March.Overripe truffles will decay and disintegrate.
Growth habit
Announce
edit
Truffle
Truffle grows in the soil, which is a kind of stem block attached to the roots of pine treesFungi, containing a lot of water and trace amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, fluorine, etcMineral element。It is not soft and juicy like ordinary mushroom, but rather hard.The truffles prefer alkaline soil. High quality truffles are mainly produced in calcareous terrain areas, such as Alba in Italy, Perigo in France, and ChinaYunnanYongren County, etc., are all located in the calcareous terrain area.
The nutrients of truffle come from the attached tree roots and soil. If truffle has been grown in a place, the nutrients of the land and plants will be absorbed by the truffle, and nothing else can grow in a period of time.Truffles can't stand any slight environmental changes in the process of growth, and its criticism of the environment is really shocking.
It is one of the few delicacies in the world that cannot be planted in an orderly waysymbiosisRelationships get nutrients.As long as the surrounding living environment has changed slightly, truffle spores will not grow.But at the beginning of the 21st centurythe WestSemi artificial growth has been realized.
Truffles are especially fond ofoak、Poplar tree、Willow、HazelnutTrees andlindenIt grows under the trees, and its color and smell vary from tree species.Nowadays, mechanized farming methods, pesticide spraying on soil, excessive or insufficient rainfall, and changes in forest tree species are also the main reasons for the large yield reduction of truffles in the 20th century.
White truffle, only in Italy andBalkan PeninsulaWhite truffles have been found in Croatia.The color is slightly golden, light brown (beige) or light brown, with brown or milky white patches or small textures.Different sizes, small onesGolfSo big, it's like bigAppleHas.In good years, the world production of white truffle is only 3 tons, compared withAnnual outputAbout 35 tons of black truffles, you can imagine how precious they are.[1]
PiemonteNorthwestern ItalyPiedmont(Piemonte) inPo RiverUpstream valley, west and northThe AlpsAround, south isLiguriaApennine Mountains。White truffles are produced in Alba (central and southern Piemonte, including Lange Langhe Hill and Roero region) of Cuneo province in this region.
France
Provence
Black truffle Provence is the most importantTruffleThe production area accounts for 90% of France.The main production center is located in Tricastin in the north, with an annual output of about 30 tons.
Sarra
Founded in the 9th century, it has a history of more than 1000 years.It is known as the "paradise of delicious food".RichTruffle、goose liver, famous Frenchgoose liver pasteAlmost all manufacturers are concentrated here.Salla cuisine has a place in the southwest cuisine of France.
Black truffle, mainly produced inSouthern France。The color is between dark brown and black.The appearance of black truffle is rugged and small bulge.
China
Truffles are also produced in ChinaFrench black truffleVery similar.The scales of the skin are smaller.The white stripes inside are relatively fine.It mainly grows in pine treesFibrous root。This is also the origin of the Chinese name "truffle".Mainly produced inYunnanYongren、SichuanPanzhihuaOne Belt.Mature ChinaTruffleWith a complex mushroom flavor, it is an unintelligible smell.
According to the latest report, ChinaTaiwan ProvinceThere are also a few truffles growing in high altitude mountain areas, which are very similar to those in France/mainland, and belong to close relatives.However, Asians generally do not have much contact and understanding of this food, so they do not carry out commercial operation.
Chinese TruffleMain production[2]stayJinsha RiverWatershed, now foundTruffle、White truffleIt is one of the specialties of Jinsha River.With Yongren County in Yunnan Province and Panzhihua in Sichuan Province as the center, the 200 km area is the main producing area of truffle in China.
Variety classification
Announce
edit
Italian white truffle
Common Name: Italian white truffle or Elba truffle
The mature period of black truffle is usually from November to March of the next year, and the best season is usually between December and March of the next year.The person who collects truffle is called "truffle hunter". Each truffle hunter has a family treasure map that records the location, time and size of the parents who found truffle.The process of finding truffles is very interesting, and the methods used by hunters in different countries are also different.
In France, people are used toSowAs a right-hand man to harvest black truffles.The sow's sense of smell is extremely sensitive. It can smell the truffle buried in the ground 25 cm to 30 cm deep from 6 meters away.This is because the odor of truffles and the induction of sowsSexual impulseAndrosterone ofEnolsimilar,[3]Therefore, sows have a special preference for them.
But the sows have the problem of eating truffles. If the hunters do not stop them in time, the sows will arch out and eat them crazily when they find truffles.
stayItaly, people prefer to use trained female hounds to findWhite truffle。Usually, the hound will make a mark on the position of the truffle with its paw, and use the smallRakeCarefully dig out the precious truffle from the soil.
Training a hound who can look for truffles involves a complex process. First, train the dog to fetch the ball back, and then usecheeseReplace the ball, then hide the cheese for the dog to find it, and finally use a small piece of truffle instead of the cheese for the dog to find and dig it out.Such a trained hound can sell for 3000 euros in the market.The night before looking for truffles, hunters usually do not give hunting dogs food. In this way, hunting dogs will work harder to find truffles in exchange for food as a reward.
1. Soak dried truffles in warm water for swelling and washing.
2. Put the slaughtered and washed chicken into the pot, add about 3 jin of water, add onion (knotted), Jiang Pianwudestroy by fireBring to a boil, add truffles, cover the pot tightly, bring it to a boil, and then transfer it to the fire for about 3 hours. Add refined salt and MSG.
historical origin
Announce
edit
3000 BC
Truffles first appeared in the newSumer The inscription of the Amoriteseating habits, saying they often eat truffles.Centuries later, TheophrasNotesTruffle was mentioned again.
In 3000 BC, Babylonians had searched for truffles on beaches and deserts.ancient GreekStory mentionAphrodite(Goddess of Love) Especially likes to eat this mushroom (Lefkas of Filohuan is the first one to talk about truffles havingAphrodisiacEffect).One legend says that truffles areZeusCaused by lightning.
in ancient times,ItalyThere are two kinds of truffles: Tuber Melanosporum (winterTruffle, black sporeTruffle）And Tuber Magnatum Pico（White truffle, white lump fungus).Nevertheless, the Romans only ate Tefetz, a truffle likeMushroom。Tiefeizi is called "desert truffle".It comes fromLesvos IslandCarthage, especiallyLibya。Because in ancient times, the coastal climate of those places was wetter than today.
Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, farmers used truffles to taste.The Savoya family in Italy likes truffles very much. Prince Akaga gavebourbon dynasty Truffles are often included in our gifts.The Pope moved from Rome toAvignonLater, he found truffles and fell in love with them. He ate them every week.In 1481, the historian of Pope Bartrum Platina wrote about the search for trufflesSowThey are especially good at finding truffles, but people should let them wear mouth muffs to prevent them from eating all truffles! "
Before the 17th century
The RenaissanceDuring this period, truffles became popular again in EuropeKing of FrancePope Francis I Every day in the castle.Nevertheless, truffles really became popular in the 17th century.At that time, Europeans (especially the French) gave up the strong taste of oriental spices and rediscovered themNatural foodThe value of.In the 1780s, truffles were very popular in the Paris market. The French imported all kinds of truffles from truffle producing areas all year round.Briasa Savarin said: "Truffles are so expensive that they are only used to attract women at noble tables."
17-20th century
1711, FrancebotanistFor the first time, Etienne Francois Rufrova defined truffles as mushrooms.
In 1729,FlorenceLai Giovanni Bernardo Vigo accurately defined two kinds of black truffles: Tuber Melanosporum andSummer truffle(Tuber Aestivum)。
In 1780,polandJean Michel Borch accurately described the appearance and taste of Piemonte truffles in his "Home Letter on Piemonte Truffles".
In the 20th century, Italian white truffles became more and more famous in the world.the Second World WarLater, people in Monferrato, Roero, Valikurone, Glue and other regions were actively collecting white truffles.Nowadays, truffles are used in many countriesInternational ExpositionIt has a very important position.[4]
Chinese origin
Announce
edit
In April 664 AD, Chaoliruo and Chaolaruo came to the hinterland of Zhiju from Yuelibala to hunt in the thin mud. When tracking wild boars, they found that wild boars arched black balls from the roots of trees, and they were hungry, so they had to dig up the things that wild boars arched over the place to eat.After eating, I found that the dark ball could not only fill my stomach, but also enhance my physical strength and sexual ability.Since then, Chaoliruo and Chaolaruo haveUnidentified organismIt is called hog arch fungusYi nationalityLead the clansmen to collect hog arch fungus before the costume festival for receptionCostume FestivalThe custom of eating porcupine arch fungus has continued to modern times.along withForeign cultureIt was not until 1995 that people realized that hog arch fungus, also known as truffles and truffles, was the most expensive in the worldedible fungi。[5]
